a  I  E)  RARY 

OF   THE 
UN  1  VLRSITY 
or    ILLl  NOIS 

973 

WGGa 
IBGG 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 


University  of  Illinois  Library 


^    .. 


'^Th 


Llol  — H41 


ABRIDGED  HISTORY 


OP 


THE   UNITED   STATES, 


OB 


REPUBLIC  OP  AMERICA. 


fa  0K1OX'»  Chain,  within  its  spell, 

if^EKDaM  ASD  I'EACK  AND  SAFETY  DWELL  ; 


NoH  Lion  Force,  noii  Seepent  Guile, 
Shall  hakm  the  bles.«ld  Maids  tse  WMit^ 


By   EMMA   WILLARD, 

ADTBOB  OF  A  SERIES  OF   HLSTORIES   AMD   CHKONOGRAPUIC  CHAKW. 
■        % 

NEW    ANO    KNLARGED    EDITION. 


NEW    YORK: 

A.«S;  BARNES  &  Co.,  Ill  &  113  WILLIAM  STREET, 

(corner   of  JOHN   STREET.) 
»OLD   BY  BOOK6BLLEB8,  GENERALLY,  THEOUOHOCT  T^K  rNlTKD  STATIW. 

1  ?  n  fi  . 


X, 


BM««d  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  m  tie  yew  IfiCO, 

Bt  A.  S.  BARNES  fc  BURK, 

to  Uio  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  lU 

gouthem  District  of  New  York. 


PREFACE. 


The  leading  objects  of  the  author  of  this  work  have  been  to 
give  tlie  events  of  the  liistory  "with  clearness  and  accuracy;  with 
such  illustrations  of  time  and  place  addressed  to  the  eye,  as 
sliall  secure  their  retention  in  the  memory;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  with  such  an  order  of  arrangement  as  will  enable  the 
mind  to  recall,  at  need,  what  it  thus  retains.  This  we  regard 
as  important,  not  only  with  respect  to  this  particular  study,  but 
as  riglitly  laying  out  the  ground-plan  of  the  intellect,  so  tar  as 
the  whole  range  of  history  is  concerned.  We  have  endeavoiud 
to  make  the  book  convenient; — by  side  notes  with  dates — by 
numbered  paragraphs  of  suitable  length  for  reading  classes — 
and  by  questions  on  each  paragraph,  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
the  page.  These  questions  are  so  put,  that  youthful  teachers 
may  avail  themselves  of  the  author's  long  exjierience,  to  acquire 
a  manner  of  questioning,  which,  while  it  is  not  obscure,  will 
yet  oblige  tlie  pupil  to  think,  and  which  will  bring  into  relief 
prominent  points. 

We  have,  indeed,  been  desirous  to  cultivate  the  memory,  the 
intellect,  and  tlje  taste.  Bv£  much  more  anxious  have  we  been 
to  sow  the  seeds  of  virtue,  by  showing  the  good  in  such  amiable 
lights,  that  the  youthful  heart  shall  kindle  into  desires  of  imi-. 
tation.  And  we  have  been  careful  to  give  clear  conceptions  of 
tliose  deeds,  which  are  proper  to  imitate;  while  with  regard  to 
bad  actions  we  have,  as  far  as  possible,  given  the  result,  ratlier 
than  the  detail. 

There  are  those,  who  rashly  speak,  as  if  in  despair  of  tlit-  for- 
tunes of  our  Ilepublif;  because,  say  tliey,  political  virtue  lias 
dorlined.  If  so,  tlicn  is  tlicre  V-.v  i!;ore  need  to  infuso  p;itri(;t- 
isui  into  the  bro.-i-^ts  oftlie  cohiir.u-  gi.nL-r.it'ou.  And  v.-Lat  is  so 
likely  to  effect  this  national  ;?clf-i)reservatiun,  as  to  give  onr 


N 


toUsPid  a«cording  to  Act  of  Oongreaa,  m  the  yi«  1S60. 
Bt  A.  S.  BABiraa  fc  BUEB, 
totto derkl Office  of  the DWrictCoxirtaf  fte United BUU. for ikV 
•^  Sonthem  Dtotrict  of  New  York. 


*  ♦ 


4 


■tSsf,. 


^^ 


r 


PREFACE. 


The  leading  objects  of  the  author  of  this  work  have  heen  to 
give  the  events  of  the  history  with  clearness  and  accuracy;  with 
such  illustrations  of  time  and  place  addressed  to  the  eye,  as 
shall  secure  their  retention  in  the  memory;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  with  such  an  order  of  arrangement  as  wUl  enable  the 
mind  to  recall,  at  need,  what  it  thus  retains.  This  we  regard 
',  as  important,  not  only  with  respect  to  this  particular  study,  but 
as  rightly  laying  out  the  ground-plan  of  the  intellect,  so  far  as 
the  whole  range  of  history  is  concerned.  We  have  endeavored 
to  make  the  hook  convenient ;— by  side  notes  with  dates — by 
numbered  paragraphs  of  suitable  length  for  reading  classes — 
and  by  questions  on  each  paragraph,  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
the  page.  These  questions  are  so  put,  that  youthful  teachers 
may  avail  themselves  of  the  author's  long  experience,  to  acquire 
a  manner  of  questioning,  which,  while  it  is  not  obscure,  will 
yet  oblige  the  pupU  to  think,  and  which  wUl  bring  into  relief 
prominent  points. 

We  have,  indeed,  heen  desirous  to  cultivate  the  memory,  the 
intellect,  and  the  taste.  Bui  much  more  anxious  have  we  been 
to  sow  the  seeds  of  virtue,  oy  showing  the  good  in  such  amiable 
lights,  that  the  youthful  heart  shall  kindle  into  desires  of  imi- 
tation. And  we  have  been  careful /to  give  clear  conceptions  of 
those  deeds,  which  are  proper  to  imitate ;  while  with  regard  to 
bad  actions  we  have,  as  far  as  possible,  given  the  result,  rather 
than  the  detail. 

There  are  those,  who  rashly  speak,  as  if  in  despair  of  the  for- 
tunes of  our  Republic;  because,  say  they,  political  \irtue  has 
dedined.  If  so.  then  is  tlioro  tlie  more  need  to  infjise  patriot- 
i.sin  into  the  brea.^ts  of  tlic  corning  generation.  And  wLat  is  so 
likely  to  effect  this  national  ^elf-iireservation,  as  to  give  onr 


Pp- 


VI  PREFACE. 

children,  for  their  daily  reading  and  study,  a  record  of  the 
sublime  virtues  of  tlie  worthies  of  our  earliest  day  ;  as  well  aa 
of  those  of  Washington  and  his  compatriots?  And  what  but 
the  study  of  their  dangers  and  toils, — their  devotion  of  life  and 
fortune,  can  make  onr  posterity  know,  what  our  country,  and 
our  liberties  have  cost?  And  what  but  the  History  of  our  pe- 
culiar, and  complicated  fabric  of  government,  by  which  it  may 
be  examined,  as  piece  by  piece  the  structure  was  built  up,  can 
impart  such  a  knowledge  of  the  powers  it  gives,  and  the  duties 
it  enjoins,  as  shall  enable  our  future  citizens  to  become  its  en- 
lightened and  judicious  supporters  ? 


-♦*#- 


Remar'ks  prefatory  to  the  Improved  Edition  o/'1860. 

In  publishing  the  revisal  of  this  work,  the  author  returns  her  thanks 
to  the  public  for  the  constant  and  unceasing  support  wliich  it  has  re- 
ceived ;  and  she  desires  to  express  a  holier  sentiment  of  gratitude  aris- 
ing in  her  heart  for  the  belief  which  she  has  reason  to  entertain,  that  its 
extensive  circulation  in  schools  and  families  has  been  an  agency  for 
good ;  in  helping  to  stem  a  downward  current,  which,  if  unresisted, 
would  lead  our  noble  Kepublic  to  ruinous  anarchy,  and  destructive 
disunion. 

The  author,  while  improving  the  work,  by  new  illustrations  (as  the 
Chart  of  Early  Land-Titles,  and  the  American  Temple  of  Time),  has  not 
Buffered  the  important  study  of  onr  country's  history  to  be  run  down  in 
her  hands,  by  putting  into  a  synopsis,  where  every  inch  of  room  is 
needed  for  essential  events,  either  mere  biographies,  pictures  to  amuse, 
or  imperfect  likenesses  of  the  great  and  good,  which  diminish  reverence 
by  destroying  the  mind's  ideal  of  moral  beauty.  Let  the  students  of  this 
history  study,  not  play,  and  they  will  be  rewarded  by  a  noble'advance  in 
education.  E.  W. 

•  Troj/,  JvMy  1860. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

OBAPTER  TAGM 

1.  Definitions,  &c 13 

II.  The  Aborigines 16 

PART   I. 

Period          I.  First  Discovery — Columbus,  &c 21 

I.             II.  Englisli  Discoveries — French 24 

1 4:92«      III.  Spanish  Discoveries,  Adventures,  and  Cruelties — St. 

Augustine 28 

p    ^               I.  Unsuccessful  attempt  of  Gilbert,  Raleigh,  and  others  .  83 

11             II.  First  settlement  of  Virginia 38 

1578.      Ill-  Early  settlement  of  Virginia — continued 43 

IV.  Virginia — Hudson  river — Canada 46 

I.  Departure  of  the  Pilgrims  from  England,  and  their  so- 
journ in  Holland 51 

II.  Progress  of  the  Pilgrims  from  Holland  to  America 55 

III.  The   Savages — Massasoit's  Alliance — Winslow's  Visit 
to  the  Pokanokets 59 

IV.  Grand  Council  of  Plymouth — New  Hampshire — Massa- 
chusetts Bay 62 

V.  The  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay 64 

VI.  Ehode  I^'und  and  its  Founder 66 

VII.  Connecticut  and  its  Founders 69 

VIII.  The  Pequod  War 73 

IX.  Intolerance  of  the  times — Harvard  College  founded — 

Rhode  Island — New  Hampshire — Delaware., 77 

X.  Maryland— Virginia  from  1631  to  1641 79 

XI.  Massachnsi'tts  threatened — the  Puritans  in  England — 

Vane — Union  begin   88 


VUl  CONTENTS. 


PART   H. 

CnAPTER  PAGB 

„  I.  Virginia— Second  Indian  Massacre — Bacon's  Eebc'.'ion     87 

'l  II.  New  York  HCttled  by  the  Dutch — taken  by  the  English     02 

16-13.      ^'1-  Tennsylvania  and  its  Founder &6 

IV.  New  Jersey — its  settlement,  and  various  claimants 99 

V.  Miantonoinoh — Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  obtain 

Charters — Elliot,  the  Apostle  of  the  Indians 102 

VI.  King  Philip's  War — Destruction  of  the  Narragansetts 

and  Pokanokets 105 

VII.  The  Kegicides— New  Hampshire  and  Maine — Charter 

of  Massachusetts  aninilled 109 

VIII.  New  York — its  governors — Leisler — Quakers  in  Massa- 
chusetts   • 113 

IX.  Jesuit  Missionaries  of  France — their  Discoveries 116 

X.  North  and   South   Carolina — Tlie   Great  Patent — Mr. 

Locke's  Constitution 122 

XI.  French  and  Indian  War 124 


p  I.  Sir  William  Phipps — Cotton  Matlier — Salem  Witch- 
II_  craft— Schools — Yale  College 129 

1693.  II.  European  Politics — Peace  of  Kyswick,  which  closes 
King  William's  War — Queen  Anne's  War  sodxx 
begins 133 

III,  Fletcher — Piracy — The  Jerseys  nnited,  and  joined  with 

New  York 136 

IV.  Pennsylvania — Penn's  second  visit — Maryland 137 

V.  The  Huguenots — War  with  the  Spaniards — Tuscaroras 

and  Yamassees 139 

VI.  Extension  of  the  French  Empire — New  France 142 

VII.  Controversy  in  Massachusetts,  respecting  a  fixed  salary 

for  tho  Koyal  TGoveruor 144 


Pekiod         !•  Georgia  and  Carolina  engaged  in  war  with  the  Spaniards 
111.  *       of  Florida— The  Slave  Trade— War  of  the  French 

1 7S3.  with  the  Chickasaws 149 

II.  Old  French  War — Capture  of  Louisburg — French  and 

English  claims  to  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi 152 

III.  George  Washington — his  birth,  parentage,  and  educa- 

tion— his  conduct  in  places  of  trust,  private  and 
public 155 

IV.  Congress  at  Albany — Convention  of  Governors  in  Vir- 

ginia— Braddo«k 160 


CONTENTS. 


IX 


CHAPTKR  .  PAG» 

V.  Kemainder  of  the  Campai;^  of  1753 — Campaign  of  1756  1C4 
VI.  Campaij,'iis  of  1757  and  1758 — Massacre  of  Ft.  William 

Henry 1^5 

VII.  The  Campaign  of  1759— Wolfe 169 

VIII.  War.-}  with  the  Indians 178 

PART  in. 

I.  Causes  of  the  Revolutionary  War 179 

Period        jj_  (j^^gress  at  New  York— Repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act 183 

1763        ^^^"  Second  attempt  to  tax  America — Opposition 186 

IV.  Seizure  of  Tea — Boston  Port  Bill — Arrival  of  British 

Troops 190 

V.  Congress  at  Philadelphia -. 192 

VI.  War  approaches — Massachusetts — British  Parliament. .  195 

VII.  The  War  begins  by  the  Battle  of  Lexington 137 

VIII.  Battle   of  Bunker  Hill — Washington,  Commander-in- 
Chief  201 

IX.  Invasion  of  Canada — Death  of  Montgomery 203 

X.  Washington  enters  Boston — Disasters  in  Canada 203 

List  of  American,  French,  and  British  Officers 212 

Period  ^-  ^'^^^  Howe  attempts  pacification — American  defeat  at 

II.  Long  Island.... 215 

1776*        II.  Disasters  following  the  defeat  on  Long  Island 219 

III.  American  successes  at  Trenton  and  Princeton 222 

IV.  Difficulties  and  exertions  of  Congress — Campaign  of 

1777 — Arrival  of  Lafayette 224 

V.  Burgoyne's  invasion — 1777 227 

VI.  Battle  of  Brandywine — British  in  Philadelphia — Ger- 

mantown, — 1777 231 

VII.  Battle  of  Monmouth — Seat  of  War  transferred  to  the 

South,— 1773 236 

VIII.  Campaigns  of  1779  and  1780 — the  British  conquer  the 

South 239 

IX.  Arnold's  Treason 244 

X.  Robert    Morris — Revolt  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line — 

Cornwallis  at  the  South 243 

XL  Campaign  of  1781 — Battle  of  Eutaw  Springs — Cornwal- 

lis  taken  at  Yorktown 251 

XII.  Vermont — Measures  of  Peace — Fears  and  Discontents 

of  the  Army  happily  quieted •. .  256 

XIII.  Depression  subsequent  to  the  War — Shay's  Rebellion- 
Constitution  formed 259 

1* 


CuKlKNTS. 


PART  rv. 

eHAFTER  p^ei 

p  I.  Organization  of  the  New  Government — the  Funding 

j_  Syntem — Party  linen  strongly  drawn 26S 

1789.        II-  The  Moravians— The  Indiana  of  the  Nortliwest 2P- 

III.  America  resents  tlie  Indignities  of  France — Adams's 

Administration — Jetlerson's 2' 


Period         I-  ^^^r  with  Tripoli — Troubles  with  Engknd  and  France  'X  " 
II.  II.  War  of  1812— Condition  of  the  Country— Hull's  Sur- 

1803.  render 2!-^ 

m.  Naval  Victories — Guerriere — Macedonian — Java 2".^ 

IV.  Campaign  of  1813 — Mas.sacre  of  Frenchtown 2v 

V.  Northern  Army — Loss  of  the  Chesapeake — Creek  War  2Vc 

VI.  The  Niagara  Frontier — Battles  of  Chippewa  and  Bridge- 

water  29f 

VII.  Washington  taken  by  the  British — Baltinwre  threatened  SO. 
VIII.  British  invasion  and  defeat  at  New  Orleans S{i6 

IX.  Peace  with  England — Naval  combats — War  with  Algiers  80V 
X.  Internal  Improvements — Seminole  War SI;. 


PiBioD         I.  The  Missouri  Question— The  Tariff— Gen.  Lafayette's 
III.  Visit 81? 

1820.        II.  Black  Hawk's  War— The  Cholera— Nullification S2] 

HI.  The  Aboriginal  Tribes  of  the  Mississippi  go  to  the  Far 

West— The  Florida  War S24 

IV.  The  Bank  Question — The  Kevulsion — Van  Buren's  Ad- 
ministration— Harrison's  Election  and  Death 329 

V.  Mr.  Tyler's    administration — Mobs — Disturbances  in 

Khode  Island — Anti-Eentism — Mormonism,  &c...  3S3 
VI.  Texas — Mexico — Causes  of  Annexation,  and  the  Mexi- 
can War 839 

VII.  Mexican  War— Battles  of  the  Eio  Grande— Gen.  Taylor  347 
VIII.  Army  of  the  Centre — General  Wool's  march — Battle  of 

Buena  Vista 358 

IX.  Army  of  the  West— Conquest  of  New  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia— Gen.  Kearney 859 

X.  Doniphan's  Expedition  to  Chihuahua — Kevolt  in  New 

Mexico 364 

XL  Scott's  Invasion — Vera  Cruz — Cerro  Gordo 867 

XII.  State  of  the  Array — Its  March — Contrerus — Chnrnbusco  371 

XIII.  Armistice — Molinos  del  Key — Chapultepec — Mexico..  87b 

XIV.  Rozales— Treat V  of  Peace 850 


CONTENTS.  XI 

OBArTER  TAGB 

Period  ^-  Oregon — American  California — Capt.  Wilkes' Exploring 

IV.  Expedition — Capt.   Fremont's   Explr rations — Dis- 

t84§.  covery  of  Gold  and  its  effects 387 

11.  Taylor's  Inauguration — Close  of  the  30th  Congress — 
California — Establishment  of  Civil  Government — 

Difficulty  with  Texas 392 

III.  Congressional  Eloquence — The  Compromise — Death  of 

President  Taylor 896 


Period 

V. 
1S50. 


Extend- 
ing ID 

1§60.    III. 
IV. 


I.  Sketch  of  the  Condition  of  the  Aborigines  in  1860 — 
Degree  of  Civilization — Diversities  of  Character, 

Wars,  &c 403 

II.  Second  Era  of  good  feeling — Invasion  of  Cuba — Evi- 
dences of  Progress  in  the  World — in  the  Eepublic 
of  America 414 

Brilliant  diplomacy — Commodore  Perry  and  the  Japan 

Expedition — China 417 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill — First  settlement  of  Kansas — 
Invasion  of  the  Polls — Ketaliatory  Measures — Pro- 
visional Government — Topeka  Constitution 421 

Civil  War  in  Kansas— Sacking  of  Lawrence 428 

Geary's  troubles — Presidential  election — \Valker's  gov- 
ernorship— Tiie  Leccnipton  Constitution 432 

The  Sound  Dues — Dr.  Kane's  Arctic  Expedition  — 
Walker,   the  Filibuster — Mormon  War — The  Ee- 

vulsion — Paraguay — England  and  America 438 

VIII.  Territories — Pontes  of  Travel  to  the  Pacific — Causes  of 
the  Diminution  of  Foreign  Immigration — liiots — 
Disasters  by  sea  and  land — Benefactions — Mount 

Vernon  Association 446 

IX.  Harper's  Ferry — Conclusion 450 

CoN8TITU7V)>»    OF  THE    UnITEB   StATES    OV    AjTZBIOA.,..    4.t8 


V. 

VI. 

VII. 


^i 


J^MiMLMSO)  ^m 


B^X^ 


EXPLAKATION" 

OF  THE 

CHAET  OF  EAELY  LAND-TITLES- 

(i.  e.,  Charters  and  Patents^ 


This  Chart  is  valuable  for  reference,  and  for  school  study. 
Scholars  who  have  learned  it,  in  connection  with  the  history, 
have  found  their  memories  greatly  eased  in  this  most  diflRcult 
portion  of  their  study, — to  acquire  things  so  important  to  be 
distinguished,  yet  so  apt  to  be  confounded. 

This  Chart,  in  teaching,  should  be  regarded  as  a  diagram 
to  be  drawn.  Let  the  pupil  begin  it,  when  in  the  history  he 
comes  to  the  first,  or  Gilbert's  Patent,  on  a  large  sheet  of 
paper.  On  the  left-hand  line,  or  line  of  time,  let  each  cen- 
tury be  divided  by  alternate  lines  of  dark  and  light  shading, 
as  on  the  Tree  Chronographer  ; — then  each  patent  can  be 
placed  in  its  exact  time,  which  in  a  very  small  space  is  not 
possible.  Then,  on  coming  to  another  English  patent,  or 
charter,  let  the  diagram  be  continued  by  drawing  that ;  and 
so  on  to  Oglethorpe's,  when  the  diagram  will  be  completed. 
The  pupil's  explanation  of  it  will  constitute  an  easy  and 
highly  satisfactory  examination  of  the  subject. 

All  the  patents  and  charters  here  represented,  are  shown  to 
be  derived  either  directly  from  the  Crown  of  England,  or 
indirectly — that  is,  from  some  company  or  individual,  who 
formerly  derived  the  title  from  a  sovereign  of  England. 


%m 


AWMM^S)  Ml 


-r.<i- 


EXPLANATIOIT 

OF  THE  f-- 

CHAET  OF  EAELY  LAI^D-TITLES— 

(i.  e.,  Charters  and  Patents^ 


This  Chart  is  valuable  for  reference,  and  for  school  study. 
Scholars  who  have  learned  it,  in  connection  with  the  history, 
have  found  their  memories  greatly  eased  in  this  most  difiBcult 
portion  of  their  study, — to  acquire  things  so  important  to  be 
distinguished,  yet  so  apt  to  be  confounded.  ^ 

This  Chart,  in  teaching,  should  be  regarded  a^  a  diagram 
to  be  drawn.  Let  the  pupil  begin  it,  when  in  theiristory  he 
comes  to  the  fir^t,  or  Gilbert's  Patent,  on  a  large  sheet  of 
paper.  On  the  left-hand  line,  or  line  of  tune,  let  each  cen- 
tury be  divided  by  alternate  lines  of  dark  and  light  shading, 
as  on  the  Tree  Chronographer ; — then  each  patent  can  be 
placed  in  its  exact  time,  which  in  a  very  small  space  is  not 
possible.  Then,  on  coming  to  another  English  patent,  or 
charter,  let  the  diagram  be  continued  by  drawing  that ;  and 
BO  on  to  Oglethorpe's,  when  the  diagram  will  be  completed. 
The  pupil's  explanation  of  it  will  constitute  an  easy  and 
highly  satisfactory  examination  of  the  subject. 

All  the  patents  and  charters  here  represented,  are  shown  to 
be  derived  either  directly  from  the  Crown  of  England,  or 
indirectly — that  is,  from  some  company  or  individual,  wlio 
formerly  derived  the  title  from  a  sovereign  of  England. 


DESCRIPTION 

OF  THE 

AMERICAN  TEMPLE   OF  TIME. 


This  is  a  modification  of  the  author's  Temple  or  Time. 
By  the  method  of  pei*spective,  and  by  that  alone,  can  any  p  ist 
time  be  made  to  appear  to  the  eye  as  past,  and  in  the  exact 
proportion  in  which  it  is  past. 

The  Tem})le  of  Time  is  a  vast  imaginary  edifice,  with  pillars 
on  each  side,' each  of  which  represents  a  century.  Each  cor- 
responding two,  represent  the  same  century.  This  is  shown  to 
be  an  American  Temple  of  Time,  because  the  map  of  America 
(the  Republic)  is  drawn  over  the  perspective,  cutting  off  all 
the  centuries  beyond  the  15th,-— that  in  which  America  was 
discovered  ;  and  also  by  the  name  of  Washington,  here  shown 
as  the  glory  of  America, 

The  floor  and  the  roof  of  the  Temple  are  divided  by  trans- 
verse lines  into  parts,  each  of  which  corresponds  with  the 
bottoms  and  the  tops  of  the  mated  pillars,^  and  designates  the 
saine  century.  Eight  unequal  divisions  are  also  made  on  the 
floor  by  lines  running  back  from  the  front.  The  use  of  these 
is  shown  in  the  directions  to  the  pupil  for  drawing  the  Temple. 

This  sketch  may  be  enlarged  and  filled  up  by  the  pupil,  by 
a  drawing  of  his  own.  Should  he  make  his  drawing  four 
times  the  lineal  size  (sixteen  times  the  real)  of  this,  he  will 
have  room  to  place  on  it  names  and  words,  which,  after  he  has 
learned  them  as  connected  with  the  history,  will  be  to  his  eye 
a  picture  of  actors  and  events  as  they  exist,  or  have  existed,  in 
Time. 

*  This  was,  in  1851,  at  the  "World's  Fair  in  London,  adjudged  by  a  jar) 
of  nations,  to  be  a  new  and  a  true  method  of  delineating  time ;  and  to  t) 
author,  was  accordingly  awarded  a  medal. 


TEACHING  THE   CHEOKOGEAPHERS. 

{AMFfft  painted  Chronographer  is  prepared  to  accompany  this  work,  whinh 
^     can  be  hung  in  presence  of  the  class,  and  explained  by  the  teacher.) 


1.  The  word  Chronographer  is  composed  of  two  Greek 
words  :  chronos,  time,  and  grapho,  to  delineate ;  and  literally 
sigTiifies  a  visible  delineation  of  time. 

To  the  Fii^st,  or  Tree  Chronographer,  is  now  added  the 
Second,  or  American  Temple  of  Time.  The  first  may 
properly  be  called  a  logical,  the  second  a  perspective  Chro- 
nographer. 

Each  of  these  chronographers  has  its  peculiar  excellencies. 
The  first  is  for  the  learner  to  use  in  studying  the  Avork  ;  of 
which  it  contains  an  exact  plan,  which  is  both  logical  and 
chronographical.  It  is  logical,  because  it  shows  that  this 
History  is  divided,  as  every  great  subject  should  be,  into  parts 
clearly  defined  ;  and  that  these  being  properly  subdivided,  the 
division  completely  exhausts  the  subject.  It  is  chronograph- 
ical, because  the  whole  subject,  with  its  divisions  and  subdi- 
visions of  time,  is  addressed  to  the  sight.  So  that  whoever 
learus  this  book  in  connection  with  this  chronographer,  will  not 
only  be  laying  a  permanent  foundation  for  a  knowledge  of 
American  history,  but  also  of  clear  and  logical  habits  of  mind. 

2.    THE   LOGICAL,    OR   TREE   CHRONOGRAPHER 

is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  inner  of  which  is  called  the  His- 
toric Tree,  and  the  outer  the  Circle  op  Time, — which  repre- 
sents the  whole  time  of  the  American  history,  from  the  discovery 
of  America  in  1492,  to  the  present  day.  The  Historic  Tree 
hsis  four  large  limbs,  which  represent  the  four  parts  into  which 
the  history  is  divided.  The  branches  of  these  limbs  represent 
epochs  of  the  history.    An  epoch  is  an  important  event  in  any 


TEACHING    THK   CnKONOOKAPllERS.  XV 

history,  which,  having  happened  on  some  certain  day,  or  in 
some  one  year,  is  regarded  but  as  a  point  in  time.  These 
branches,  then,  which  represent  the  epochs,  meet  the  circle  of 
time  in  certain  points,  which  are  their  dates. 

3.  Points  may  divide  a  line :  so  we  suppose  our  circular 
line  of  time  to  he  divided,  by  these  points  or  epochs,  into 
PERIODS.  The  word  period  is  here  used  to  denote  an  unbroken 
succession  of  years,  whether  few  or  many.  Each  of  the  four 
parts  of  the  history  has  one  more  epoch  than  period.  The 
reason  of  this  is,  that  the  same  epoch  is  used  for  the  end  of 
one  period  and  the  beginning  of  another.  The  outer  circum- 
ference of  the  circle  of  time  is  the  line  of  centuries.  It  rep- 
resents the  centuries  through  which  American  history  has 
passed.     A  century  is  a  hundred  years. 

4.  All  Christian  countries  reckon  time  from  the  birth  of 
our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ;  which  is  called  the  Chris- 
tian ERA,  or  GREAT  CHRISTIAN  EPOCH. 

This  continent  was  unknown  to  our  European  forefathers 
until  its  discovery,  in  1492,  eight  years  before  the  close  of  the 
15th  century.  Tracing,  then,  on  the  chronographer,  from 
1492  to  1500,  we  find  eight  years  only,  belonging  to  the  15th 
century.  From  1500  to  1600  is  the  whole  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury; from  1600  to  ITOO,  the  llth  century;  from  1700  to  1800, 
the  18th  century ;  and  from  1800  to  the  present  day  is  more 
than  half  of  the  19th  century :  so  that  the  whole  course  of 
American  history  exceeds  three  centuries  and  a  half. 

Since  the  close  of  1800,  we  have  lived  in  the  19th  century : 
so,  young  persons  past  eighteen,  are  said  to  be  in  their  nine- 
teenth year.  Any  date  in  a  century  belongs  to  a  century  one 
higher  than  the  hundreds  which  express  the  date — excepting 
only  those  dates  which  are  expressed  by  exact  hundreds. 
Thus,  1704  belongs  to  the  18th  century;  1825  to  the  19th  ; 
while  ITOO  belongs  to  the  11th  century,  and  1800  to  the  18th. 

5.  The  graduated  part  of  the  circle  of  time  is  called  the 
scale  of  years.  This  is  first  divided,  by  alternate  hght  and 
shade,  into  tens  of  years     Then,  by  black  lines  through  the 


XVI         TEACUINQ  THE  CHRONOGRAPH KKS. 

light  tens,  and  white  ones  through  the  black  tens,  the  whole 
scale  is  divided  into  years  :  so  that,  having  any  given  date, 
you  can  at  once  refer  it,  on  the  chronographer,  to  its  proper 
place.  For  example,  suppose  I  ask  you,  where,  on  the  circle 
of  time,  is  the  place  of  King  Philip's  war,  ^which  occurred  in 
16Y5  ?  First  look  for  the  large  figures  which  denote  the  cen- 
turies, until  the  eye  catches  1 OOO  :  then  trace  to  the  right, 
to  1650,  take  two  tens  beyond,  and  half  of  the  next,  and  this 
will  compose  1615,  the  required  date. 

6.  The  first  large  limb  of  the  historic  tree  represents  Part 
I,  of  the  History.  Observe  the  points  of  intersection  of  the 
first  and  fourth  branches  with  the  graduated  circle  of  time. 
The  first  point  is  at  1492,  the  epoch  of  the  Discovery  of 
America  hy  Columbus ;  and  the  fourth  is  1 643,  wlien  the 
arst  Confederacy  or  Unioti  took  place.  This  is  an  important 
epoch,  as  it  marks  the  time  when  several  colonies  confederated 
together,  thus  laying  the  foundation  of  our  great  Federal  Re- 
public. This  FIRST  PART,  thcu,  extends  from  1492  to  1643. 
The  subject,  as  seen  above  the  scale  of  years,  is,  the  discov- 
ery AND  EARLY  SETTLEMENT  of  the  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. It  occupies  a  century  and  a  half,  viz.,  eight  years  of  the 
15th  century,  the  whole  of  the  16th,  and  nearly  half  of  the 
ITth.  It  extends  through  a  longer  time  than  either  of  the 
other  Parts  of  the  History,  although  there  are  fewer  events  for 
the  historian  to  record. 

7.  The  SECOND  part  extends  from  1648,  the  epoch  of  the 
Beginning  of  the  Confederacy,  to  IT 63,  the  Close  of  the 
French  war.  Previously  to  this  war,  the  English  had  the 
government  over  what,  after  the  Revolution,  became  the 
United  States,  or  Republic  of  America.  The  Second  Part 
of  the  History  occupies  120  years.  It  embraces  the  last  half 
of  the  17th  century,  and  the  first  part  of  the  18th.  The  sub- 
lect  of  the  Second  Part  is,  Colonization — French  and  In- 
dian WARS  :  that  is,  the  colonization  of  this  country  by  the 
English,  and  the  wars  which  our  hardy  and  suffering  forefS' 
thers  had,  with  the  Indians  and  the  French  of  Canada. 


T'VPflTNG    THE    CHE0N0GRAPIIER8.  XVU 

8.  The  THIRD  PART  of  the  History  contains  more  numerous 
events,  although  shorter  in  time,  than  either  of  the  others, — ■ 
comprising  only  26  years  in  the  last  half  of  the  18th  century. 
Its  subject  is,  The  Revolution — in  which  the  Americans, 
having  been  oppressed  by  the  British  Government,  fought  the 
troops  which  they  sent  over,  aud,  uuder  the  command  of 
Washington,  defeated  them,  and  made  the  United  States  of 
America  a  free  and  independent  nation.  The  epoch  to  which 
this  part  extends,  is  the  Adoption  of  the  present  Constitution 
of  the  United  States— 11 S9. 

9.  The  FOURTH  PART  extends  from  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution to  the  present  time.  It  comprises  the  whole  time  oi 
our  FREE  constitutional  Government,  which  now  (in  1860) 
is  11  years.  It  occupies  the  last  portion  of  the  18th  century, 
and  what  is  passed  of  the  19  th. 


THE  PERSPECTIVE  CHRONOGRAPHER  ; 

OK, 

AMERICAN  TEMPLE  OF  TIME. 

This  being  a  new  feature  of  the  work,  the  description  of  it  stands  by  itself  on  a  pre 
ceding  page.    Let  the  pupil  answer  from  it  the  following  questions: 

By  the  method  of  perspective,  how  is  past  time  made  to  appear?  "What 
js  the  Temple  of  Time  ?  How  is  the  American  Temple  modified  from  this? 
"What  do  the  pillars  represent  ?  How  are  the  floor  and  the  roof  divided  in 
regard  to  time  ? 

Since  American  history  does  not  yet  occupy  so  mnch  as  four  centuries,  it  may  bet- 
ter be  studied  on  the  flrst  Chronographer,  logically  as  well  as  chronographically ;  but 
the  perspective  method,  or  that  of  the  Temple  of  Time,  is  better  for  laying  it  up  in 
the  memory.  It  is  also  a  method  applicable  to  all  history.  But  a  larger  Temple  is 
Indispensable  for  this  purpose. 

Before  giving  the  pupil  directions  for  drawing  the  Temple,  we  would  suggest  that  be 
should  be  occasionally  exercised,  during  his  studies,  with  transferring  dates  from  t*  e 
Tree  Chronographer  to  the  Temple.  The  small  one  on  the  frontispiece  will  be  suflB- 
cient  for  this  purpose.  Suppose  these  questions  be  asked :  Where  on  the  pillar  of  the 
15th  century,  should  be  placed  the  epoch  of  I'he  discovery  of  America?  Where  on 
that  of  the  16th,  that  of  Gilbert's  Patent? — and  so  on,  through  all  the  epochs  of  the 
history. .  Then  show  how  the  four  Parts  of  the  history  would  occupy  the  pillars  of 
the  Temple. 

It  would  be  well  also  to  have  the  pupils  accustomed  to  consider,  as  they  read  of 
Barnes  of  statesmen,  &c.,  where  on  the  Temple  their  names  should  be  placed.  This 
is  explained  in  the  following 

Directions  for  making  and  JUling  up  an  enlarged  drawing  of  the  American 
Temple.— V\.\yi\i  accustomed  to  draw  diagrams,  can  draw  by  imltaJ-ion ;  but  *  few 


XVUl  TEACHING    THE   CHRONOGEAPHEKS. 

lessons  from  a  teacher  who  understands  the  science  of  perspective,  wonli  enable  them 
to  draw  tins  Temple  with  far  more  ease  and  accuracy.  "We  recommend  ita  being  drawn 
on  a  sheet  of  drawing-paper  which  allows  of  its  being  enlarged  four  times  its  lineal 
size;  that  is,  make  the  base  lines  four  times  as  long,  the  pillars  four  times  as  high, 
and  80  on,  every  line  being  put  in  its  proper  proportional  place,  each  being  thus  in- 
creased in  lengtli ;  and  the  spaces  between  the  lines  must  also  be  Increased  by  four. 
The  whole  Temple,  when  completed,  will  then  be  enlarged  in  the  proportion  of  the 
•qnarc  of  1  to  the  square  of  4 — i.  e ,  1 :  16. 

/'t7/rtrs.— Divide,  by  dots,  the  bacli  line  of  each  pillar  into  ten  equal  parts,  for  tens 
of  years.  The  first  dot  from  the  bottom  is  10  years,  the  second  20,  tlie  third  30,  and 
6o  on  to  a  liundred.  On  the  ISth  pillar,  near  the  9th  ten  (1789),  print  across  the  pillar 
Wnshinirton.  Tliis  was  tlie  time  when  he  became  President.  (Tlie  name  as  on  tlie 
frontispiece  must  be  left  off.)  Next— in  1797,  three  years  before  the  close  of  tlie  cen- 
tury—put down  J.  Adams.  Then,  beginning  at  the  bottom  or  beginning  of  the  19th 
century,  place,  at  the  time  of  accession  to  the  presidency,  the  name  of  each  president. 
Before  the  time  of  tlie  presidents,  place  on  the  pillars  the  names  of  the  sovereigns  of 
Eiiirlaiid.     {^For  the  namen  of  the  Presidents  and  their  dates,  see  p.  315.) 

Names  for  the  Roof. — Place  the  eminent  men  found  in  the  history,  according  to 
their  character  as  warriors,  statesmen,  &c.,  each  in  his  own  time  and  i)lace  on  the 
roof.  As  these  drawings  are  mostly  to  illustrate  a  history  which  treats  more  of  men 
in  these  characters  tlian  in  the  others  mentioned  on  the  roof,  as  Tukologians,  Pokts, 
&c..  a  creater  proportion  of  the  room  can  at  pleasure  be  taken.  Also  other  departments, 
as  for  Invkntors,  Discovfrers,  &.C., — the  small  size  of  the  frontispiece  not  allowing 
the  full  development  of  the  plan. 

3/(7/j.— Let  tills  be  carefully  drawn  and  imitated  from  the  11th  map  of  the  series, 
with  its  eiglit  divisions,  showing  the  order  in  time  of  each. 

Floor.— TtiQ  unequal  divi>ions,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  refer  to  the  eight  divisions  of  the 
map,  and  show  a  plan  for  marking  on  the  floor  (as  are  the  Nations  on  the  Temple  of 
Time)  every  State  in  the  Union:  the  first  settled  (Virginia), on  the  left  hand;  and  so 
on.  in  the  order  of  time  in  which  the  old  thirteen  were  settled,  and  afterwards  when 
each  was  admitted  to  the  Union.*  Between  two  lines  drawn  from  the  front  to  the 
beginning  of  the  ITth  century,  write  the  name  Virginia.  Then  place  7  where  the 
lines  stop.  This  will  show  that  Virginia  was  settled  in  1607.  Next  put  (as  next  set- 
tled) Massachusetts,  adding  another  line — stopping  a  little  short,  and  placing  20,  as 
this  State  was  settled  in  1620.  In  drawing  the  lines  for  Virginia,  leave  at  the  foot  of 
the  left-hand  pillars  suflicient  room  for  setting  down  the  principal  battle-fields,  as  on 

the  Tempie  of  Time. 

*  Tliese  dates  may  be  found  on  Mnp  13. 

Questions  on  Teaching  the  Ghrnncgraphers. — 1.  Of  what  words  is  the  terra 
Chronosrraphcr  conipo'sed?  What  is  its  Hteral  meaning?  What  is  said 
concerning  the  First  and  Second  Chronographers  ?  Wliat  is  tlie  peculiar 
excellence  of  the  First,  and  why  may  it  be  called  logical  ? — why  chrono- 
graphical?- 2.  Describe  the  two  parts  into  which  the  First  is  divided. 
W  hat  do  the  branches  of  the  four  large  limbs  represent  ?  What  is  an  epoch  ? 
Wiiat  is  signified  by  the  meeting  of  the  branches  with  the  circle  of  time? 
— 3.  How  is  this  circle  divided  so  as  to  represent  the  divisions  of  the  his- 
tory ?  Why  has  each  of  the  four  parts  one  more  epoch  than  period  \  How 
are"  centuries  represented? — 4.  What  is  tlie  great  Cliristiaii  epoch?  Ex- 
plain the  wiiole  time  of  American  history  by  centuries?  In  what  century 
are  you  living?  To  what  does  any  date  in  a  century  belong?  What  one 
exception  is  tliere  to  this  general  rule?  Give  examples. — 5.  Explain  the 
scale  of  years.  Give  an  example  of  finding  on  this  circle  any  date.- -6. 
Describe  the  first  large  limb  of  the  historic  tree. — 7.  Describe  the  seccud. 
—8.  The  third. —9.  The  fourth. 


87    Loncitude  82  West  from   77  Gret-nwich  72 


Longitude  West  5  from  VVashiiigton    (i 


Smith  showing  his  Compass 


Its  triple 
division. 


INTRODUCTION. 
CHAPTER   I. 

Definitions,  &c. 

1.  The  subject  of  this  work  is  the  United  States  chap.  \. 
of  America ;  or,  as  those  States  are  sometimes  called,  Subject, 
tlie  Republic  or  Nation  of  America. 

What  constitutes  a  nation  ?  P'irst,  there  must  be 
a  country,  with  the  natural  divisions  of  land  and  wa- 
tei  ;  second,  there  must  be  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren to  inhabit  that  country;  and  tliird,  those  in- 
habitants must  be  bound  together  in  one,  by  living 
under  a  common  government,  which  extends  its  pro- 
tection over  all,  and  which  all  are  bound  to  obey. 

2,  To  eveiy  nation  there  belongs  a  history:  For 
whenever  the  inhabitants  of  any  large  portion  of  the  ^"7  , 
earth  are  united  under  one  government,  imjyortant  utrj. 
public  eceiits  must  there  have  taken  place.  Tlie  record 

oi' these  erents  constitutes  the  history  of  that  country. 

■i.  The  events  of  history  should  always  be  recorded, 

with  the  circumstances  of  time  and  place.     To  tell 

when  events  happened,  is  to  give  their  chronology; 

1.  ^^■h!^t  is  tlie  subject  of  this  work  ?  What  three  parts  compose 
a  nation  ?— 2.  What  constitutes  any  nation's  liistorv  ?  3.  How 
Bhould  events  be  recorded?     What  ia  it  to  give  their  chronology  ? 

13 


ii» 


14:  ONE    NATION. 

CHAP.  L  to  tell  where  they  happened,  their  geography.     Tlie 
history  of  a  nation,  is   therefore  insepjii'ably  con- 
Connect- nected  with  its  geography  and  chronology.     Chro- 
geosraphy  ^^ology  ^^^7  properly  be  called  the  skeleton  of  his- 
anrt  chro-toi-y  jjeography  the  base  on  which  it  stands. 

4.  First,  let  us  inquire,  where  is  the  country  of 
which  Ave  desire  to  know  the  history  ?  In  the  vast 
universe,  is  a  system  of  planets  surrounding  a  sun, 

nr  coifn.  hence  called  the  solar  system.    The  third  ])lanet  from 

^y  "•    the  sun  is  called  the  earth.     On  the  earth's  surface, 

the  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA  occupies  a 

northern  portion  of  the  smaller  of  two  continents. 

In  extent,  it  is  one  of  the  largest  nations  of  the  world. 

5.  In  longitude,  the  Republic  of  America  ranges 

itsiati-  through  sixty  degrees,  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to 

tude  and  the  Pacific.     In  latitude,  it  reaches  from  the  Cape  of 

longitmie.  Florida,  in  north  latitude   twenty-five  degrees,  to 

British  and  Russian  America  in  forty-nine.  Thus 
stretching  through  the  greater  part  of  the  northern 
temperate  zone,  it  includes  every  variety  of  climate, 
itecii-  f^'O"^  t'^6  hot  unhealthy  swamps  of  Florida,  to  the 
mate,  cold  mouutainous  regions  of  northern  New  England, 
and  the  north-western  territories. 

6.  The  soil  and  productions  of  our  country  are  as 
vai'ious  as  its  climate.     Compared  with  other  coun- 

■     tries,  it  contains  a  large  proportion  of  arable  land; 

and  what  is  of  the  utTiiost  consequence  to  the  accora- 
Naturfti  modation  of  man,  it  is  xoell  loatered.  On  the  whole, 
»^'»"-   it  may  be  pronounced,  one  of  the  most  fertile,  healthy, 

and  desirable  regions  of  the  earth, 

7.  In  observing  the  United  States,  there  is  much 

A.  pood  re- to  Convince  us,  that  an  Almighty,  Overruling  Prov- 

*'ono*'°'  idence,  designed  from  the  first,  to  place  here  a  great, 

nation,   united  people.     Although  this  country,  being  one 

3.  Their  geography  ?  Are  chronology  and  geography  connected 
with  history  ?--4.  In  regard  to  the  universe  where,  as  astronomy 
teaches,  are  the  United  States  ?  In  regard  to  the  earth's  surtiice,  o'r 
as  respects  geography,  where  is  this  country?  What  can  ycu  say 
of  its  extent?— 5.  What  of  its  longitude  ?  Of  its  latitude  ?  Cli- 
mate?— G.  Soil  and  produciions?  Its  natural  advantages  gener- 
ally?— 7.  Does  this  region  seem  designed  for  one  great  nation, 
or  for  several  small  onea  * 


KIGHTEOUS     OOVEENMENT.  15 

nation,  is  by  means  of  its  mighty  rivers,  well  enabled  cg>j.  l 
to  carry  its  inland  productions  to  the  ocean,  and 
thence  to  foreign  markets ;  yet,  if  it  were  divided, 
like   southern   Europe,   into   different  nations,  this 
would  not  be  the  case. 

8.  For  this  country  is  not,  like  southern  Europe, 
indented  with  deep  bays,  gulfs,  seas,  and  channels ; 
whereby  many  small  nations,  can  each  be  accommo- 
dated with  a  portion  of  the  sea-board.  If  our  long 
rivers  were  owned  in  part  by  one  government,  and 

in  part  by  anotlier,  the  commerce  of  tlie  inland  na- Necessary 
tions,  would  be  perpetually  hampered,  by  those  who  division 
owned  the  sea-board,  and  the  mouths  of  the  rivers. 
For  they  %vould  be  likely  to  insist  on  being  paid  foi 
the  use  of  their  ports ;    and  tliis  would  naturally 
breed  quarrels  and  bloodshed.  '  This  is  one  reason 
among   many,  to  show  that  the  American   people  ^^^8°** 
should  continue  to  be  one  i^ation;  and,  in  the  words   «oiemn 
of  Washington,  "frown  indignantly  on  the  first  at-  'uon"" 
temi)t  to  sever  the  Union." 

9.  The  government  of  this  vast  nation,  which  con- 
tains nearlvthirty  millions  of  inhabitants,  is  a  Federa-'^'^*-*-™*- 

T-»  T-/.7  .1  ••!  rican  go- 

TivE  Kepublic.     It  \%  jederative^  because  m  it  there  vemment 
are  several  separate,  inde))endent  states,  confederated  ™*^i*'^°'^ 
under  one  head,  or  genwal  government.     It  is  a  re- 
public^ because  the  rulers  are  chosen  by  the  people. 
The  manner  in  which  they  are  to  be  chosen,  and  inShonid  b« 
which  they  are  bound  to  administer  the  government,  stLodTy 
is  set  forth  in  the  Con'stitutiox  of  the  United     «i'- 
States.      This  therefore,  should  be  early  learned, 
and  thoroughly  understood  by  every  American. 

10.  The  government  of  the  United  States  is  ac-it,8equt- 
knowledcred  by  the  wise  and  a^ood  of  other  nations,  i?'*'?/"'* 

T,'^  •'^  .  .,^T.,  '  should  b« 

to  be  tlie  most  tree,  impartial,  and  righteous  govern- sustained. 

7.  Why  is  it  in  record  to  coiiitticrce  better  for  one  than  for  sev- 
eral ?  What  part  of  the  world  iulinits  of  several  small  nations,  and 
why  ? — S.  Mention  one  amonsr  muny  evils,  wliicli  wonld  result 
from  dividinff  this  nation  into  several  smaller  ones?  What  is  the 
lauiriiiige  of  Washington  on  this  subject?— 9.  How  many  inhab- 
itants has  the  United  St;it(!s  ?  What  is  its  form  of  governtnent? 
Why  t'edcrative?  Why  a  republic?  Where  can  we  learn  the 
form  of  o-overnmfMit  and  our  duties  as  citizens? 


V 


16  ABORIGINAL     INHABITANTS. 

oHAP.u^ment  of  the  Avorkl ;  but  all  agree,  that  for  such  a 
'  govenimeut  to  be  sustaiubvl  many  years,  t!ie  ])i-iiici- 

pies  of  truth  and  righteousness,  taught  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures  must  be  ])ractise<l.  The  rulers  must  govern 
in  the  fear  of  God^  and  the  people  conscientiously 
obey  the  laics. 


CHAPTER   II. 

The  Aborigiues. 

1.  Before  the  territory  of  whicli  our  history 
treats,  n'as  iuiiabited  by  the  ancestors  of  its  ])resent 

Th«  red  hihabitauts,  it  was  occu])ied  by  another  and  a  dif- 
™''"-     feient  race.     The  red  men  were  here,  when  the  Eu- 
ropean  settlers  came  ;   and  either  as  friends  or  as 
enemi'.'s,  for  a  time  they  dwelt  contiguous  to  each 
other,  and  their  histoiy  is  blended. 

2.  The  aborigines,  ov  natives  of  the  cot^ntry,  were 
by  the  Europeans,  called  Indians.     As  found  by  the 

_.    „   .  earliest  settlers,  thev  luav  be  considered  uiuler  three 

•eoui.anus.  general  divisions,     r  irst,  the  Dei^a wares  or  Algon- 

QUiNs  ;  second,  tlie    luotiuois,  and   third,  the  Mo- 

BILIANS. 

3.  'Vhe  Delawares,  or  Algonquins,  were  formerly 
caWed  ihiiXeuni £,e'/i'/pe^;un\  the  iro(juoisthe3/en/7ioe. 
They   have  a   tradition   tiiat,  in  ancient  times,  each 

-^^Ij'^ji.  came,  though  in  sou'ewhat  different  directions,  from 
viiiious.   far  distant  western  regions.     Happening  to  meet  as 
they   aj)pi\)aciied  the  Mississippi,  they  united,  and 
^(?f'the"* '^^''^*i*-'  ^^'^'"  ^ipon  the  AUegewi,  a  more  civilized  peo- 
Deiftwarespie,  who  inhabited  the  great  valley  of  the  Missis- 
iroquois.  sippi,  :iiid  dwelt  in  cities.     The  Allegewl  wei'c  de- 
feated and  tied  down  the  river.    Perhaps  the  Mobil- 

16.  What  is  the  eliunicter  of  this  government?  What  ia  neces- 
Bary  to  its  being  permanently  sustained  ? 

Chaptkk  11.  — 2.  What  term  is  used  to  distinguish  the  race  found 
in  this  country  bv  our  ancestors  ?  What  three  general  divisions 
may  he  made? — 3.  Givh  an  account  of  the  tradition  of  the  two 
former.  re;^peeti:ig  tl>e  direciion  from  which  tliey  anciently  cHiae. 
Where  di(i  they  r.uite  ?  What  more  civilized"  naliun  did  tlie;^ 
find?      What  happened  to  this  natiou  ? 


ALGONQUIN!?.  17 

lan  tribes  were  their  descendants.     Perhaps  portions  qhap.  n. 
of  them  went  still  further  south,  and  were  the  build- 
ers of  these  cities,  tlie  ruins  of  which  have  lately 
been  found  in  Central  Anierica. 

4.  Tiie  Lenape  and  Mengwe,  says  the  tradition, 
soon  divided.  The  former  crossed  the  Alleghany 
mountains — ex])]ored,  and  took  ])ossession  of  the  sea  r)eiawar« 

,     /•    •  ,  1     •         1  •    i>      1  i'  -1  ^      x»  river  the 

coast,  fixing  their  clnet  place  oi  council,  or  seat  oi  principal 
eovernment,  on  tlie  Delaware  river.     This  river  re- .^.^^V/ 
ceived  from  a  European  nobleman  the  name,  which    wares, 
it. communicated  to  th(;  Indi:m  confederacy.  As  this 
confederacy  increased  in  numbers,  various  tribes  went 
off  from  the  parent  stock.     But  they  still  looked  up 
to  the  Delawares,  and  gave  them,  long  after,  the 
reverential  title  of  "  grandluther." 

5.  Of  these  branches  of  the  Delaware  or  Algon- 
quin race,  the  first  who  figure  in  the  early  history  of  j^;^°_7i^|^j' 
our  nation,  were  the  Powuataxs,  a  confederacy  of    triua. 
thirty  tribes;  so  called  fi-om  their  great  sachem,  Pow- 
hatan.    His  principal  residence  was  on  James  river, 

near  the  site  of  Richmond.    His  authority  extended 
throughout  the  lowlands,  and  to  the  falls  of  the  rivers. 

6.  Farther  west,  and  extending  to  the  mountains, 
were  two  confederacies,  with  whom  the  Powhatan's  Manaho- 
were  at  war:   the  J/(;/7?«// oacyt*',  consisting  of  eight    eigiit  ^ 
tribes  on  the  north,   and   the  Monacans  of  five,    '"''^** 
stretching  southerly  into  Carolina.    Afterwards  the    jjona- 
latter  chanored  their  name,  to  that  of  2^«5cjaroras,  cans— .ive 

•  ■  triors. 

removed  northerly,  and  joined  the  Iroquois.     The 
Yamasees  were  in  South  Carolina. 

7.  Of  the  Algonqulns  of  New  England  the  first 
known    were    the    Pokanokets    or     Wanpanoags^ 


3.  Wliat  coujectares  may  be  formed  respeetingr  their  Jesceii'Iants  ? 
i.  Accordiiijj  to  the  tradition  what  course  did  the  Lenape  take? 
Wliere  fix  tlieir  place  of  council  ?  When  thej-  became  numerous 
what  became  of  the  various  tribes  of  their  descendants  ?  What 
were    their    sentiments   and  langfuage    towards  the   Delawares? 

5.  Which  of  them  are  first  brought  into  notice?  VVhat  the  number 
of  tribes?   Tlieir  principal  seat  ?    How  far  did  their  imits  extend  ? 

6.  Give  an  account  of  the  ManalioaCks.  Of  the  Monacans  Tell 
from  Map  I.  which  is  the  most  noriiieriy,  tlie  Manahoai.'ks  or  Mo- 
nacans.    W' here  were  the  Catawbas?     Thft  Yama^u'c.-.! 


18 


NEW    r.NOLAXD    INDIAN^!. 


CHAP.  11.  wliicli  pi-o(Iuced  tlie  two  most  remarkable  savage 
cl)iefs  of  New  Eno;land,  tlie  f^ood  Massasoit,  and  hia 
Tiie  flret  valiant  son,  KrN«PiHLiP.  Their  residence  was  at  Jtfow- 
tribo     taui-)  or  Mount  Hope,  near  Bristol,' in  Rhode  Island, 
''""the  '°      ^-  '^^'^^  govornraent  of  the  sachem  of  the  Poka- 
Engiish.  nokets  extended  over  the  southern  part  of  Massar 
cliusetts,  and  the  eastern  of  Rhode  Island.    A  num- 
ber of  tribes  of  different  names  were  his  subjects; 
among  others  the  Nausets  of  Cape  Cod.     In  1G14, 
1614.  Capt.  Hunt,  ^n  English  ship-master,  who  accompa- 
nsace  of  ^*'^'*^   Capt.  John    Smith   iu   exploring   the   coast, 
the  na-   Avickedlj  seizcd    and    carried   off  twenty-seven  of 
the'^n^-  these  unoffending  natives,  and  sold  them  in  Europe 
^^^     as  slaves.     One  of  them,  named  Tisquantum,  found 
his  way  to  England,  where  he  learned  the  English 
language,  was  kindly  treated,  and  sent  back  to  his 
country.     He  was  afterwards  of  great   service  to 
the  first  English  settlers,  as  interpi'eter.  ^ 

9.  The   Pawtuckets  whose   principal  seat  was 
of  the    upon    the    Merrimack,  near   its   mouth,   extended 
mack.'   south,  until  they  met  the  territories  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts.  The  Massachusetts  were  scattered  about 
the.  bay,  which  bears  their  name.     Their  tei-ritories 

Of  Mm-  reached  those  of  the  Pawtuckets  on  the  north,  and 
jj^  the  Pokanokets  on  the  south.  The  authority  of  their 
chief  sachem  was  acknowledged  by  several  minor 
tribes,  some  of  whom  resided  as  far  west  as  Deerfield. 
The  principal  person  of  this  confederacy,  as  found  by 
the  English,  was  the  squaw  sachem,  or  "Massachu- 
setts Queen."  Her  residence  was  beautifully  located 
on  a  hill  at  Milton,  eight  miles  south  of  Boston. 

10.  The  NARRAGANSETTi^  held  their  chief  seat  and 
the  residence  of  their  grand  sachem  on  the  island  of 
Canonicut,  in  the  bay  which  still  bears  their  name. 
Westerly  they  extended  to  within  four  or  five  miles 

7.  Learn  from  tlie  Map  wliat  are  the  principal  tribes  of  New 
Entfland,  and  inoro  particularly  from  the  book,  trie  location  of  the 
Pokanokets.  Wiuit  noted  chiefs  were  there  of  this  tribe  ?  8.  WliHt 
wicked  act,  did  an  Eiisriisii  captain  do?  To  what  Indians?  ]>id  any 
one  taken  away  return  ?— 9.  What  can  you  say  of  the  PawtU(.'kets  ? 
Of  the  Arassachtistiit.- ?     Their  principal  person?     Her  re>iidei}o«  ! 


FATAL    ICTrDKMlC.  19 

of  tlie  Paucatuck  i-jver,  \v'iiere  their  territories  met  chap,  g. 
those  of  tlie  PeqiuxLs.  On  the  e;ii^hey  joined  tlie  Po- 
kanokets.    Their  grand  chief,  Caxoxicus,  was,  wlien 
the  English  arrived,  an  aged  man  :  and  he  had  asso-  i",4'*"» 

*     ....  ^^  .  of  Nar- 

ciated  vvitli  him  in  his  government,  liis  n -phew,  Mi-  raganset 
a:stonomoii.    Tlie  commodious  and  pleasant  location     ^'^ 
of  tiie  Narragansetts,  appears,  in  their  case,  to  have 
abated  the  natural  ferocity  of  the  savage  character. 

11.  The  more  barharous  Pequods  occupied  the  Qf  ^^^ 
eastern  poi-tion  of  C'onnecticut,  their  lands  meeting  ern  Con- 
those  of  the  Narragansetts.  TJie  residence  of  their  °**'"<"^'- 
great  sachem,  Sassaclts,  was  on  the  heights  of  Gro- 

ton,  near  the  river  then  called  the  Pequod,  since, 
tlie  Thames.  The  Mohegans,  under  Uncas,  whose 
seat  was  where  Norwich  now  stands,  were  subject 
to  the  haughty  chief  of  the  Pequods ;  but  they  bore 
his  yoke  with  impatience,  and  when  he  made  war 
upon  the  whites,  TJncas  took  part  against  him.  Tlie 
Indians  of  northern  New  England  had  the  general 
api>ellation  of  Taranteens  or  Abenakis. 

12.  The  New  England  tribes  had,  a  short  time   p,^ 
previous  to  the  settlement  of  the  English,  suffered  a   among 
plague  of  unexam])led  mortality.     It  was  probably  r'igin^ 
the  yellow  fever;  for  we  are  told  that  its  victims, 

botli  before  and  after  death,  "  were  of  the  color  of  a 
yellow  garment."  Not  less  than  nine-tenths  of  the 
inhabitants  seem,  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  to 
have  been  destroyed.  Thus  Divine  Providence  pre- 
pared the  way  for  another  and  more  civilized  race. 

13.  The  Iroquois,  Meggwe  or  Mingoes,  were 
found  by  the  earliest  settlers  in  Canada,  inhabiting 
the  shores  of  the  St.  La^vTence.  At  first  they  appear 
to  have  been  less  warlike  than  the  Surons  or  Wy- 
andots,  by  whom  they  were  attacked.    The  Iroquois 

10.  Give  an  account  of  the  location  of  the  Narragansetts. 
Their  grand  cliief.  His  associate.  The  effects  of  their  position 
on  their  cliJiracter.  —  11.  Descrioe  the  position  of  tlie  Pequods. 
Their  saciiein's  name  and  place  of  residence.  That  of  the  Mo- 
hegan  sacheni.  —  12.  What  remarkable  visitation  of  Providence 
occurred  among  tlie  natives  a  short  time  before  the  English  came  ? 
How  great  a  proportion  were  destroyed  ?  13.  How  were  the 
Iroquois  found  by  the  discoverers  of  Canada? 


20     •  iito(,>i:<)is  AND  MocrrjANS. 

onAP.  11.  were  driven  by  tboin,  fi-nm  tiie  Laiiks  of  the  St. 
Lawrence;    and  dividing  into  live  tribes,  the  tSene- 
cas,  CayiKjas,  Onond<((f<fs^  Oneklas^  and  Jfo/n/irAs, 
Tiie     they  spread   themselves  by  degrees,  east  of  Lake 
NHti.nia  Krie,  and  south  of  Oiitai'io,  along  the  romantic  wa- 
in vve.>t-  ^^(,j.g  of  noitliern  New  York,  to  which  they  have  left 
York,    tlieir  bold  and  hai-monious  names.     The  place  of 
their  grand  general  council,  or  congress  of  chiefs, 
was  at  Onondaga. 

14.  Here  they  made  a  stand,  and  became  the  most 
fearless,  subtle,  and  })Owerful  of  savages.  They  con- 
quered the  Hurons,  iought  the  Delawares,  and  put 
in  fear  all  the  surrounding  tribes.  Finally,  in  the  con- 

^ve""'*  tests  betwee\i  France  and  England,  they  were  court 
powerful,  ed  by  both  parties  as  allies,  aii<l  dreaded  by  both  as 
foes.   Of  the  Five  N  ati  ons,*  the  Mohawks  were  the 
most  warlike.   Their  chief  seat  was  at  Johnstown,  on 
the , beautiful  river,  which  still  bears  their  name. 

15.  Of  the  Mobilians,  the  most  extensive  and  pow- 
erful confederacies  were  the  Cuekks,  situated  niost- 
Iv  in  Georgia:  the  CiiEUOKiacs  in  the  mountainous 

Bouihern  region    north  and  west;    and    the  Ciioctaws  and 
confe.i-  Chiokasaws,  nearer  to  the  Mississippi. 

16.  ihe  JNatciiez  have  excited  much  mtei-est  on 
account  of  the  difference  of  their  lansruaije  from  that 
of  the  surrounding  tribes.  Katchez,  on  the  jMissis- 
sippi,  marks  their  location.  The  Siiawan^ese,  the 
native  tribe  of  Tecumseh,  once  I'esided  on  the  banks 
of  the  Suwaney  river  in  Florida.  Fi'om  thence  they 
migrated  northward,  first  to  Pennsylvania,  and  after- 
wards to  Ohio. 

*  When  tliey  were  joined  by  the  Tnscaroras,  they  became  the  Six 
Nations. 

13.  To  what  yilace  did  tliey  cliaiifre  their  location  ?  What  were  the 
names  of  each  of  tlie  five  nations?  Where  was  their  jreneral  coun- 
cil held  ? — 14.  What  character  d\d  they  now  asMnne  ?  What  na- 
tions contend  with  ?  By  wliat  nations  was  their  alliance  courted  ? 
Which  tribe  was  tlie  most  vvarlike  ?  Where  was  its  principal  seat? 
15.  Beam  from  tlio  Map  the  location  of  the  Mobilian  tribes. 
Which  were  tiie  most  extensive  and  })0werfiil  ?  Which  are  the 
most  northerly?  Which  are  partly  in  Gcor;iia? —  IG.  Which 
near  the  MissiRsippi?  Where  are  the  Shawonese?  Which  tribe 
has  a  language  by  it«clf? 


PART  I. 


FROM     1492     TO     1643 


Kelurn   of    Columbus. 


PERIOD    I. 


TIIK  DIRCOrr,RT  or      [■  I'lOa^  <     AMERICA  BY  OOLtTMBTTS, 
TO 


rnK  riP-iT  PATT:ifT  ORANTrn 

BY  AN  ENGLISH  SUVEKEIGN  TO 


IPS  OI  AMERICA— <5IVKN  BTQ. 
ABETH    TO    SIR  H.   eiLBUBT. 


CIIAFl^ER  I. 

First  Discovery — Columbus,  &c. 

1.  TiiOT'SANDS  of  years  had  elapsed  since  the  crea- 
tion of  the  world,  and  as  yet  the  inhabitants  of  the 
eastern  hemisphere  were  io-norant,  that,  on  the  tace 
of  the  ])l;iiiet  which  they  inhabited,  was  another  con- 
tinent of  nearly  equal  extent.  Nor  did  they  become 
acquainted  with  this  fact  by  any  fortunate  accident ; 
but  they  owed  its  proof,  to  the  penetration  and  per- 
Be^'erin<I;  eft'orts  of  a  man,  as  extraordinary,  as  the 
discovery  which  he  made. 

1.  What  tli'l  tlie  people  of  the  eiistern  tiemisphere  know  about 
tliit?  continent  three  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago?  Did  they  loarn 
its  "xisieiice  bv  accident  ? 

21 


P-T.  1. 


PI).  L 
cu.    I. 

Former 
a]i.«s  Ig- 
norant   ot 

^oi'srra- 

^I.hy 


22  coi.uMi'.us. 

P'T.  I.        2.  This  was  Christopher.  Columbus,  a  native  of 

"p'D.  I.   Genoa,  Lorn  in  1447.     He  possessed  all  those  ener- 

°^-  ^    getic  impulses  of  the  soul  which  lead  to  high  achieve- 

1447  "^^"^5  ^^1^5  "^^'^^^^  these  he  combined  judgment  the 

Birth  'most  grave  and  solid,  prudence  and  patience  the 

areiteTf  ^'^ost  Steady  and  unoffending,  piety  the  most  devout, 

Coiuin-  and,  what  insured  his  success,  the  most  untiring  p.er- 

^"*     severance  ever  manifested  by  man. 

3.  Columbus  had  married  the  daughter  of  one  of 
the  Portuguese  discoverers,  then  deceased;  whose 
widow,  finding  how  eagerly  her  son-in-law  sought 
such  sources  of  information,  gave  to  liim  all  the  maps 
and   charts  which   had  belonged  to  her  husband. 
Marco  Polo,  a  Venetian,  had  travelled  to  the  east, 
and  returned  with  wonderful  accounts  of  the  riches 
of  Cathay  and  the  island  of  Cipango,  called,  gener- 
ally, the  Hast  Indies,  and  now  known  to  be  China 
and  Japan. 
Ciroum-      4.  The  idea  that  the  earth  was  round,  was  ridi- 
stances    culed  by  most  persons  at  that  time ;  but  it  was  fully 
*to*h^i3^  believed  by  Columbus,  on  the  evidence  of  its  figure, 
genius,   exhibited  in  eclipses  of  the  moon.     Hence,  he  be- 
lieved, that  those  rich  countries  described  by  Mar- 
co Polo  might  be  found  by  sailing  west;  and  he 
formed   the  design  to  lead  the  way,  through  un- 
Q^g^    known  oceans. 

in/ ser-       5.  Columbus  believed  that  great  advantages  would 

rJsgning  accruc  to  the  nation  who  should  patronize  his  un- 

sov-     dertaking ;  and,  with  filial  respect,  he  first  ofiei  3d  his 

ereigns.  g^j-y^^gg  ^q  j^^g  native  State,  but  had  the  mortification 

to  find  them  rejected.     He  then  applied  to  John  H. 

of  Portugal;   to   Henry  VH.  of  England;  and  to 

Ferdinand,  and  Isabella,"  king  and  queen  of  Spain. 

2.  Who  was  the  discoverer  ?    What  was  his  character  ?  —  3! 

What  womiin  gave  liim  sources  of  information  ?  What  traveller 
had  excited  his  mind  about  distant  countries  ?  What  countries  ? — 4. 
In  what  opinion  was  Columbus  in  advance  of  his  contemporaries  ! 
Why  did  he  believe  in  the  true  figure  of  the  earth  ?  How  did  he 
Ruppnse  he  could  reaeli  those  rich  countries  called  the  East  Indies  ? 
5.  To  whom  did  Columbus  first  offer  his  servicca?  With  what 
success  ?  Whose  patronairc  did  he  next  solicit?  What  sovereign 
of  KiiglMid  ?    What  sovereigns  in  Spain  ? 


THE  N-;;\r  woklti.  23 

But   tliese   moiiarchs    could    not    comprehend   his   ft.  i. 
schemes,  nnd  would  not  encouiagc  tliem.  fd.  I 

6.  At  the  court  of  Spaui,  he  Ijad  spent  two  years    ^^  ^ 
hi  a  succession  of  mortifying  repulses ;  and  at  length,  ^,^      ^^ 
quite  discouraged,  he  was  preparing  to  go  to  Kng-  accepted 
land,  when  he  was  recalled  by  a  mandate  from  Isa-  ^toif^' 
bella.     This   wonum  alone  of  all  the  sovereigns  of 
Eurofje,  had  the  reach  of  mind  to  comprehend  the 
chai'acter  of  Columbus,  and  the  truth  and  grandeur 

of  liis  views.  Xot  knowincf  liow  to  raise  the  sum  of 
money  requisite  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  the 
voyage,  she  deterinined  to  sacrifice  her  jewels ;  but 
this  was  prevented  by  the  extraordinary  exertions  of 
her  ministers. 

7.  Columbus  made  his  first  voyage,  the  most  in- 
teresting of  any  in  the  annals  of  navigation,  in  1492.  1492. 
He  discovered  the  first  found  land  of  tlie  New  World,  c<>i"mbu8 

'  discovers 

on  the  eleventli  of  October.    It  was  an  island  called  the  New 
by  the  natives  Guanahani,  but  to  which  he  piously       °^ 
gave  the  name  of  /San  iSalcador,  tiie  Holy  Saviour. 

8.  In  Ids  third  voyage  he  discovered  the  coutinerd 

on  the  coast  of  South  America,  tburteen  months  alter     g^nt 
the  Cabots  hail  reached  its  shores  in  the  noith-east.  i'""'?  in 
By  the  ingratitude  of  Ferdinand,  he  was,  like  a  con- 
demned criminal,  sent  home  in  chains.     Amekici'S 
Vespucius,  a  native  of  Florence,  having  made  avoy-  Deprived 
age  to  the  New  World,  received  from  the  public  ^"  ,^°,f  "°^i,e 
honor  which  belonged  to  Columbus,  that  of  giving  a  country, 
name  to  the  continent.  In  1502,  the  great  discoverer 
made  his  fourth  and  last  vovaixe, — when,  havino-  re- 
turned  to  Spain,  his  patroness,  Isabella,  being  dead,  „    \a\\(y 
his  just  claims  disregarded,  and  himself  ne2;lected,  he  ^^'''^  *»» 

'  ,       ^  ,  .  .  ^  Spain 

sunk  beneath  his  sufferings,  and  died,  in  the  59th   1506. 
year  of  his  age.     When  the  good  meet  with  calami- 


6.  Who  was  tlie  only  one  to  understand..his  views  or  favor  tliem  ? 
Wliat  sacrifice  was  she  prepared  to  make? — 7.  When  did  Ooluiii- 
bus  make  Ids  lirst  voyatre  ?  \\  hat  land  did  lie  first  di:scover? 
When  i  What  name  give  ? — 8.  What  did  lie  discover  in  his  third 
^oyage  ?  Did  any  person  discover  tiie  continent  before  him  ?  llovy 
M'tts  lie  treated  ?  After  whom  was  the  continent  nasned  ?  in  what 
y»ttr  did  ho  make  liis  lust  voyage  ?     W'hat  occurred  soon  after  i 


24  FOUR    XATTON8, 

P'T.  I.    ties  in  tliis  world,  it  is  plcasiuit  to  refloct,  that  there 

FD.  I.    is  a  futui-e  state,  wiu-re  thev  ^\\]]  he  liniipv. 

CH.  II.  p^  JNIaiiy  attempts  were  now  made  to  show  that 
tlie  country  had   been   previously  discovered.     The 

Welch    ^V'^^^lsh  broiiglft  tbrward  the  story  of  ^Nladoc,  son  ot 

Btory  of  Owen  Gwyneth,  who,  in  the  twelfth  century,  liad 
sailed  west,  discovered  a  country,  and  afterwards 
conducted  a  colony  thither,  which  was  heard  of  no 
more.  If  this  story  be  true,  there  yet  exists  no  jDrootj 
that  the  rep"ion  found  was  America. 

10.     7^/ie    Norwen'ians    discovered  Iceland  and 
Nor-     G-Tee?da)id^  durinii;  the  ninth  century,  and  there  estab- 

ciaii'i4s.  lislu'd  colonies.  Biohn,  or  Biron,  an  Icelander,  in  a 
voyage  to  Greenland,  during  the  eleventh  century, 
was  driven  south-west  in  a  storm,  and  found  a  region 

Vine-  ^vhie;]l^  from  its  great  nuniber  of  vines,  he  called  Vine- 
land,  whose  locality  is  supposed  to  have  been  on  the 
American  coast.  But  at  the  time  of  Columbus,  no 
such  accounts  had  reached  Southern  Europe.  It  is 
since  then,  that  they  have  been  dug  from  the  grave 
of  antiquity;  and  it  remains  true  that,  darkness 
shrouded  the  western  continent,  until  Cohimbus 
lifted  the  veil. 


CHAPTER  II. 

Kifrlit^h  Discoveries— Frcncli. 

America       -\ ,  The  principal  European   nations  who  first  dis- 
neeie'i   covered  and  colonized  our  country,  are 
«''"'.f""^  I.  The  English, 

of  Eu-  11.    1  he  h  rench, 

'°P«-  III.  The  Spanish, 

IV.  The  Dutch.   " 
149G        ^'  "^^^^^  Cabot,  a  native  of  Venice,  had,  with  his 
*  family,  settled  in  England.     He  and  his  more  re- 

9.  From  what  story  ^iil  the  Welch  chiiin  to  be  the  rliscoverers 
of  tlie  western  continent  ? — 10.  From  wiiat  the  Norwegians  ?  The 
Icehmders '{ 

CHAiTk;K  II. —  I.  What  European  nutions  i'.i?covered  anil  settled 
our  coiilinenl  ? — 3.   Who  wa«  John  Ciihoi?  • 


FRENCH   DlgCOVEULES. 

nowned  son,  Sebastian  Cabot,  were  men  oi  grc.it  pt.   i. 
learning,  enterprise,  and  ability.     By  a  commission  p'd.   l 
of  Heniy  VII.,  dated  March  5th,  1496,  (the  oldest    <="•  "• 
American  state  paper  of  England)  they  had  authoii-'  °se"ba8- 
ty  to  discover  and  colonize  any  heathen  countries  ''*/*  ^' 
not  before  known  to  Christians. 

3.  They  sailed  from  England  in  May,  149V,  and  in 
June,  discovered  the  Island  of  Newfoundland,  which  1 497 
they  called  Prima  Vista.    Steering  north wai'd,  they  Discover 
made,  the  first  discovery  of  the  continent.^  on  the  coast  uneau ' 
of  Labrador^  in  latitude  about  55°.   On  their  return 

they  pursued  a  southerly  direction  for  an  uncertain 
distance. 

4.  Sebastian  Cabot  sailed  a  second  time ; — reached  ^493, 
Labrador  in  latitude  58°,  thence  turning  southerly,    sebas-* 
he  became  the  discoverei- ^of  the  coast  of  the  United '^^"^  ^Pf 
States  ;  along  which  he  proceeded,  as  far  as  to  the    covers 
soutliern  latitude  of  Maryland.  """^ 

5.  Tlie  French  king,  Francis  I.,  in  1524,  sent  out 
John  Vbrrazani,  a  native  of  Florence,  who  reached     The 
the  continent  in  the  latitude  of  Wllniinqton.  North    French 

t/  '  filso     em 

Carolina.  His  crew  looked  with  wonder  upon  the  wild  ploy  an 
costume  of  viie  natives,  made  of  the  skins  of  animals,  di^ovw- 
and  set  off  bv  necklaces  of  coral  and  sjarlands  of  feath-      er. 
ers.  As  tliey  sailed  northward  along  the  coast,  they 
thought  the  c6untry  very  inviting,  it  being  covered 
with  green  trees,  among  which  were  many  fragrant  *«»"'*• 
flowers.      '  _i  -^ 

6.  At  a  fine  harboi'^supposed  to  be  that  of  Newport 

in  Rhode  Island,  Verrazani  remained  fifteen  days,  and  y^„^^^, 
there  tound  "'the  goodliest  people  he  had  seen."  From  m  in  New 
thence  he  followed  the  north-eastern  shore  of  New  ^"siani 
England,  finding  the  inhabitants  jealous  and  hostile. 
From  Nova  Scotia,  he  returned  to  France,  and  wrote 
a  narrative  of  his  voyage,  which  is  still  existing. 

2.  Who  Sebastian  ?  Who  gave  them  a  commission,  and  at  what 
time? — 3.  What  important  discovery  did  they  make?     At  what 

flace? — 4.  Who  discovered  the  coast  of  the  United  States?  and 
ow  far? — 5.  What  Italian  did  the  king  of  Franco  send  out? 
Where  did  lie  reach  our  shore  ?  What  account  did  he  give  oH  the 
natives? — 6.  Whjrt,  Indians  do  you  suppose  he  encountered  at 
Newport! 


26  CARTIKK    AND    I'JOnKiiTAL. 

P'T.  I.  7.  James  C artier  was  the  discoverer  to  whom  the 
P'B.  I.  French  trace  the  extensive  empire  which  they  possess- 
^^  "•    ed  in  North  America.  Cartier,  after  a  prosperous  voy- 

1534.  ^o®  of  twenty  days,  made  Cape  Bonavista,  the  most 
*  easterly  point  of  Newfoundland,  Sailing  around  the 

James    north-eastern  extremity  of  the  island,  he  encountered 
^Ikel  severe  weather  and  icy  seas.    Then  stretching  to  the 
great  dis-  south-wcst,  he  discovcrcd,  on  St.  Lawrence'' s  day,  the 
covenes.  ^qj^Jq  gyj^  which  bears  the  name  of  that  saint. 

8.  In  1535,  he  sailed  on  a  second  voyage,  entered 
the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  proceeded  up  the  river,  to 
which  he  gave  the  same  name,  and  anchored  at  an  isl- 

1535.  ^^^5  which,  abounding  in  grapes,  he  named  Bacchus 
Isle,  now  the  Isle  of  Orleans.  lie  continued  his  voyage 

Cartier'8  to  the  Island  of  Hochelega  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
voy*ie.  ^^  Mo7it  Real.  After  a  severe  winter  he  returned  in 
the  spring  with  dreary  accounts  of  the  country.  He, 
ho\feY6r,  named  it;  -ZVeio  France.,  and  it  was  also  called 
Catiada.,  but  at  what  time,  or  whether  from  any  signi- 
ficancy  in  the  word,  is  not  known. 

9.  France  now  possessed  a  country  in  the  New 
New     World,  through  which  flowed  a  river,  more  majestic 

than  any  in  Europe.     Francis  De  La  Roque,  lord 

1540.  o/RoBERVAL,  in  Picardy,  obtained  from  the  king  full 
His  third  authority  to  rule,  as  viceroy,  the  vast  territory  around 

der^Ko-'  the  bay  and  river  of  St.  Lawi'ence.  Cartier  was  neces- 

bervai.   gjuy  iq  jjju^  r^^^^  received  the  title  of  chief  pilot  and 

captain-general  of  the  enterprise.    The  prisons  were 

thrown  open,  and  with  their  inmates,  Cartier  sailed. 

J.  10.  He  built  a  fort  near  the  site  of  Quebec,  and  there 

1541.  spent  a  winter,  in  v/hich  he  had  occasion  to  hang  one 
Cartier  of  his  disorderly  company,  and  put  several  in  irons. 
Quebec  In  the  spring  he  took  them  back  to  France,  just  as 

1542.  Roberval  arrived  with  supplies  and  fresh  emigrants. 


f  Who  was  the  greatest  di<^coverer  employed  by  the  French  ? 
i^ujlng  Curtier's  first  voyage,  what  great  discoveries  did  he-make  ? 
8.  Give  an  account  of  Ids  second  voyage  ?  What  can  you  aay  o^ 
the  name  of  tiie  country  ?  —  9.  Under  whose  authority  did  ha 
make  this  third  voysige  ?  What  kind  of  people  where  brought 
over  as  colonists?— 10.  Did  any  good  result  tiike  placo!  Wnat 
can  you  say  of  Koberval  ? 


FLOiaDA.  27 

By  him,  however,  nothing  permanent  was  effected ;  p't.  i. 
and  after  a  year,  he  abandoned  his  viceroyalty.  pd.  l 

11.  CoLiGNi,  the  distinguished  high  admiral  of    ^h-u. 
France  was  the  friend  of  the  Huguenots,  a  name  giv- 
en to  the  French  Protestants.   These  were  objects  of 

such  hatred  and  fear  to  the  monarchs,  that  they  were  f  Amirai* 
plotting  their  destruction,  and  when  a  project  was  Coiigni 
formed  by  the  admiral  to  plant  with  them  a  colony  in^Eibau^L 
America,  it  found  ready  favor.  He  therefore  sent  out, 
under  the  command  of  John  Ribault,  distinguished    . 
as  a  brave  and  pious  Protestant,  two  ships  loaded 
with  conscientious  Huguenots,  many  of  whom  were 
of  the  best  families  in  France. 

12.  They  approached  land  in  the  delightful  clime 

of  St.  Augustme  ;  and,  on  the  firstof  May,  discover- h?  bu"<*« 
ed  the  St.  John,  which  they  called  the  river  of  Mav.nna  in  s. 
Sailing  along  the  coast  north-easterly,  they  chose  a-s  ^^^^ 
their  home  Port  Royal.  There  they  built  a  fort,  and 
called  it  Carolina,  a  name  which  is  preserved  in  that 
of  two  of  our  States,   Ribault  left  there  a  colony,  and 
returned  to  France. 

13.  The  commandei-  of  the  fort  provoked  a  muti- 
ny, and  was  slain.    The  colonists  longed  for  hoiai».  colonists 
They  put  to  sea  without  suitable  provisions,  and  be-  abandon 
ing  found  in  a  famishing  state  by  a  British  vessel, 

they  were  carried  to  England. 

14.  The  persevering  Coiigni  soon  after  sent  out  an- 
other colony  under  the  worthy  Laudonniebe,  Upop 
the  banks  of  the  river  of  May,  with  psalms  of  thanks- 
giving, they  made  their  dwelling-place,  and  erected  1566. 
another  fort,  called  also  Carolina.     The  next  year  ftcaro 
Ribault  arrived  with  vessels  containing  emigrants  F^rida 
aud  suppHes ;  and  taking  the  command,  the  colony     '•^"• 
seemed  happily  planted. 


11.  Who  was  Coligrni  ?  Whose  friend  was  he?  What  project 
did  he  contrive?  Whom  did  he  send  as  leader  of  the  colonjr  ? 
12.  What  country  did  they  first  reach?  Where  did  they  build 
a  fort,  arid  what  name  give  it? — 13.  What  happened  after  Kibault 
had  departed? — 14.  By  whom  did  Coiigni  send  out  another 
■jolony  I  Where  did  they  build  a  fort,  and  what  namagiveitt 
W  ho  came  and  for  what  purpose ! 


28  BETTER   TURN    BACK,    THAN    GO   ON    WRONG.      . 

CHAPTER  III. 

Spanish  Discoveries,  Adventures,  and  Cruelties — St.  Auguslino. 

p  T.  I.        1.  John  Ponce  De  Leon,  a  Spanish  soldier,  wlio 

P'D.  I.   had.once  voyaged  with  Columbus,  had  received  an  iiu 

cu.  III.  pi'cssion,  common  in  those  times,  that  there  existed  in 

Ponc#  ^gthe  New  World  a  fountain,  whose  waters  had  power 

Leon    to  arrest  disease,  and  give  immortal  youth ;  and  he  set 

TomLilr  forth  to  seek  it.     On  Easter  Sunday,  called  by  the 

ofiife.    Spaniards  Pascua  Florida,  and  a  little  nortli  of  the 

^  latitude  of  St.  Augustine,  he  discovered  what  he 

deemed,  from  the  blossoms  of  the  forest  trees,  a  land 

Discor-  of  flowers.     The  fountain  of  life  was  not  there  ;  but 

ers      Ponce  took  possession  of  the  country  in  the  name  of 

the  Spanish  king,  and  called  it  Florida. 

2.  The  part  of  South  Carolina,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Combahee  river,  was  soon  after  visited  by  a  Spaniard, 
named   Vasquez  De   Ayllon.     The  coimtry  was 
named  Ghicora.,  and  the  river,  the  Jordan.  De  Ayllon 
invited  the  natives  to  visit  his  ships,  and  when  they 
stood  in  crowds  upon  his  deck,  he  hoisted  sail  and  car- 
1520.^'^®^  thein  off.     Thus,  torn  from  their  families,  they 
"Wicked  were,  as  slaves,  condemned  to  ceaseless  toil.  De  Ayllon 
Vasquez  atterwards  attempted  to  conquer  the  country;  but  the 
de      hostility  of  the  natives  could  not  be  overcome,  and 
^  '"''  numbers  of  Spaniards  perished  in  the  fruitless  attempt. 
152§.       '^-  I'^y  Jinotlier  unsuccessful  eifort,  under  the  ad- 
Unsue-   venturer  Narvakz,  to  conquer  Plorida  and  the  ad- 
attempt  joining  country,  an  ai'my  of  three  himdred  Spaniards 
of  Nar   -wasted  away,  till  but  four  or  live  returned. 

4.  They  however  insisted  that  Florida  was  the  rich- 
est country  in  tlie  world ;  and  Ferdinand  De  Soto, 

Chapter   TIL — 1.    Who  was  John  Ponce  de  Leon  ?     What  in- 
duced  liini  to  cotne  to  tlie  New  World  ?     Wliat  country  did  ho 
discover?     Obi^erve  the  dutes,  and  tell  which  discovered  Florida 
"'  first,  the  French  just  mentioned,  or  this  Spaniard.    Tell  the  dates 

in  each  case. — 'Z.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  of  Vasquez 
de  Ayllon.  What  do  you  think  of  his  conduct? — 3.  What  caa 
you  say  of  Narvaez  ? 


FEEPINAJS'D   DE    SOTO.  29 

already  famous  as  the  coinpaiiion  of  Pizarro,  the  oniel    ft.  i. 
conqueror  of  Peru,    obtained  a  corauiission    from  ~fd7T~ 
Charles  V.  to  conquer  the  country.  He  sailed,  witli  a  ^^-  '"• 
considerable  force,  to  Cuba,  of  which  he  had  been 
made  governor;  and  there  adding  to  his  army,  he  nan<i  de 
landed  in  1539,  at  Espirito  Santo,  in  Florida,  with  six  ^5^0 
hundred  soldiers;  an  army  greater,  and  better  sup-  L»n('isin 
plied,  than  that  with  which  Cortez  conquered  Mexico.  Fio^da. 

5.  He  expected  to  find  mines  and  utensils  of  gold ; 
and  being  from  time  to  time  deluded  by  the  natives, 
he  pursued  these  illusions,  which  ever  fled  as  he  ap- 
pi-oached.  He  went  north,  crossed  the  Alleghany 
mountains,  then  marched  southerly  to  Mobile,  where  ins  ob- 
he  fought  a  bloody  battle  with  the  people  of  a  walled  g^^'^^'  f°^ 
city.  At  Pensacola  he  met  ships  from  Cuba,  with 
supplies  for  his  exhausted  army ;  but  too  proud  to 

be  wise,  he  continued  to  pursue  a  shadow,  rather 
than  retrace  a  false  step. 

6.  The  hope  of  the  precious  metals  still  lured  him 
on,  and  he  now  bent  his  course  to  the  north-west, 

and  in  latitude  34°  he  discovered  the  Mississippi.  April  25, 
He  continued  west  until  he  reached  the  Wachita.  *^f*' 
when,  becoming  dispirited,  he  turned  his  course,  and   covers   -. 
descended  that  stream  to  its  junction  with  the  Red 'gfggjp^*' 
river.   Thence  he  went  down  its  current ;  and  Avhere 
the  Red  mingles  its  waters  with  the  Mississippi,  he 
died.     His  body  was  inclosed  in  a  hollow  oak,  and  May  21, 
committed  to  the  broad  stream.  The  oflicer  who  sue-  \ll^(^ 
ceeded  him  in  command,  conducted  the  poor  remains 
of  his  army  <lown  the  Mississippi. 

7.  When  the  news  reached  Spain,  that  Florida  had 
been  colonized  by  French  Huguenots,  the  cruel  mon- 
arch, Philip  II.,  gave  to  Pedro  Melexdez  de  Aviles   Meien- 
a  commission,  to  take  possession  of  that  country;  and  ^",^°* 
to  destroy  the  heretics.     Five  hundred  persons  ac-    simin. 

4.  What  expedition  did  Ferdinand  de  Soto  undertake?  (liva 
bw  account  of  his  preparations — his  numbers — bis  place  of  hind- 
iriir  iu  America. — 5.  llis  objects.  His  route  and  return  to  the 
ciia-r. — G.  His  second  route  and  great  discovery.  Where  did  ho 
(lif^ ':  How  was  his  body  disposed  of?  Wliat  became  of  liis  army! 
7.    \\'h.ti  king  sent  to  destrcvy  tha  Franch  colony? 


30  FIRST    PERMANENT    SETTLEMENT. 

p'T.  I.    companicd  Melendez,  who  were  men  with  families, — 

^P'D  I    soldiers,  mechanics,  and  priests.     Coming  upon  the 

en.  m.   coast  south  of  the  Frencli  settlement,  he  discovered 

the  harbor  of  St.  Augustine  on  the  day  of  that  saint, 

1565.  ^^^^  here  he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  city  of  /St. 

He      Augustine^  the  oldest  b)^  nearly  thirty  years,  of  any 

Au"ustine  "O"^^  within  the  limits  of  our  republic. 

8.  The  French  had  received  from  Melendez  the  ter- 
rible notice,  that  he  had  come  to  destroy  every  person 
who  was  not  a  Catholic.  Ribault,  supposing  that  the 

^^^e^^'  Spaniards  would  attack  by  sea,  embarked  to  meet 
destrojw  them.     A  tremendous  storm  shipwrecked  his  whole 
Caroi^ina  Acet.     The  Spaniards,  meantime,  crossed  the  forest 
md  900  and  attacked  by  land.     Unprepared  and  surprised, 
nots.    the  defenceless  fort  soon  surrendered,  when  all,  with- 
out distinction  of  age  or  sex,  were  murdered.     The 
shipwrecked  mariners  were  afterwards  found,  feeble 
and  exhausted,  upon  the  shore.     Melendez  invited 
them  to  come  to  him,  and  trust  to  his  compassion. 
They  came,  and  he  slew  them. 

9.  When  the  news  of  this  massacre  of  nine  hundred 
French  subjects  reached  the  French  king,  Charles 
IX.,  he  took  no  notice  of  it;  for  so  bigoted  was  he, 

1 56S  ^^^^  ^^  wished  the  entire  destruction  of  the  Hugue- 

Goii^es'  nots.  Yet  so  deep  was  the  feeling  among  the  people 

^s^  n^  of  France,  that  three  years  afterwards,  individuals 

iards.    headed  by  the  gallant  Chevalier  Gouges,  made  a 

descent  on  the  settlement  of  Florida,  and  put  to  death 

two  hundred  Spaniards.     The  Spanish  colony  was 

colony  ^^^s   checked,   l3ut  it  was  not  destroyed ;    and  it 

""'itwn  proved  to  be  the  first  permanent,  settlement,  made 

■  by  Europeans  upon  the  shores  o ;'  our  republic. 

7.  Whom  did  he  send  ?  What  description  of  persons,  and  how 
many  accompanied  him?  What  is  there  remarkable  about  the 
city  which  he  founded  ?— 8.  What  notice  did  he  give  the  French  ? 
Where  was  Kibault  when  Melendez  attacked  the  French  fort? 
How  did  he  treat  the  people  in  the  fort  ?  How  the  shipwrecked  f 
9.  Who  took  vengeance  on  the  Spaniards?  In  what  manner! 
Was  the  Spanish  colony  destroyed  ?    What  has  it  proved  to  b«  f 


^ 


'■'?*ij 


OLD    SK'rn.EMKr<^rs    in    NKW    TKRKlTOElKi!.  31 

10.  Large  territories  have  lately  been  added  to  the 
United  States  from  Mexico,  which  were  originally  1594. 
colonized  by  Spain.     In  New  Mexico  the  first  set-   settled 
tleraent  was  made  at  Santa  M,  in  1594,  by  a  Span-   ^^l^^ 
isli  colony  from  Mexico,  sent  out  by  the  viceroy  of  Mexico. 
the  king  of  Spain,  the  Count  di:  Monterey,  under 
"the  valiant"  Don  Juan  de  Onate  of  Zacatecas.       ■'■^.^'* 

At  8t.  Dlego^  the' first  settlement  of  American    seitie- 
Oalifornia  was  made,  in  1603,  by  the  Spaniards,  on  ^'J^^^j.^j^^^'j^ 
account  of  its  harbor.     In  1V69  it  became  the  first  California, 
established  station  of  the  Jesuit  missions.  1693. 

At  San  Antonio  de  Bexar^  the  first  efiectual  set-  First  set- 
tlement in  Texas  was  made  by  Spaniards  in  1692.     in  Xexa* 

Questions. — 10.  Give  an  acco\int  of  the  first  settlement  of  Santa 
Fe  and  its  vicinity.  Of  tlie  first  discovered  and  first  settled  place 
of  American  California.  What  is  the  name  of  the  first  settled 
place  in  Texas?  The  date  of  the  settlement?  Point  out  on  the 
chronographer  the  four  dates  of  early  settlements  here  mentioned. 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  TREE  CHEONOGRAPHEE. 
(Referring  to  events  of  Period  I.,  Part  I.) 

Point  ont  on  the  chronographer  the  epoch  which  marks  the 
beginning  of  this  period. 

The  Cabots  discovered  the  continent  in  1497.  Verrazani 
sailed  along  the  coast  in  1524.  Cartier  made  his  two  voyages 
in  1534-35.  Point  out  these  years.  The  time  of  Cartier' s 
founding  Quebec  was  1541.  Show  the  places  of  these  dates. 
Also  of  the  times  of  the  founding  of  Santa  Fd,  St.  Diego,  and 
San  Antonio  de  Bexar. 

Ribault  built  Fort  Carolina,  in  South  Carolina,  in  1564. 
Laudonnjfere  built  Fort  Carolina,  in  Florida,  in  1566.  St. 
Augustine  was  founded  in  1565.  Where  are  these  dates  on 
the  chronographer  ?  At  what  epoch  does  this  period  termi- 
nate ?     Point  to  its  place, 

The  teacher  can  select  other  dates,  and  require  the  pupils 
to  locate  them  on  the  chronographer  ;  but  is  advised  not  to 
oblige  tliem  to  burden  their  minds  by  convmitting  ordinary 
4ates  to  memory, — but  only  a  select  few. 


/ 


102         97 


oa 


82 


57 


52 


Longituile  Westfioui  GreeTiwic.h. 

/       /       /       I        I 
MAP  N?  3.  1578. 

^Exhibiting  the  Discoveries_ 
of  the 

EARLY  NAVIGATORS. 


%. 


I,onr.  10    West  from     n    VVnshinston.    0 

M— ^— — — I  mil  iMii  I  ■  I— f— 


3  l>uni;.  lU  East. 


Elizabeth's  Patent  to  Sir  II.   Gilbert. 

PERIOD  II. 

FEOM 
PATENT  GRANTED  BTQTJF.EN  ELI-  V     1578  ■<    ZAEETU    TO    SIK    H.    6ELBEBT 

TO 
LANDING  OF  THE  PILGKIM8  {■    1620.  -J     AT  NEW  PLTMOtTTH. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Unsuccessful  attempts  of  Gilbert,  Raleigh,  and  others. 

1.  QuEEX  Elizabeth,  the  reigning  sovereign  of 
England,  gave  to  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  in  1578, 
by  an  open  or  patent  letter,  "  all  such  remote,  hea- 
then, and  barbarous  lands,"  as  he  should  discover  in 
Nortli  America,  and  of  which  he  should  take  posses- 
sion ;  these  lands  not  having  been  occupied  before,  by 
any  other  Christian  power.  She  vested  in  him  and  his 
heirs  the  right  of  property,  and  guaranteed  that  all, 
who  should  settle  there,  should  enjoy  the  privileges 
of  free  citizens  and  natives  of  England.  The  patentee 


FT.  I. 

PD.  IL 
cu.  L 


1578. 

Gilbert's 
patent 


Chapter  I. — 1.  From  whom  did  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  receive 
his  )>!itent?  What  lands  did  it  give  him?  What  rights  vest  in 
him  and  his  heirs!  What  guarantee  to  those  who  should  settle 
the  country  ? 

2*  33 


84  FATi;   OF   SIR   H.    GILBERT. 

P'T.  I.   was  to  acknowledge  the  authority  of  the  sovei-eign  ot 
P'D.  II.  England,  and  pay  one-fifth  of  all  the  gold  and  silver 
OH.  L     obtained. 

2.  In  Gilbert's  first  attempt  to  plant  a  colony,  lie 
^  put  to  sea,  but  was  obliged  to  return.  In  his  second, 
fo      he  reached  Newfoundland,  where  he  took  possession 

1583.  of  the  country  for  his  sovereign,  by  raising  a  pillar 

^'two"*  inscribed  with  the  Biitish  arms.    From  thence,  he 

Voyages,  sailed  south-westcrly,  till  he  reached  the  latitude  oi 

the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec.  Here  the  largest  of  his 

three  vessels  was  wrecked,  and  all  her  crew  perished. 

3.  Gilbert  now  finding  it  impossible  to  proceed,  set 
his  face  towards  England,  keeping  in  the  smallest  ol 
his  remaining  vessels,  the  Squirrel,  a  barge  of  only 
ten  tons ;  for  his  generous  heart  refused  to  put  any 

disasfera  to  a  peril,  he  was  himself  unwilling  to  share.     The 

death     P^^sagc  was  stormy,  but  his  pious  mind  found  cora- 

15 §3.  fort  in  the  reflection  Avhich,  as  he  sat  reading  in  the 

Sept.  22.  stem  of  his  barge,  he  uttered  to  his  companions  in 

the  larger  vessel ;  "we  are  as  near  heaven  at  sea,  as  on 

land."  In  the  night,  the  lights  of  his  little  bark  sud- 

denly  vanished,  and  he  was  heard  of  no  more. 

4.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  the  brother-in-law  of  Gil- 
bert, obtained  from  Queen  Elizabeth,  a  transfer  of  his 
patent.    Kaleigh  had  learned,  from  the  unsuccessful 

Eaieigii  emigrants  of  France,  the  mildness  and  fertility  of  the 

Amidas  south ;  and  thither  he  dispatched  two  vessels,  xmder 

and     Philip  Amidas  and  Arthur  Barlow.     They  ap- 

"^°^'  proached  the  shore  at  Pamlico  Sound,  and  on  landing 

in  Ocracock  or  Poanoke  Island,  they  found  grapes 

abundant,  and  so  near  the  coast,  that  the  sea  often 

washed  over  them. 

5.  The  natives  were  as  kindly  as  their  climate  and 
soil.  The  king's  son,  Granganimo,  came  with  fifty  of 

1.  What  was  enjoined  upon  the  person  who  received  the 
patent? — 2.  In  Gilbert's  first  attempt  what  happened?  In  his 
Becond  how  far  did  he  proceed  ?  In  what  manner  takepossession ? 
What  disaster  did  he  meet,  and  at  what  place  ? — 3.  What  trait  of 
generosity  did  he  exhibit?  \Vliat  were  the  last  words  he  was 
heard  to  utter  ? — 4.  Who  obtiuncd  a  similar  patent?  Whom  did 
Sir  VV.  Ka]eij;fh  send  ont^  To  what  place  dKl  they  go?  What 
account  did  they  jfi ve  of  Koauuke  Island  ?— 5.  What  of  tte  natives  t 


EALEIGIi's   ATTEilPTS    UNSUCCESSFUL.  35 

his  people,  and  received  them  with  distinguished   pt.  L 
courtesy.   He  invited  them  to  his  dweUing  at  twen-  fd.  il 
ty  miles'  distance  on  the  coast ;  but  when  they  went,    *"^  *• 
it  chanced  he  Avas  not  at  home.  His  wife  came  out  to  Bgautfni 
meet  them.   She  ordered  some  of  her  people  to  draw  example 
their  boat  ashore  to  preserve  it,  and  others  to  bring **^jj"gpj7* 
the  Englishmen  on  their  backs  through  the  surf.  She    taiitj. 
then  conducted  her  guests  to  her  home,  and  had  a 
fire  kindled,  that  they  might  dry  their  clothes,  which 
were  Avet  with  rain.    In  another  room,  she  spread  a 
plentiful  repast  of  tish,  venison,  esculent  roots,  mel- 
ons, and  fruits.  As  they  were  eating,  several  Indians, 
armed  with  bows  and  arrows,  entered.     She  chid 
them,  and  sent  them  away,  lest  her  visitors  should 
suffer  from  alarm. 

6.  When  the  navigators  returned  to  England,  and 
made  this  report  to  Elizabeth,  she  was  induced  to 
call  the  country  Virginia,  as  a  memorial  that  the  Elizabeth 
hapjDy  discovery  liad    been   made  under  a  Virgin  J?*J"®? 
queen.     This  name  soon  became  general  throughout      " 
the  coast. 

1.  Raleigh  now  found  many  adventurers  ready  to 
embark  in  his  project ;  and  in  1585,  he  fitted  out  a 
squadron  of  seven  ships,  under  the  command  of  Sir    g     ** 
Richard  Gkenville,  who  followed  the  course  ofships  un- 
Amidas  and  Barlow,  and  touched  at  the  same  islands.  GrenvW 
In  one  of  tliese  he  cruelly  burned  a  village,  because 
he  suspected  an  Indian  of  having  stolen  a  silver  cup. 
He  then  left  a  colony  under  Captain"  Lane,  at  the 
island  of  Roanoke.     The  colonists,  reduced  to  great 
distress  for  want  of  provisions,  were,  the  next  year,  colony  st 
carried  to  England  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  who  was    under* 
returning  from  a  successful  expedition  against  the    ■^'*"®' 
Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies. 

8.  Soon  after  tlieir  departure,  they  were  sought 
by  a  ship,  which  had  been  sent  by  Raleigh  with 


5.  How  did  an  Indian  lady  behave? — 6.  "Who  gave  a  name  to 
tlie  country?  Wliatname? — 7.  Whom  did  Kalcigh  next  send? 
When?  What  vvas  done  by  Sir  K.  (Trenvilre?  What  can  you  aay 
of  the  colony  wliieh  lie  left? 


36  gosnold'c 


VISIT. 


P'T.  I;    supplies  ;  and  afterwards  by  Sir  Richard  Greiiville. 

FD.  iL  He  not  lindinof  them,  most  unwisely  left  tiiteen  of 

^"•'-     his  crew  to  keep  possession  of  the  island,  and  then 

returned  to  England.    Of  this  small  number  nothing 

Fifteen   ^^'^^   afterwards    heard.     Probably   they   were    de- 

ineu  lost  stroyed  by  the  injured  and  revengeful  savages. 

9.  In  1587,  Raleigh  again  sent  out  a  colony  of 
one  hundred  and  titty  adventurers  to  the  same  isl- 
and, uuder  Captain  White.     He  soon  returned  to 

15§7.  England  to  solicit  supplies  for  the  colony.     Before 

Eoanoke  he  de})ai-ted,  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Dare,  gave  birth  to 

colony,  j^  female  infant,  the  first  child  of  English   parents 

born  in  America.     The  infant  was  baptized  by  the 

name  of  Virginia. 

10.  The  attempts  made  by  Raleigh  for  the  relief 
of  this  colony  were  unremitted,  but  unsuccessful ; 
and  three  years  elapsed  before  he  could  procure  the 
means  of  sending  Captain  White  to  their  relief. 
It  was   then   to^   late.     Not  one   remained ;    nor, 

Eaieieh's  though  repeatedly  sought,  has  any  clue  to  their  fate 
i«st     ever  been  found.     Appalled  and  in  danger  of  per- 
**"  *'"^'   ishing  himself,  White  returned,  without  leaving  one 
Ensflish  settler  on  the  shores  of  America. 
^    11.  In  1602,  Bartholomew  GosxoLD,  with  thirty- 
1602.  ^^^^  men,  sailed  from  Falmouth,  and  steering  due 
Gosnoid  west,   he   was  the   first   English    commander  who 
England.'  I'eachcd  the  country  by  this  shorter  and  more  direct 
course.     He   approached   the   coast   near   Nahant, 
then  bearing  to  the  south  he  discovered  and  named 
Cape  Cod,  which  was  the  first  ground  in  New  Eng- 
land ever  trod  by  Englishmen. 

12.  From  Cape  Cod  he  sailed  round  Nantucket, 
and  discovered  Martha^s  Vineyard.  He  then  en- 
tered Buzzard's  Bay,  and  finding  a  fertile  island,  he 
gave  it,  in  honor  of  the  Queen,  the  name  of  Eliza- 

8.  What  ofiiiiother  small  colony  "*—  9.  What  of  Kaleigh's  second  f 
What  name  was  jj-iven  to  the  first  jiative-born  Enyli>h  child? 
10.  Were  attempts  maile  to  relieve  this  colony  *  Does  any  one 
know  wliat  became  of  Mrs.  Dare,  or  her  ohilil/or  any  of  the  col- 
ony ? — 11.  Give  some  account  of  Gosnohi.  Point  out  on  the  Map 
his  oourise.    Toll  where  he  approached.  What  discoveries  he  made 


NORTH    AND    SOUTH    VIRGINIA.  37 

beth.     Near  its  western  shore,  on  a  small  island  in    pt.  i. 
a  lake,  he  built  a  fort  and  store-house,  and  prepared  fd.  ii. 
to  leave  a  small  colony.     But  the  natives  became    ^^^ 
hostile,  and  his  intended  settlers  would  not  remain.  -^^^^^^ 
Having  freighted  his  vessel  with  sassafras  root,  then   hostile. 
much  esteemed   in  medicine,  he   hoisted  sail   and 
reached  England  with  all  his  men,  after  a  passage 
of  live  weeks,  the  shortest  then  known. 

13.  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  in  1603,  granted  to  the 
Sieur  de  Monts,  the  country  called  Acadia,  extend- 
ing from  the  40th  to  the  46th  degree  of  north  lati- **»^^ 
tude.    The  next  year  De  Monts  sailed  from  France,    prints 
taking  Samuel  Champlain  as  his  pilot.    He  entered  ^'^^^^ 
an  extgnave  bay,  called  it  La  Baye  Fran9aise,  [Bay 

of  Fundy,]  and  on  its  eastern  side,  he  founded  Port^g  Monti 
Royal.     He  discovered    and  named  the  rivers  St.    founds 
John  and  St.  Croix,  and  sailed  along  th^  coast  as  far   uoy'id. 
as  Cape  Cod. 

14.  LoNDQij^  AND   Plymouth  Companies. — ^The 
English  becoming  alanned  at  this  encroachment  on  1606. 
territory  which  they  claimed,  James  I.,  the  succes-    88o°t'o 
sor  of  Elizabeth,  dividing  the  country  iiito  two  dis-  41°  the 
tricts  7iearly  equal,  granted  the  southern  fart,  or  wanted 
iirst  colony  of  Virqinia,  included  between  the  34th  *°  ^°''> 

v  •/»/«/'  com  pa- 

and  41st  degrees,  to  a  company  of  merchants  called     nies. 
THE  London  Company  ;  and  the  northern  or  sec-  ^h^rever 
ond  colony  of  Virginia,  included  between  the  SSth  one  made 
and  45th   degrees,  to   another   corporation,   called  nfent  t*he 
THE  Plymouth  Company.     The  king  vested  these    ."Ij'^'"  . 

•  1  •    1  (^  1        T     1  °t  ±'i'      might  not 

companies  with  a  right  oi  land  along  the  coast,  nity    settle 
miles  each  way,  and  extending  into  the  interior  one"^iJ"A^' 
biindi'ed  miles  from  the  place  of  settlement. 

15.  The  Plymouth  Company,  in  1607,  sent  out 

12.  At  w>iat  place  did  he  prepare  to  colonize!  "Was  he  suc- 
cessfnl  in  planting  a  colony  ?  Wliat  of  his  voyage  in  regard  to 
time  ? — 13.  VVhiit  was  granted  to  De  Monts  ?  By  whom  ?  What 
voyajre  and  discoveries  did  he  make?  Who  accompanied  him? 
14.  Between  what  two  companies  did  the  English  now  divide  tiie 
conntry  ?  What  names  gi\e  to  each  division?  Trace  the  two 
divisions  on  Map  1 II.,  unless  you  draw  the  Maps,  and  have  one  of 
your  own  to  exhibit.  » 


38  CAPTAIN  JOHN   SMITH. 

FT.L   Admieal  Raleigh  Gilbert,  with  a  hundred  plant- 

FD.  iL  eis,  under  Captain  George  Popiiam,  the  president 

on.  II.    of  t,ij{3  company.    They  landed  at  the  month  of  Ken- 

settie-   "ebec  river,  where  they  built  and  fortified  a  store- 

n.ent^ttt  house.     The  sufferuigs  of  the  colony,  through  the 

^5^"*'  winter,  Avere  severe.    They  lost  their  store-house  by 

1607.  fire,  and  their  president  by  death,  and  the  next  year 

returned  to  England,  considering  the  country  "a 

cold,  barren,   mountainous   deseit,"   where,  in  the 

quaint  language  of  that  period,  they  declared,  "  they 

found  nothing  but  extreme  extremities," 

16.  Thus,  after  a  period  of  one  hundred  and  ten 
years,  from  the  time  that  Cabot  discqy^red  North 
America,  and  twenty-four  years  after  J?®^gh  plant- 
ed the  iirst  colony,  there  was  not,  uiicifjl^O?,  an 
Englishman  settled  in  America. 

i 


CHAPTER  II. 

First  Settlement  of  Virginia. 

1.  In  1607,  the  London  Company  sent  out  Cap- 
tain Christopher  Newport,  with  three  ships,  and 
one  hundred  and  five  men  ;  among  whom  was  the 
navigator,  Gosnold,  and  Captain  John  Smith,  the 
Father  of  Virginia. 

2.  The  fleet  sailed  by  the  "West  Indies,  and  being 
driven  north  of  Roanoke  in  a  storm,  an  accidental 
discovery  was  thus   made  of  the    entrance  of  the 

^eak*e    Gkesapecike   Bay^   the   boundaries  of  which  were 
discover-  now  named  Capes  Charles  and  Henry,  m  honor  of 

1607.  ^^^®  king's  sons. 

8.  The  adventurers  sailed  at  once  into  the  bay, 
and  up  the  Powhatan  river,  to  which  they  gave  the 

15.  Whom  did  tlie  Plymouth  company  send  out?  What  was 
tlic  HUCcosH  of  the  settlement  nt  Kennebec? — 16.  In  1607  what 
miiirlit  bo  said  of  Ensjiish  colonization  ? 

CiiAPTBK  II. — I.  Whom  did  the  London  company  pend  out! 
2.  What  dittfovery  was  aecidentttUy  made! — 3.  What  coursi*  did 
the  flbut  take? 


FIRST    EFFECTUAL   ENGLISH    SETTLEMENT.  30 

name  of  the  James.    Upon  its  banks,  fifty  miles  from   ft.L 
its  mouth,  they  fixed  their  residence,  and  raised  a  p'd.  il 
few  huts.     The  place  was  called  Jamestown,  an    "^'^ 
appcllatioji  wliich  it  still  retains,  although  nothing  ''^^^^' 
now  remains  hut  a  few  falling  ruins.  M»yi3. 

4.  The  King  of  England,  James  I.,  had  given  the 
colonists  a  charter ;  that  is  a  wi'iting,  made  like  a 
deed,  which  he  signed,  and  to  which  the  great  seal 

of  England  was  affixed.    These  written  instruments ^^terta. 
when  made  for  the  settlers,  in  a  wise  and  righteous 
manner,  gave  them  privileges,  which  were  of  great 
value.     But,  in  this  case,  the  charter  left  with  the 
king  all  the  power  to  govern  the  country. 

5.  To  the  colonists  no  assurance  was  given,  but  the 
vague  promise,  that  they  should  continue  to  be  Eng- 
lishmen.    Religion  was  established  by  law,  according  No  privi- 
to  the  forms  and  doctrines  of  the  church  of  England,  thl^tet- 
There  Avas,  for  the  present,  no  division  of  property ;     "^"• 
and  for  five  years,  all  labor  was  to  be  for  the  benefit 

of  the  joint  stock. 

6.  The  government  was  to  be  administered  by  a 
council,  nominated  by  the  king,  but  to  reside  in  the 
colony.  As  soon  as  the  emigrants  landed,  the  coun- 
cil Avas  organized.   They  chose  Edward  Wingfield, 

their   president.      They   were   envious   of  Captain  president, 
Smith.     He  was  the  proper  person  to  be  their  head,  fi(^'."|> 
because  he  had  more  talents  and  more  zeal  for  the   Smith, 
settlement,  than  any  other  man.     But  troubles  gath- 
ered fast,  and  then  they  were  glad  to  have  Smith       >, 
for  a  leader. 

7.  The  neighboring  Indians  soon  annoyed  the 
colony  by  their  petty  hostilities.  Their  provisions 
failed,  and  the  scanty  allowance  to  which  they  were 
reduced,  as  well  as  the  influence  of  a  climate  to  which 
they  were  not  accustomed,  gave  rise  to  disease; 
so  that  the  number  of  the  colonists  rapidly  dimin- 
ished.    Sometimes  four  or  five  died  in  a  day,  and 

3.  Where  <\'n\  tlic  cniifirrniita  scUle? — 4.  Wlmt  is  a  cliurtcr? 
Did  these  einiirntiits  receive  a  favoraVile  oimrter? — 5.  IIow  was  it 
about  rcli<rioii? — pnipcrty? — G.  Wliat  about  tlxJ  govcriiinetit-? 
Wiio  w:ts  clio.scii  prcf  iileiit? 


40  BMITli    OBEYS    HIS    8UPERI0BS. 

PT.  L   there  were  not  enough  of  the  well,  to  give  decent 
P'D.  II.  burial  to  the  dead.     Fifty  perished  before  winter, 
OH.  iL    among  whom  was  the  excellent  Gosnold. 
AnM2.       8.  The  energy  and  cheerful  activity  of  Smith,  threw 
Gosnold.  the  only  light,  which  glanced  upon  the  dark  picture. 
1607.  He  80  managed  as  to  awe  the  natives,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  conciliate  and  obtain  from  them  sup- 
plies  of  food;  while,  among  the  emigrants,  he  en- 
inan%(^  couragcd   the   faint   hearted,  and  put  in   fear  the 
SniitiL'  rebellious.     Winter  at  length  came,  and  with  it,  re- 
lief from  diseases  of  climate^  and  plentiful  supplies 
of  wild  fowl  and  game.  ;   >*  t  "-.-.d  ♦ 

9.  The  London  company,  with  an  ignpnjjaMfc  of 

geography,   which  even  then  was   surpriu^^nad 

given  directions  that  some  of  the  streams^nowing 

from  the  north-west  should  be  followed  up,  in  order 

to  find  a  passage  to   the  South   Sea.     Smith    was 

superior  to  the  company  in  intelligence^  but  he 

knew  the  duties  of  a  subordinate  ;  and  he  therefore 

Smith    prepared  to  explore  the  head  waters  of  the  river 

■Twei^wChicksihominy,   which   answered  as  nearly  as  any 

com-    one,  to  their  description. 

"*"  10.  Powhatan,  the  chief  of  the  savage  confeder- 

acy, on  the  waters  of  the  James  and  its  tributaries, 
had  been  visited  by  the  colonists  early  after  their 
^  arrival.     His  imperial  residence,  called  from  its  beau- 
•^'  tifiil  location,  Nonesuch,  consisted  of  twelve  wigwams 
near  the  site  of  Richmond.     Next  to  him  in  power 
lOcy.  ^^  ^^^  brolJier,  Opechacanough,  who  was  chief  of 
Powhatan  the  P.imuiikies  on  the  Chickahominy*     Smith  em- 
kroth'er.  barked  in  a  barge  on  that  river,  and  when  he  had 
ascended  as  far  as  possible  in  this  manner,  he  left  it, 
with  the  order  that  his  party  should  not  land  till  his 
return ;  and,  with  four  attendants,  he  pursued  his 
^-  objects  twenty  miles  farther  up  the  river. 

7.  What  misfortnnes  bofel  the  colony? — 8.  What  can  vou  Bay 
of  the  conduct  of  Captjiiti  Smith  ? — 9.  \Vhnt  directions  ha^  Smith 
receive'!?  From  whom  ?  What  did  he  know,  and  whiit  do? 
10.  Whom  liad  tlie  colonist.s  visited  ?  Wliere?  Who  w;m  chief 
of  the  Itidiaus  oi!  the  Chicknliominyt  What  was  the  begiuaiiig 
of  Smkli's  adyeutures  on  tliat  river  i 


INDIANS   CAPTDRK   SaHTH.  41 

11.  Tlie  Indians  who  had  watched  his  movements,   pt.  l 
fell  upon  his  barge-men,  took  them  prisoners,  and  fd.  il 
obliged  them  to  discover  the  track  of  their  captain.    *"*'  °* 
He,  in  pursuit  of  game,  soon  found  himself  hunted 
by  swarms  of  savage  archers.     In  this  extremity  he 
bound  to  his  breast,  as  a  shield,  an  Indian  youth,  in.nant 
who  was  with  him  ;  and  then  he  shot  three  Indians,  ^P'^f* 
wounded  others,  and  kept  the  whole  party  at  bay.     "" 
Attempting  to  retreat  to  his  canoe  while  yet  watch- 
ing his  foe,  suddenly  he  sank  to  his  middle,  in  an 
oozy  creek.     The  savages  dared  not  even  then  touch 
him,  till,  perishing  Avith  cold,  he  laid  down  his  arms 
and  tjurrendered. 

12. 'They  carried  him  to  a  fire,  near  which,  some 
of  his  men  had  been  killed.  By  his  Indian  guide 
and  interpreter,  he  then  called  for  their  chief.  Ope- 
chacanough  ajipeared,  and  Smith  politely  presented 
to  him  his  pocket  compass.  The  Indians  were  con- 
founded at  the  motions  of  the  fly-needle,  which,  on 
account  of  the  mysterious  glass,  they  could  see,  but 
could  not  toucli.  He  told  them  wonderful  stories  of  hjs 
its  virtues,  and  proceeded,  as  he  himself  relates,  •<idrea«, 
*'by  the  globe-like  figure  of  that  jewel,  to  instruct 
them,  concerning  the  roimdness  of  the  earth,  and 
how  the  sun  did  chase  the  night  round  about  the 
world  continually,"  by  which  his  auditors  were  filled 
with  profotmd  amazement. 

13.  Their  minds  seemed  to  labor  with  the  great- 
ness of  the  thought,  tliat  a  being  so  superior  was  in 
their  power;    and  they  vacillated  in  their  opinion 
whether  or  not  it  was  best  to  put  him  to  death; „.    .^^ 
and  as  often  changed  their   conduct.     They  took  mentby 
him  to  Powhatan,  thence  led  him  round  from  one  8,v^^ 
wondering  tribe  to  another ;  until,  at  the  residence 
of  Opechacanough,  these  superstitious  dwellers  of 
the  forest,  employed  their  sorcerers  or  powows,  for 
three  days,  to  practise  incantations,  in  order  to 

11.  Rclftto  the  circnmstences  of  liis  cnpture. — 12.  Of  the  tnan- 
ner  in  which  he  gnve  the  natives  a  jjreat  idea  of  his  knowledge. 
13.  Of  their  thoughts  and  behavior  towards  him 


4:2  NEWPORT    AKKIVES. 

PT.  I.    learn,  from  the  invisible  world,  whether  their  pris- 
FD.  II.  oner  wished  them  well  or  ill. 

CH.  II.  j^^  rpijg  clecision  of  his  fate  was  finally  referred 
to  Powhatan.  At  his  residence,  that  majestic  sav- 
age received  him  in  state  ;  but  he  condemned  him 
to  die.  Two  stones  were  brought  and  laid  before 
His  rescue  ^^^®  chief,  and  two  savages  stood  with  uplifted  war- 
bv  Poca-  clubs.  Smith  was  dragged  to  the  spot,  and  his  head 
placed  upon  the  stones.  Pocahontas,  a  young  In- 
dian gill,  rushed  forward,  and  with  cries  and  tears 
begged  of  Powhatan,  her  father,  to  spare  him.  He 
refused.  She  then  ran  and  knelt  beside  the  victim, 
and  laid  her  young  iiead  upon  his.  Then  the  stern 
savage  relented, — and  Smith  was  saved. 

15.  Smith  having  now  learned  much  of  the  In- 
160S.  cli^^^i  their  country,  modes  of  warfare,  dispositions 

Good    and  language,  and  having  also  by  his  great  address 
''from''  and  honorable  bearing,  won  their  affection  and  con- 
eviL     fidence,  liis  captivity  proved,  under  Divine  Provi- 
dent;e,  a  means  of  establishing  the  colony. 

16.  During  his  absence,  however,  there  had  been 
disorder  and  misrule ;  and  when  he  returned  to 
Jamestown  he  found  only  thirty-eight  persons  re- 
maining.    The  spirits  of  the  people  were  broken ; 

^i^Q°  and  all,  filled  with  despondency,  were  anxious  to 
colony,  leave  a  country  so  inhospitable.  He  prevailed  upon 
them,  however,  partly  by  force  and  partly  by  persua- 
sion, to  remain  till  the  next  year ;  when  Newport 
arriving  from  England,  with  some  supplies  and  one 
hundred  and  twenty  emigrants,  hope  again  revived 

17.  During  the  year  1608,  Captain  Smith  explored 
lbv9.  ^j^g  Chesapeake  bay  to  its  head,  discovered  its  fine 

Smith  ex-  Streams,  and  gained  new  information  concerning  the 
piores    native  productions  an-d  inhabitants  of  the  country. 

*^peake!''  Ill  ^^i  excursiou  whicli  he  made  up  the  Rappahan- 
nock, he  had  a  skirmish  with  the  Mannahoacks,  a 
tribe  descended  ilrom  the  Delawares,  and  took  pris- 

/  14.  Keliitc  the  circumstance  of  liis  sentence  and  deliverance. 

/  15.   Wlmt  view  may  be  taken  of  Smith's  captivity? — 16.   What 

had  happened  duriii?  Smith's  absence?     What  was  the  etFeet  of 

his  return  ? — IT    What  did  Smith  explore? 


BAD    SETTLERS.  43 

onor  a  brother  of  one  of  their  chiefs.     F'rom  him    ft  i. 
he  first  heard  of  the  Iroquois,  who,  tlie  Indian  told  fd.  ii. 
him,  "  dwelt  on  a  gi-eat  water  to  the  north,  had  a   ^^  *°- 
great   many  boats,  and   so   many  men,  that   they 
waged  war  with  all  the  rest  of  the  woi"ld." 

18.  Immediately   on    his   return    he  was   chosen 
president  of  the  council.     He  found  the  recent  emi- 
grants "  goldsmiths  and  gentlemen."  But  he  prompt- 
ly gave  them  their  choice,  to  labor  for  six  hours  a  . 
day,  or  have  nothing  to  eat.     He  represented  to  the  ion  and 
council  in  England  that  they  should  send  laborers  ;  ^"»*<i°™' 
that  the  search  of  gold  should  be  abandoned,  and 
that  "  nothing  should  be  expected  except  by  labor." 


CHAPTER  III. 

Early  settlement  of  Virginia — continued. 

1.  The  London  Company  had  gradually  become 
enlarged  by  accessions  of  men  of  influence,  some  of 
whom  were  of  the  nobility  and  gentry.     Without  at 

all  consulting  the  wishes,  and  against  the  interests  of  Govern- 
the  colony,  they  now  obtained  from  the  king  a  new    made' 
charter,  by  which  they  were  to  hold  the  lands  in  fee  ;    ^°^^ 
and  all  the  powers  of  government  formerly  reserved 
to  the  crown,  were  hereafter  to  vest  in  the  company. 
The  council  in  England,  chosen  by  the  stockholders, 
was  to  appoint  a  governor,  who  was  to  rule  the  col- 
onists with  absolute  sway, 

2.  The  company  now  collected  five  hundred  ad-  jj^^^^ 
venturers,  many  of  whom  were  men  of  desperate  sent  witi 
fortunes  and  abandoned  characters.  They  appoint-  hundred 
ed  as  governor  for  life  the  excellent  Lord  Dela- 

17.  What  learn  from  report? — 18.  What  happened  on  his  re- 
turn ?  What  course  did  he  take  ?  What  was  his  advice — sent  to 
Ensrland  ? 

Chapter  III. — 1.  What  had  been  the  progress  of  the  London 
Company?  What  did  they  obtain?  What  was  the  character  of 
the  ii.striiment  obtained? — 2.  What  was  the  number,  and  what 
was  the  dcf^cription  of  the  persons  sent  out?       .V 


44  SIR    THOMAS    GATKS    SIiri'V/KKCKEL. 

P'T.  I  WARE,  and  freiglitiMl  witli  the  cuiigrants  nine  ships, 
P'D.  II.  of  which  ^Captain  iS'ewport  was  to  take  the  coui- 
"'^•"^    inand. 

3.  As  Lord  Delaware  was  not  ready  to  eiid:)ark 
Avith  the  lleet,  the  adinu-al,  iSiu  Thomas  Gatks,  and 

Wro  kod  ^^^^  George  So.meiis,  were  empowered  to  govern  the 
ftt  Hormu- colony  Until  his  arriwal,  Newport  took  into  his  own 
^^  ship  Gates  and  Soniers.  Aniving  at  the  Bermudas, 
a  terrible  storm  separated  the  tieet.  The  admiral's 
vessel  was  stranded  on  the  rockv  sliores  of  Bermu- 
da ;  a  small  ketch  perished,  and  only  seven  of  the 
vessels  reached  Jamestown. 

4.  Smith  now  found  himself  without  authority; 
1609   ^"^  ^^^  three  persons  who  alone  possessed  it,  were 

Smith  *  perhaps  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean.     His  genius, 
^°\jg^^''®  however,  sustained  him  ;  and  he  compelled  to  sub- 
mission the  disorderly  gallants  who  had  just  arrived. 

5.  Pocahontas  repeatedly  saved  the  life  of  Smith, 
and  preserved  this  earliest  English  settlement  from 

Native  destruction.     In  the  various  fortunes  of  the  colony, 

uess.  gi^^  ^^^^  j^^   unchano-ino;  friend,  often  couiiiig  with 

her   attendants   to   bring   baskets    of  provisions   in 

times  of  scarcity,  and  sometimes  giving  notice  of 

«  hostile  designs. 

6.  At  length,  an  accidental  ex])losion  of  gunpow- 
der so  injured  Smitii,  that  no  medical  skill  to  be  had, 

Smith  could  properly  manage  his  case ;  and  delegating  his 
leaves    authority  to  George  Percy,  he  returned  to  England. 

After  his  departure,  all  subordination  and  industry 

ceased  among  the  colonists. 

7.  The  Indians,  no  longer  afraid,  harassed  them, 
Great    and  withheld  their  customary  supplies.    Their  stores 

^'^anT^  were  soon  exhausted.     Their  domestic  animals  were 

distress,  devoured ;  and,  in  two  instances,  the  barl»arous  act 

was  perpetrated,  of  feeding  on  human  flesh.     Smith 


3  Wliat  office  had  Lord  Delaware?  What  Capt.  Newport! 
3.  What  was  the  fate  of  Newport's  ship  ?  What  persons  liad  he 
on  boiird  ? — 4.  As  neitlier  tlie  {roveriior,  nor  liis  substitutes  were 
tJiere,  what  was  the  position  and  coudiiet  of  Siiiitli  ? — 5.  W'iiai  is 
said  of  Pocahontas? — 0.  Wliat  now  happened  to  Smith!  Wlat 
was  the  conduct  of  the  colonists  ! 


''the  starving  timk."  45 

lelt  four  hundred  and  ninety  persons.  In  six  months,    ft.  i. 
anarchy  and  vice  liad  reduced  the  number  to  sixty;  fd. ii. 
and  those  so  feeble  and  forlorn,  that  in  ten  days   <^»^ 
more  they  must  all  have  perished. 

8.  In  the  mean  time,  Sir  Thomas  Gates  and  his 
companions,  who  had  been  wrecked  on  the  rocks  of 
Bermuda,  haai  found  there  the  means  to  construct  a 
vessel ;  and  now  approaching  Jamestown,  they  an- 
ticipated a  happy  meeting  with  their  friends.     But, 
instead  of  this,  but  tew  remained,  and  they  wasted 
to  skeletons.     Gates  was  obliged  to  yield  to  the  '"'i- Departure 
versal  cry,  desert  the  settlement,  and  re-embark  with    of  the 
the  whole  colony.     They  departed  in  the  morning,   '^"'""^• 
and  falHng  down  the  sti-eam  with  the  tide,  they  de- 
scrierl,  at   evening,   near  the  river's  mouth,  three 
ships.     Lord  Delaware,  their  paternal  governor,  had 
arrived  with  supplies ;  and  their  hearts  were  cheered    j^^^^ 
with  the  consolins:  thought  that  God  had  delivered  1610. 
them.     And  then  the  residue  returned,  a  chastened,  ^" '■*'*^"™- 
and  a  better  people. 

9    The  colony  again  became  flourishing ;  but  in 
Mai'ch,  1611,  the  governor's  health  declined,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  country.     On  the  •^^P-'^'"^  « ^  ■ « 
ure  of  Lord  Delaware,  Percy  was  again  at  the  head  ^8^  m* 
of  affairs,  until  the  arrival  of  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  in  Sir  '^o- 
May.     Although  good  order  and  industry  fiow  pre-  arrives, 
vailed,  yet  the  state  of  the  colony  was  not  flourish- 
ing, and  Dale  immediately  wrote  to  England  for 
aid.     In  less  than  four  months,  Sir  Thomas  Gates 
arrived,  with  six  ships  and  three  hundred  emigrants. 

10.   Pocahontas,  after  the  departure  of  Captain 
Smith,  received  Christian  baptism  under  the  name  l<*13. 
of  Rebecca;    and   then   married    John   Rolfe,  aand^nmr 
young  Englishman  of  the  colony.     She  went  with  ""'J,"*  °^ 
her  husband  to  England,  where   special   attention   hontas. 

7.  What  consequences  ensued? — 8.  Relate  the  circumstances 
of  Sir  Thomas  Gates'  arrival.  What  was  he  obliged  to  do? 
Where  were  the  people,  and  what  their  feelings  on  Lord  Dela- 
ware's arrival  I — 9.  How  long  did  Lord  Delaware  remain  iri  the 
country?  On  what  ocoasion  did  their  numbers  receive  an  ac- 
cession ? — 10.  With  whom  did  Pocahontas  go  to  England* 


OH.  rv. 


46  A    15AI)    MAN    ?,[AKKS    A    UAI)    GOVKRNOR. 

P'T.  I.  was  paid  lier  by  the  king'  and  queen,  at  the  instiga- 
PD.  II.  tion  of  Snaitli.  She  liad  been  told  that  he  was  dead  ; 
and  wlien  he  came  to  see  her,  slie  turned  away,  and 
for  a  tiiTie  could  not,  or  would  not  speak.  He  kindly 
soothed  her,  and  at  length  she  addressed  him  as  her 
father,  and  recalled  the  scenes  of  their  early  ac- 
quaintance. Having  given  birth  to  a, son,  she  waa 
;deatii.  about  to  return,  when  she  sickened  and  died,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-two.  Her  son  survived,  and  reared 
an  offspring,  which  is  perpetuated  in  some  of  the 
best  families  in  Virginia. 


Her 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Virginia — Hudson  Eiver — Canada. 

1.  In  1617,  Captain  Aegall  was  made  acting 
governor  of  Virginia.     Lord  Delaware  having  at- 

1617.  tempted  to  reach  the  settlement,  died  on  the  pas- 
^m^^  ^  sage.  Argall  governed  with  so  much  rigor,  as  to 
conduct  excite  universal  discontent.  Not  only  did  he  play 
the  tyrant  over  the  colonists,  but  he  cheated  the 
company.  The  rumor  of  his  oppression  made  emi- 
gration unpopular.  By  the  influence  of  the  good  Sir 
Edw^n  Sandys,  the  benevolent  Yeardlt  was  sent 
over  to  take  his  place. 

2.  Governor  ITeardly  called  the  first  general  as- 
semhly  which  was  held  in  Virginia,  consisting  of 

The  firet^^P^^s^'^^^ti'^^s?  chosen  from  among  the  people,  who 
general  were  to  act  cotijointly  with  the  governor  and  coun- 
•ssern  y.  ^jj  appointed  by  the  company,  in  all  matters  of  im- 
portance. The  colonists,  who,  till  then,  had  been 
nothing  more  than  the  servants  of  the  company, 
were  thus  rajjed  to  the  distinction  and  privileges  of 
freemen. 

10.  What  took  place  there?    Whom  did  she  meet,  and  howf 
Has  she  left  descendants  ? 

Chapteb  IV.— 1.    What  is  liere  said  of  Argall?    What  effect 
had  the  report  of  his  bad  conduct?    Who  was  sent  as  governor? 
-     2.  What  important  privilege  did  the  people  obtain!    Of  w.houj 
did  the  first  assembly  consist  ? 


nilST    RESPECT    PAID    TO    THE    PEOPLE.  47 

• 

3.  In   this  assonibly,    which  met  at  Jamestown,    ft.  i. 
eleven  borouglis  were  each  I'epresented  by  two  bui--  p'ljTnT 
gesses.     For  tliis  cheering  dawn  of  civil  liberty,  the    ^"-  ''^• 
colonists  exi)ressed  to  the  company  "the  greatest  j^gg^'-^^t 
possible  thanks,"  and   forthwith    "fell   to   building  James- 
houses  and  planting  corn."  .  ^"^^°" 

4.  In  order  to  attach  the  colonists  more  entirely 
to  their  new  settlements,  there  was,  about  this  time, 
sent  out,  by  the  advice  of  Sandys,  a  considerable 
number  of  young  women  of  humble  birth,  but  of  y„nn„ 
unexceptionable  character,  as  wives  for  the  younof  women 
planters.     The  price   paid  for  the  passage  of  each,    wives. 
was  at  first  one  hundred,  and  afterwards,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  pounds  of  tobacco.     To  fail  of  dis- 
charging debts  so  incurred,  was  esteemed  particu- 
larly dishonorable. 

5.  About  this  time  were  introduced  also  into  the 
colony,  by  order  of  King  James,  many  idle  and  dis-  1620. 
solute  persons,  then   in  custody  for  their  offences,    "sent^** 
They  were  dispersed  throughout  the  colony,   and    t" '^e 

1-1  T    I  coiony* 

oyerl  as  laborers. 

6.  A  Dutch  ship  from  Africa  arriving  at  James- 
town, a  part  of  her  cargo  of  negroes  was  purchased   slavery 
by  the  coloiay.     This  'was  the  commencement  of  ne- 
gro slavery  in,  the  TInited  IStates.  - 

7.  In  1G09,  occurred  the  discovery  of  the  ZTwc^sow 
rimr^  ^vhich  has  proved  the  finest  for  navigation  of  1609. 
any  in  republican  America,     Henry  Hudson,  the  H".''*oi» 
discoverer,  was  an  Englishman  by  birth,  but  was  in  discover 
the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company.    The      ^ 
next  year,  the  Dutch  sent  ships  to  this  river,  to  open 

a  trade  with  the  natives;  but  the  Court  of  England 
disowned  their  claim  to  the  country.  The  Dutch, 
however,  followed  u'pNtheir  good  fortune,  and  soon 
erected  Forts  Orange  and  Manhattan,  near  the  sites 
of  Albany  and  New  Yo'-k. 

3.  Where  did  they  meet?  What  di<l  they  express,  and  wliar 
do? — 4.  Wimt  was  done  to  attach  them  to  their  new  liomes* 
Wliat  price  was  paid? — 5.  What  imwholesomc  settlers  were  in- 
troduced ? — 6.  When  did  slavery  commence  ? — 7.  Who  discovered 
tlie  ereat  river  of  New  York?  What  was  done  by  the  D.itch  ? 
Were  the  English  satislicd  ?     What  important  cities  were  begun  ? 


cotn- 
Diencea. 


4^  NKW    KNGLAND    KXI'LORED. 

P"T.  I.        8.  In  1608,  Cm AMPi.Aix,  under Dk  MoxTS,  conrlnct- 

FD.  II.  ed  a  colony  to  America,  and  founded  Quebec.  Wish- 

ciL  IV.    jj^g  ^^  secui-('  tlie  triendshi[>  of  the  adjacent  natives, 

irA«    ^^^  consent(Ml  the  next  year,  to  acconij)any  theni  on 

ciiam-'  an  expedition  ai:;ainst  the  Iroquois,  with  whom  they 

plain     were  at  war.  They  entered  u])on  the  lake  which  now 

founds     ,  .      ,  ,-..,.  '  ,  ,.  ^, 

Quebec,  bcars,  lu  honor  or  its  discoverer,  the  name  of  Uliani- 

l)lain,  and  traversed  it  until  they  approached  its  junc- 

1609.  tion  with  Lake  St.  Sacrament,  now  Lake  Geor<2:e. 

Discovers  ,t  .  ,  ...  ,.  .„.  ,  i  i        t 

Lake     llerep  m  tlie  vicmity  ot   iiconderoga,  a  bloody  ew- 
^'lain'   g!\?L'ii^«i^t  took  place,  in  which  Champlain  and  his 
allies  were  victorious. 

9.  Ca]itain  Smith,  after  his  return  from  VirjTinia, 
explored  the  north-eastern  coast  of  the  United  States 
witka  trading  squadron  of  two  ships.     Smith  sailed 

1614.  in  the  largest,  and  the  other  was  commanded  by 
^""^^'^^'_"  Captain  Hunt,  before  mentioned  as  having  kidnap- 
land."    ped  twenty-seven  of  the  suV)jects  of  Massasoit.  Smith 
.   accurately  examined  the  shore,  with  its  bays  and  riv- 
ers, from  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod, 
CaptMn  ^^^  havhig  drawn  a  map,  he  laid  it,  on  his  return, 
Uunt.    before  Pi-ince  tJharles, — with  a  hint,  that  so  beautiful 
and  excellent  a  country  deserved  to  bear  an  honor- 
able name.     The  Prince  listened  to  his  suggestion, 
and  declared  that  it  should  thereafter  be  called  New 
England. 

10.  The  French  having  established  thenlselves 
within  the  limits  of  the  northern  colony  of  Virginia, 
Capt.  Argall  was  sent  from  Jainesto\vn  to,- .dispossess 
them.  He  destroyed  Port  Royal,  and  all  0ie  French 
settlements  in  Aca<Iia.  On  his  return  he  visited  the 
Dutch  at  Manhattan,  and  demanded  possession' of  the 

suMues  country  in  the  name  of  the  British  sovereign.  The 
the  Dutch  traders  made  no  scruple  to  acknowledge  the 
and     supremacy  of  King  James,  and,  imder  liim,  that  of 

Dutch.  ^\^Q  governor  of  Virginia. 

8.  Eelate  what  was  done  by  Chainplain  at  the  North  ? — 9.  In 
what  enterprise  was  Captain  Smith  now  ensraeeil  ?  W'itli  wliom  ? 
What  was  (lone  on  Smith's  return? — 10.  Kehite  Cajitain  Argalfs 
expedition  and  its  results  } 


EXEECISE8  ON  THE  TEEE  CHEONf  GEAPHEE. 
(Eeferriiig  to  events  of  Period  II.,  Part  L) 

What  event  marks  the  beginning  of  this  period  ?  Point  out 
•ts  date.  Also  the  following  dates :  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  ob- 
tained a  transfer  of  Gilbert's  patent  in  1584.  Raleigh  sent  out 
*  squadron  of  seven  ships  under  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  in  1585  ; 
*nd  again  he  sent  out  a  colony  in  1587,  under  Captain  White. 
Gosnold  discovered  Cape  Cod  in  1602.  De  Monts  discovered 
the  bay  of  Fundy  and  founded  Port  Royal  in  1604.  The  Lon- 
don and  Plymouth  Companies  were  established  by  James  I., 
In  lt506.  Chesapeake  Bay  was  discovered  by  Captain  Christo-. 
pher  Newport,  and  Jamestown  founded  in  1607.  The  London 
Company  obtained  a  new  charter  from  James  I.  in  1606,  and 
Loid  Delaware  was  appointed  governor.  Governor  Yeardley 
called  the  first  General  Assembly,  in  Virginia,  in  1619.  Henry 
Hudson  discovered  the  Hudson  river  in  1609.  In  1614,  Cap- 
tain Smith  explored  the  northeastern  coast  of  the  United  States, 
which  Prince  Charles  named  New  England.  At  what  epoch 
does  this  period  terminate?  What  is  its  date?  Point  out  its 
place  on  the  chronographer. 


(Eeferring  to  events  of  Period  III.,  Part  I.,  and  to  be  used  after  tbe  study  of 
the  next  period  Is  completed,  p.  85.) 

Point  out  the  event  which  marks  the  beginning  of  this  pe- 
riod, and  tell  its  date.  Also  point  out  the  following  dates: 
Massa.sdit  visits  the  pilgrims  in  1621.  James  I.  i.ssued  a  char- 
ter to  a  company  styled  the  "  Grand  Council  of  Plymouth,"  in 
1620  John  Endicot  began  the  settlement  of  Salem  in  1628. 
Roger  Williams  founded  Providence  in  1636.  The  Pequo<l8 
were  defeated  and  destroyed  in  1637.  The  college  at  Cam- 
bridge was  founded  in  1680.  It  took  the  name  of  Harvard  in 
1638.  Lord  Baltimore  obtained  a  patent  of  Maryland  in  1631. 
What  event  marks  the  termination  of  this  period  ?  Point  to 
its  place  on  the  chronographer. 


I 

I 


The    Cabin   of  the   May-Flower. 


PERIOD   III. 


VROU 


THE  LANDING 


THE  OOMMKNCKMKNT  OF  . 
THE  CONFEDKKAOT, 


\  1643..  j 


OF  THE  PILGEMS, 


BT  THE  TTNION  OF  THE 
NEW  ENGLAND  COLONIES. 


CHiVPTER  I. 

Departure  of  the  Pilgrims  from    England,  and  their  sojourn  in 

Holland. 
/ 
1.  Ik  1592,  a  law  was  passed  in  England,  reqair-   pt.  i. 


ing  all  persons  to  attend  the  established  worship,  fd.  hi. 
under  penalty  of  banishment,  and  if  they  returned,    ^^'  ^ 
of  death.  Among  those  who  could  not  conscientious-  ■.  -gg 
ly  comply  with  these  exactions,  were  John  Robin-  RoMnson 
SON  and  his  congregation^  who  lived  in  the  north  of  ^"*^i|g^ 
England.  They  belonged  to  that  sect  of  the  Puritans, 
or  dissenters  from  the  church  of  England,  called  Sep- 
aratists. 

2.  To  enjoy  their  religion,  the  pastor,  and  his  whole 
flock,  determined  to  exile  themselves  to  Holland.  But 

Chapter  T. —  I.  Who  were  John  Robinson  and  his  congrega- 
tion ?  What  law  could  they  not  conscientiously  obey  ? — 2.  What 
was  their  object  in  seeking  to  change  their  country? 

51 


52  THE    riLGUIM    MOTHERS. 

FT.  L    this  was  a  difficult  undertaking.  Once  they  embark- 

PD.  iiL  ed  with  their  families  and  goods  at  JBoston^  in  Lin- 

*"*•  ^     colnshire.     But  the  treacherous  captain  had  plotted 

itfiAV   ^^'^^^  English  officers,  who  came  on  board  the  vessel, 

Attempt  took  their  effects,  searched  the  persons  of  the  whole 

*Hoaan(i"  company  for  money,  and  then,  in  presence  of  a  gaz- 

"  ing  multitude,  led  them  on  shore,  and  to  prison.  They 

were  soon  released,  except  seven  of  the  principal  men, 

who  were  detained  and  brought  to  trial,  but  at  length 

freed. 

3.  Again  they  bargained  with  a  Dutch  ship-master 
at  Hull, who  was  to  take  them  in,  from  a  commoji  hard 
by.  At  the  time  appointed,  the  women  and  children 
sailed  to  the  place  of  rendezvous  in  a  small  bark,  and 

160§.  the  men  came  by  land.  The  bark  had  grounded  ;  but 
Second  the  Dutch  captain  sent  his  boat  and  took  the  men 
from  the  strand.  But,  in  the  mean  time,  the  authori- 
ties of  Hull  had  notice;  and  the  Dutch  commander, 
at  the  sight  of  a  large  armed  company,  having  a  fair 
wind,  with  oaths,  hoisted  anchor  and  sailed  away ; 
although  the  pilgrims  even  wept,  thus  to  leave  their 
wives  and  children.  • 

4.  Behold  now  these  desolate  women,  the  mothers 
of  a  future  nation,  their  husbands  forcibly  carried  off 
to  sea,while  on  land  an  armed  multitude  are  approach- 
Distress  ing-'    They  are  taken,  and  dragged  from  one  magis- 
or  the    trate  to  another,  while  their  children,  cold,  and  hun- 

WOUJ6D. 

gry,  and  affrighted,  are  weeping  and  clinging  around 
them.  But  their  piteous  condition  and  Christian 
demeanor  softened,  at  length,  the  hearts  of  their 
persecutors,  and  even  gained  friends  to  their  cause. 

5.  The  men,  in  the  mean  time,  were  driven  out  to 
Storm  at  sea,  and  encountered  one  of  the  most  terrific  sea 

*^  storms  ever  known, — continuing  fourteen  days — dur- 
ing seven  of  which,  they  saw  neither  sun,  moon,  or 
stars.  At  length  they  all  arrived  in  Holland.  They 
settled  at  first  in  Amsterdam.  They  did  not,  however, 

2.  What  happened  on  their  first  attempt  ? — 3.  "What  on  their 
second  ? — 4,  What  trouble  did  the  women  meet  with  ?— 5.  Wbal 
th«  men  f    When  in  Holland,  where  did  they  first  settle ! 


PECULIARITIES    OF   THE   PILGRIMS.  53 

find  cause  to  be  satisfied,  and  they  removed  to  Ley-   p'T.  i. 
den.     Here,  by  hard  labor  and  frugal  honesty,  they  p'd.  iil 
lived  highly  respected  ;  but  after  a  few  years  they    ^^  ^ 
experienced  evils,  which  made  them  think  of  anoth-  Leyden 
er  removal. 

6.  Not  only  were  their  own  toils  constant  and  se- 
vere, but  they  were  obliged  to  employ  their  chil- 
dren, so  that  they  were  necessarily  deprived  of  edu- 
cation. And  the  health  of  the  young,  often  fell  a  Reasons 
sacrifice  to  the  length  of  time  and  confined  posi-  removaL 
tions,  in  which  they  labored.  Some  died,  and  some 
became  deformed.  Their  morals  also  were  likely  to 
suflfer  from  the  habitual  profanation  of  the  sabbath, 
witnessed  around  them. 

7.  The  Pilgrims  had  heard  of  America ;  and  in 
its  wilderness,  they  believed  that  they  might  serve 
God  unmolested,  and  found   a   church,  where  not 

only  the  oppressed  in  England,  but  unborn  genera-  ^^^'^^ 
tions,  might  enjoy  a  pure  worship.  The  Dutch  land." 
wished  them  to  colonize  under  their  government. 
But  they  still  loved  their  country ;  and  they  sent 
agents  to  England,  to  procure,  by  the  influence  of 
Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  a  patent  under  the  Virginia 
Company. 

8.  For  the  encouragement  of  this  company,  dis- 
heartened by  the  failures  at  Chesapeake  Bay,  Rob- 
inson, and  Brewster,  the  ruling  elder  of  his  church, 
wrote  to  Sir  Edwin,  showing,  in  five  particulars,  the  ^JI^e*^ 
difference  of  their  motives,  their  circumstances,  and  Sandys, 
chai-acters,  from  those  of  ordinary  adventurers. 
First,  "  We  verily  believe  the  Lord  is  with  us,  to 
whose  service  we  have  given  ourselves,  and  that  he 

will  graciously  prosper  our  endeavors,  according  to  - 

the  simplicity  of  our  hearts  therein.     Second,  We 
are  all  well  weaned  from  the  delicate  milk  of  our 


5.  Where  remove?  In  what  estimation  vvere  they  held? — 6. 
What  reasons  had  tliey  for  another  removal? — -7.  What  forthink- 
iTiL' of  America?  Wliui  d'd  the  Dutch  wisti  ?  Wliat  moved  the 
I'U/rims  to  send  agents  to  England? — 8.  Who  wrote  a  letter!  To 
whom?    To  show  what?     Mention  tli«  first  particular. 


64  THE    PARTING    AT    DELFT-HAVRN. 

P"T.  I.  mother  countiy,  and  inured  to  a  strange  and  hard 
P'D.  III.  land,  wlierem  we  have  learned  patience. 

CH.  I.         9_  "  Tliird^    Our  people  are  as  industrious   and 

frugal  as  any  in  the  world.     Fourth,  We  are  knit 

Pilgrims  a  together  in  a  sacred  bond  of  the  Lord,  whereof  we 

^^f^I.'i'f'^  make  ^reat  conscience^HhioIding  ourselves  tied  to  all 
care  of  each  other's  good.  Fifth,  It  is  not  with  us  as 
with  other  men,  whom  small  discontentments  can 
discourage,  and  cause  to  wish  themselves  at  home 
again.  We  have  nothing  to  hope  for  from  England 
or  Holland,  and  our  lives  are  drawing  towards  their 
period." 

10.  By  the  aid  of  Sandys  the  petitioners  obtained 
the  patent.  But  they  needed  money.  To  provide 
this,  their  agents  formed  a  stock  company,  jointly, 

Contract  with  some  men  of  business  in  London,  of  whom 
London  ^^^-  Thomas  Weston  was  the  principal ;  they  to  fur- 
pier-  nish  the  capital,  the  emigrants  to  pledge  their  labor 
for  seven  years,  at  ten  pounds  per  man ;  and  the 
profits  of  the  enterprise, — all  houses,  lands,  gardens, 
and  fields,  to  be  divided  at  the  end  of  that  time 
among  the  stockholders,  according  to  their  respec- 
tive shares. 

11.  They  then  prepared  two  small  vessels,  the 
May-Flower  and  the  Speedwell ;  but  these  would 

Aug.  8d,  hold  only  a  part  of  the  company,  and  it  was  decided 
1620.  that  the  youngest  and  most  active  should  go,  and 
tior*"  the  older,  among  whom  was  the  pastor,  should  re- 
main.    If  they  were  successful,  they  were  to  send 
for  those  behind  ;  if  unsuccessful,  to  return,  though 
poor,  to  them. 

12.  Previous  to  their  separation,  this  memorable 
church  worshipped  together  for  the  last  time,  on  an 

i'*ljtingata_ppQii-ited  day,  when  they  humbled  themselves  by 

Haven,  fasting,  and  "  sought  of  the  Lord  a  right  way  for 

themselves  and  their  children."     When  they  must 

8.  The  second.— 9.  The  third— fourth— fifth.— 10.  What  did 
they  obtain?  ^Vl)at  did  they  then  need?  How  contrive  to  pro- 
cure it? — 11.  What  did  the  agents  then  prepare?  Could  all  go  ? 
"Which  part  wa.s  to  go?  On  what  condition  did  the  others 
nmain  ? 


THK    LEADING    MJSN.  55 

no  longer  tany,  their  brethren  accompanied  tliera    ft.  i. 
from  Leyden  to  the  shore  at  Delft-Haven,     Here  the  fd.  iil 
venerable  pastor  knelt  with  his  flock  ;  and  the  wan-    *"*  ^ 
derers,  yhile  tears  flowed  down  their  cheeks,  heard 
for  the  last  time,  his  beloved  voice  in  exhortation, 
and  in  player  for  them.     "  But  they  knew  they  were 
PiLGKiMS,^and  lifted  up  tlieir  eyes  to  heaven,  their 
dearest  country,  and  quieted  their  spirits." 


CHAPTER  n. 

Progress  of  the  Pilgrims  from  Holland  to  America. 

1 .  From  Delft-Haven,  the  Pilgrims  sailed  to  South- 
ampton, in  England.  Among  the  leaders  of  the 
party  was  Elder  Brewster,  who  at  this  time  was 
fifty-six,  but  sound  in  body,  as  in  spirit.  John  Car-  Leading 
VER  was  near  his  age,  beloved  and  trusted,  as  he  "jen. 
was  good  and  wise.  Williajsi  Bradford  was 
strong,  bold,  and  enduring;  but  withal,  a  meek  and 
prudent  Christian.     Next  these  in  honor,  and  supe 

rior  in  native  endowments,  was  Edward  Winslow. 
He  was  at  this  time  twenty-six ;  Bradford  was  thir- 
ty-two. Miles  Standisii  had  been  in  the  English 
army,  and  was  a  brave  and  resolute  ofiicer. 

2.  After  remaining  in  Southampton  a  fortniglit, 

the  party  put  to  sea.  But  misfortunes  befalhng, Final' d'e 
they  returned,  left  the  Speedwell,  and  finally,  to  the  p*""*^'®- 
number  of  one  hundred,  they  set  sail  from  Ply- 
mouthy  in  the  solitary  May-Flower.  On  the  6th  of 
September,  they  took  their  last,  sad  look,  of  their 
native  shore.  After  a  stormy  and  perilous  passage, 
they  made  land,  on  the  9th  of  November,  at  Cape 
Cod. 

I    13.  Give  an  account  of  their  parting. 

Chaptek  II.— 1.  From  Holland  wfiere  did  the  Pilgrims  next 
go?  Name  tlieir  leading  men.  What  is  said  of  the  first  named? 
the  second?  The  tliird?  The  fourth?  The  fifth  ?— 3.  What 
liappened  when  they  first  put  out  to  sea?  From  what  place  did 
they  last  depart?  In  what  vessel?  How  many  persons?  What  was 
the  length  and  character  of  the  passage  ?  What  the  first  land  made  ? 


56  OnEUIKNCE    ESSENTIAL    TO    THE    COMPACT. 

_PT.  L_     3.  The  mouth  of  the  Iliulson  had  been  selected 
FD.  III.  ■'IS  the  place  of  their  settlement,  and  they  according 
en.  II.    }y  steered  southerly  ;  but  soon  falling  in  with  dan- 
Nov  9    .^^rous  breakers,  and  all,  especially  the  women,  be- 
At  oape  ing  impatient  to  leave  the  ship,  they  determined  to 
^'^^     return  and  settle  on  or  near  the  Cape.     The  next 
day  they  turned  the  point  of  that  singular  pi-ojec- 
tion,  and  entered  the  harbor,  now  called  Province 
town. 

4.  They  fell  on  their  knees  to  thank  the  kind 
Power  who  had  preserved  them  amidst  so  many 
dangers  ;  and  then  "  they  did,"  says  Cotton  Mather, 
"  as  the  light  of  nature  itself  directed  them,  imme- 
diately, in  the  harbor,  sign   an  instrument,  as  the 

1620.  foundation  of  their  future  aiid  needful  government ;" 

Nov.  11,  solemnly  combining  themselves  into   a  civil  body 

Bisn^J!un  politic,  to  enact  all  such  ordinances,  and  frame  all 

the  cabin,  gnch  constitutions  and  offices,  as,  from  time  to  time, 

should   be  thought  most  meet  and  convenient  for 

the  general  good  ;  all  which  they  bound  them,selves 

to  obey. 

5.  This  simple,  but  august  compact,  was  the  first 
of  a  series,  by  which  the  fetters  of  a  vast  system  of 
political  oppression  have  been  broken.  Upon  some 
parts  of  the  old  continent,  that  system  still  remains  ; 
building  upon  the  fiction,  that  sovereigns  own  the 

Important  world  and  its  inhabitants,  having  derived  all  from 
God ;  and  that  the  people  are  to  have  only  such  a 
measure  of  personal  freedom,  and  such  possessions, 
as  kings  may  choose  to  bestow.  Here  was  assumed 
for  the  first  time  the  grand  principle  of  a  voluntary 
confederacy  of  independent  men;  instituting  goo- 
emment,  for  the  good,  not  of  the  governors,  but  of 
the  governed. 

6.  There  were  the  same  number  of  persons  on 

3.  On  what  place  had  they  intended  to  settle  ?  Why  did  they 
change  their  minds  ? — 4.  What  was  their  fir.-it  act  on  iirriviMir? 
What  their  next  step?  For  what'did  they  combine  into  one 
body?  To  what  did  they  bind  themselves? — 5.  What  may  be 
said  of  this  compact?  Upon  what  fiction  are  some  governments 
founded  ?     What  was  hero  assumed  ? 


trans- 
action. 


A    nOilELESS    DESERT.  57 

board   the  May-Flower    as  had  left  England;  but    P't.  i. 
one,  a  servant,  had  died  ;  and   one,   a  male  child,  fd.  iil 
Pereoiuxe  White,  was  born  on  the  passage.     Car-    ^^-  ^^ 
ver  was  immediately  chosen  governor,  and  Standish,  p|',J^[,j\^* 
ca])tain.  ^ 

7.  No  comfortable  home,  or  smiling  friends,  await- 
ed the  Pilgrims.     They,  who  went  on  shore,  waded 
through  the  cold  surf,  to  a  homeless  desert.     But  a 
place  to  settle  in  must  be  found,  and  no  time  was  to  Nov.  ii. 
be  l(jst.     The  shallop  unfortunately  needed  repaii-s ;  on  sho^e 
and  in  the  mean  time  a.  party  set  out  to  make  dis-''^^  ,**'"* 
.coveiies  by  land.     They  found  "  a  little   corn,  and    which 
many   graves ;"    and   in   a   second   excursion   they  '''^•^he'^ 
encountered   the    chilling   blasts    of    a   November  compact 
snow   storm,  which   laid   in   some   the   foundation 

of  mortal  disease.  The  country  was  wooded,  and 
tolerably  stocked  with  game. 

8.  When  the  shallop  was  finished.  Carver,  Bradford, 
and  Winslow,  with  a  party  of  eighteen,  manned  the 
feeble  bark,  and  set  forth.    Steering  along  the  west- 
ern shore  of  Cape  Cod,  they  made,  in  three  days,  "^^  ^* 
the  inner  circuit  of  the  bay.     "  It  was,"  says  one  of  a  party 
the  number,  "very  cold;  for  the  water  froze  our^'^he'"" 
clothes,  and  made  them  many  times   like  coats  of  shaUop- 
iron."     They  landed  occasionally  to  explore ;    and 

at  night,  inclosed  with  only  a  slight  barricade  of 
boughs,  they  stretched  themselves  upon  the  hard 
ground. 

9.  On  the    second  morning,    as   their   devotions 
closed,  they  received  a  shower  of  Indian  arrows ;  Attacked 
when,  sallying  out,  they  discharged  their  guns,  and  j/ausets 
the  savages  fled.     Again  they  offered  prayers  with  Saturday 
thanksgiving ;  and  proceeding  on  their  Avay,  their  ^***^  ^^' 
shallop  was  nearly  wrecked  by  a  wintry  storm  of 

6.  What  nmnber  of  persons  arrived?  What  officers  were 
clioscn  ? — 7.  Wliatcan  you  say  of  tlieir  first  arrival?  What  liad 
tliey  to  do  ?  What  excursion  was  made  ? — 8.  What  party  set  sail 
ill  the  s1irtl!op?  What  course  did  they  take?  What  sufferings 
encounter?— 9.  What  liappened  on  the  second  morning?  Kecol- 
lect  Capt.  Hunt,  and  say  if  these  Indians  had  any  cause  to  dislike 
the  English. 

3* 


58  TIIK    KOCK    OF    PLYMOUTH. 

FT.  I    tcn-jblc  violence.     After  unspeakable  dangers,  they 

P'D.  irf  sheltered  themselves  under  tiie  lee  of  a  small  island, 

CH.  II.    ■^yiiei-e^  amidst  darkness  and  rain,  they  landed,  and 

^^^j      with  difficulty,  made  a  fire.     In  the  morning,  they 

Ckike's  found   themsclvcs   at    the    entrance  of  the  harbor, 

\viihin^'The  next  day  was  the  Sabbath.      They  rested  and 

^h^i'i '("">''  ^^P^  ^^  ^loly?  though  all  that  was  dear  to  them  de- 

Sun.,  li.  j^ended  on  their  promptness. 

10.  The  next  day,  the  pilgrims   landed  on  the 
rock   of  Plymouth.      Finding   the    harbor   good, 

^l^v\\-  spnngs  abundant,  and  the  land  promising  for  tillage, 
grims  land  they  decided  to  settle  here,  and  named  the  place 
Fiymonth  from  that  which  they  last  left  in  England.    In  a  few 
Kock.    ^ays  they  brought  the  May-Flower  to  the  harbor  ; 
and  on  the  25th  of  December  they  began  building, 
having  first  divided  the  whole  company  into  nine- 
teen families,  and  assigned  them  contiguous  lots — 
of  size  according  to  that  of  the  family — about  eight 
feet  front,  and  fifty  deep,  to  each  person.     Each  man 
was  to  build  his  own  house.     Besides  this,  the  com- 
pany were  to  make  a  building  of  twenty  feet  square, 
as  a  common  receptacle.     This  was  soonest  com- 
pleted, but  was  unfortunately  destroyed  by  fire. 

11.  Their  huts  went  up  but  slowly;  for  though 
their  hearts  were  strong,  yet  their  hands  had  grown 
feeble,  through  fatigue,  hardship,  and  scanty  fare. 
Many  were  wasting  with  consumption.  Daily  some 
yielded   to   sickness,  and    daily  some  sunk  to  the 

Buffer,  but  grave.     Before  spring,  half  of  their  number,  among 

"^no't*   whom  were  the  governor  and  his  wife,  lay  buried  on 

the  shore.     Yet  they  never  repined,  or  repented  of 

the  step  they  had  taken ;  and  when,  on  the  5th  of 

April,  the  May-Flower  left  them,  not  one,  so  much 

Aprils,  as  spoke   of  returning  to  England.     They  rather 

1621.  confessed  the  continual  mercies  of  a  "  wonder-work- 

9.  Eelate  what  farther  happened,  and  where  the  Pilgrims 
landed.  How  did  tliey  spend  the  Sabbath? — 10.  On  what  day 
and  year  did  the  PilLn-iins  liind  on  tlie  rook  of  Plymontli?  At 
what  time  comineiice  bnildins?  How  jjroceed  witli  it?  How 
divide  tlie  land? — II.  Wliat  was  tlieir  condition  during  this  first 
winter?     Did  lliey  repine  and  eotnplain  ? 


VISIT   FEOM    THE    INDIANS.  59 

ing  Providence,"  that  had  carried  them  through  so   p't.  i. 
many  dangers,  and  was  making  them  the  honored  p'd.  hi. 
instruments  of  so  great  a  work,  ^^  ™- 

Note. — The  dates  in  this  part  of  History  are  of  course  given  according  to 
Old  Style,  since  New  Style  was  not  adopted  by  the  English  government 
intil  13.>  years  after  this  period.  For  a  clear  explanation  of  this  subject, 
see  the  word  Style,  in  Webster's  large  dictionary. 


CHAPTER  in. 

The  Savages — Massasoit's  Alliance — Winslow's  Visit  tothePoka- 

noketa. 

1.  The  Pilgrims  had  as  yet  seen  but  few  of  the 
natives,  and  those  hostile,  when  Samoset,  an  Indian, 

who  had  learned  a  little  English  at  Penobscot,  boldly  March  i6. 
entered  their  village,  with  a  cheerful  "Welcome  ^}^*^ 
Englishmen."  He  soon  came  again,  with  four  oth- 
ers, among  whom  was  Tisquantum,  who  had  spread 
favorable  reports  of  the  English  among  his  country- 
men, and  was  afterwards  of  great  service  as  an  in- 
terpreter. 

2.  They- gave  notice  that  Massasoit,  the  sachem 
of  the  PoKANOKETS,  was  hard  by.    He  appeared  on 

a  hill,  with  abody  of  attendants,  armed,  and  painted  The 
with  gaudy  colors.  The  chief  desired  that  some  ^''**p^*''* 
one  should  be  sent  to  confer  with  him.  Edward 
Winslow,  famed  for  the  sweetness  of  his  disposition 
and  behavior,  as  well  as  for  his  talents,  courage,  and 
efficiency,  was  wisely  chosen.  Captain  Standish 
found  means  to  make  a  martial  show,  with  drums 
and  trumpets  ;  which  gave  the  savages  wonderful 
delight. 

3.  The  sachem,  on  coming  into  the  village,  was  Alliance 
so  well  pleased  with  the  attentions  paid  him,  that  he"^ith  Mas- 
acknowledged  the   authority  of  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  entei-ed  into  an  alliance,  offensive  and  de- 

CiL-^PTHK  TIT. —  1.  Wlio  WHS  Samoset?  Tisqniintum  ? — 2.  "What 
notice  did  they  jrive  ?  Who  was  Massasoit?  ^V'll;»t  did  lie  do,  and 
wliat  desire?     What  w:ia  done,  and  who  ciio-^en  by  tiie  Pilgrims? 


GO  WINSLOW'S    VISITS    TO   MASSASOIT. 

P'T.  I.    fensive,  with  the  colonists,  which  remained  inviolate 
PT>.  III.  ^or  more  than  tifty  years. 

CH.  iiL  4_  In  July,  Ed\vard  Winslow  and  Stephen  Hop 
kins  went  on  an  embassy'  to  Massasoit  at  Montaup. 
Tlie  sachem  was  much  pleased  witli  the  present  of  a 
July.  '  I't^d  coat,  from  Governor  Bradford,  who  had  suc- 
Embassy.  ceeded  Carver,  The  envoys  obtained  from  him  an 
engagement,  that  the  furs  of  the  Pokanokets  should 
be  sold  to  the  colony. 

5.  Massasoit  feared  the  Narragansetts  ;  and  was 
doubtless,  on  that  account,  desirous  of  cultivating 
the  friendship  of  the  English.     Canonicus,  the  old 

^     hereditary    chieftain    of  that  confederacy,  perhaps 
setts     offended  at  this  intimacy,  or  regarding  tlie  whites 
threaten,  j^^g  intruders,  meditated  a  war  against  them.     This 
ltt22.  he  openly  intimated,  by  sending  to  Governor  Brad- 
ford a  bunch  of  arrows,  tied  with  the  skin  of  a  rat- 
tlesnake.    Bradford  stuffed  the  skin  with  powder 
and  ball,  and  sent  it  back  ;  and  nothing  more  was 
heard,  at  that  time,  of  war. 

6.  The  next  year,  news  came  to  Plymouth,  that 
Massasoit  was  sick.  Winslow,  taking  suitable  arti- 
cles, went  to  Montaup.     He  found  the  Indians  be- 

^v'i"it's^  wailing,  and  practising  their  noisy  powwows  or  in- 
tbe  sick  cautations,  around  the  sightless  chieftain.  Affection- 
''*"®^'  ately  he  extended  his  hand  and  exclaimed,  *•'  Ait 
thou  Winsnow  ?"  (He  could  not  articulate  the 
liquid  I.)  "Art  thou  Winsnow?  But,  O  Win- 
snow  !  I  shall  never  see  thee  more."  Winslow  ad- 
ministered cordials,  and  he  recovered.  He  then 
revealed  a  conspiracy  which  the  Indians  had  formed 
and  requested  him  to  join,  "  But  now,"  said  he, 
"  I  know  that  the  English  love  me." 

v.  Agreeably  to  Massasoit's  advice,  that  a  bold 
^  ygn.  stroke  should  be  struck,  and  the  heads  of  the  plot 
eouuter.  taken  off,  the  intrepid  Standish,  with  a  party  of  only 

3.  Wliat  alliance  made? — 4.  What  visit  was  at'terwards  maiJe) 
What  trade  secured  ? — 5.  Wliat  Indians  was  Massasoit  ntVaid  of 
How  did  their  chief  threaten  the  I'ilijriins  ?  How  did  (^overno? 
Brailford  reply? — 6.  Give  an  account  of  Winslow's  second  visit 
to  Massasoit. 


FRIVATE    PEOPERTT   AND   PEOSPERITT.  61 

eiglit,  went  into   the   hostile   country,   attacked  a   pt.l 
house  where  the  principal  conspirators  had  met,  and  p'd.  hi. 
put  them  to  death.  *"*•  "^ 

8.  In  justice  to  the  Indians,  it  should  be  stated, 
tliat  they  were  provoked  to  this  conspiracy  by  "  Mas- 
ter Weston's  men."     These  were  a  colony  of  sixty 
Englishmen,   sent  over  in  June,  1622,  by  Thomas   f^gg^^j. 
Weston,    Though  hospitably  received  at  Plymouth,  Weston'a 
they  stole  the  young  corn  from  the  stalk,  and  thus    ™*°* 
brought  want  and  distress  upon  the  settlers  the  en- 
suing winter  and  spring.     They  then  made  a  short- 
lived   and    pernicious    settlement,   at  Weymouth. 
Weston  was  a  London  merchant,  once  the  friend  of 

the  Pilgrims. 

9.  Notwithstanding  all  the  hardships,  all  the  wis- 
dom and  constancy,  of  the  colonists,  the  partners  of  ^524 
the  concern  in  London  complained  of  small  returns;       to 
and  even  had  the  meanness  to  send  a  vessel  to  rival  1626. 
them  in  their  trade  with  the  Indians.   Winslow  Avent 

to  England,  and  negotiated  a  purchase  for  himself 
and  seven  of  his  associates  in  the  colony,  by  which  newtia- 
the  property  was  vested  in  them ;  and  they  sold  out     ^^'^^ 
to  the  colony  at  large,  for  the  consideration  of  a  mo- 
nopoly of  the  trade  with  the  Indians  for  six  years. 

10.  New  Plymouth  now  began  to  flourish.     For 
the  land  being  divided,  each  man  labored  for  him- 
self and  his  family.     The  government  was  a  pure  oovem. 
democracy^   resembling    that   now   exercised    in   a    msnu 
town  meeting.     Each  male  inhabitant  had  a  vote ; 

the  governor  had  two. 

11.  Numbers  of  their  brethren  of  the  church  at 
Leyden  came  over  witliin  the  first  few  years  to  join 
the  settlement.  The  people  of  Plymouth  gave  a 
thousand  jwunds  to  assist  them  to  emigrate.     But 

7.  In  what  respect  did  the  Pilgrriins  follow  the  sachem's  advice  ? 
8.  By  whom  had  the  natives  been  provoked  ? — 9  On  what  acconnt 
did  Winslow  go  to  England?  What  bargain  did  lie  make?  To 
whom  did  tlie  eiglit  first  purchasers  sell  out?  And  for  what  con- 
Bideration? — 10.  Why  did  New  Plymouth  now  flourish  ?  Wiiat 
was  their  govennnent  at  lirst? — 11.  Did  any  of  their  brethren 
from  Leyden  come  over  \ 


C2  THE   GRAND    COUNCIL. 

FT.  I.    the  good  Robinson  was  nqt  permitted  to  enter  tho 
p  D.  III.  land  of  liis  hopes  and  affections.  He  died  in  Leyden, 
en.  IV.    1(325,  to  the  great  grief  of  the  Pilgrims, 

Death  of 

Bobinson.  ♦ 

CHAPTER  IV.  . 

The  Plymouth  Company  superseded  by  the  Grand  Council  of 
ri-YMouTn — New  Hampshire — Massachusetts  Bay. 

1.  In  November,  1620,  the  same  month  in  which 
the  Pilgrims  arrived  on  the  American  coast,  James 
I.  issued  a  charter,  or  patent,  to  the  duke  of  Lenox, 
the  marquisses  of  Buckingham  and  Hamilton,  the 

1620.  earls   of  Arundel   and  Warwick,    Sir   Ferdinando 
(Sunc'n.  Gorges,  and  thirty-four  associates ;  styling  them  the 
"  Grand  Council  of  Plymouth,  for  planting  and 
Sweeping  governing  New  England,  in  America."  This  patent 
^*  ^°     granted  them  the  territory  between  the  "  fortieth 
and  forty-eighth  degrees  of  north  latitude,  and  ex- 
tending throughout  the  main  land  from  sea  to  sea." 

2.  This  territory,  which  had  been  previously  call- 
North    ed  North  Virginia^  now  received  the  name  of  JVeto 

^caued*  England^  by  royal  authority.  From  this  patent 
New  Eng-  were  derived  all  the  subsequent  grants,  under  which 
'*"''■  the  New  England  colonies  were  settled.  But  the 
23ersons  who  transacted  business  for  the  company, 
were  unacquainted  with  geography,  and  avaricious. 
They  accordingly  made  their  grants  in  an  ignorant 
or  dishonest  manner;  so  that  much  trouble  ensued. 

3.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  had  been  an  officer  in 
Gorges  the  navy  of  Elizabeth,  and  a  companion  of  Sir  Wal- 

and     ter  Raleigh.  He  was  ambitious,  and  perhaps  thought 

^^^   he  should  become  the  duke  or  prince  of  some  large 

territory.     He  was  the  prime  mover  in  getting  up 

1 1.  Did  the  grood  Kobinson  ever  com|*to  America? 

Chapter  IV.— 1.  Of  whom  did  the  GMnd  Council  of  Plymouth 
consist?  OK  whom  receive  a  charter ?^W hen  ?  What  wad  the 
territory  granted  tiieni  ? — 2.  How  was  tlie  name  changed  ?  What 
was  derived  fnnii  this  patent?  How  was  the  business  of  the  com- 
pany transacted  ? — 3.    VVlio  was  Sir  F.  Gorj,'es? 


MORE  "  WILDKRN-KSS-WORK."  6$ 

the  Grand  Council  of  Plymouth,  and  was  made  its  pt.  L  _ 
President.  Similar  motives  actuated  Captaix  Ma-  p'd.  in. 
SON,  and  he  became  its  Secretary.  oh.  nr. 

4.  Mason  procured  froin  the  Grand  Council  the 
absurd  j^rant  of"  all  the  land  from  the  river  of  Naum- 
Iceag,  (Salem,)  round  Cape  Ann,  to  the  mouth  of  the  --goj 
Merrimack,  and  all  the  country  lying  between  the  March  9' 
two  rivers,  and  all  islands  within  three  miles  of  the  ??**'?*  °' 

mi        T       •  1  n    T    -»«-      .  Mariana* 

coast."     ihe  district  was  to  be, called  Mariana. 

5.  The  next  year  Gorges  and  Mason  jointly  ob- 
tained of  the  Council  another  patent  of  "all  the  lands 
between  the  Merrimack  and  Kennebec  riv'ers,  extend- 1622. 
ing  back  to  the  great  lakes,  and  river  of  Canada."  charter  of 
This  tract  received  the  name  oi  Lacaonia.     Under  and' n.  H. 
this  grant  some  feeble  settlements  were  made  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Piscataqua,  and  as  far  up  the  river  as  1623» 

.,  ,    ,  J?  7^  Settle- 

the  present  town  01  iJover.  menta. 

G.  The  persecution  of  the  Puritans  in  England 
continued,  and  Mr.  White,  a  minister  of  Dorchest-Mr.wwtai, 
er,  projected  another  colony  to  America.     As  early    p^^^on 
as  1624,  a  few  persons  were  established  on  the  site  of  Ma^ 
of  Salem. 

1.  Several  gentlemen  of  Dorchester  purchased  of 
the  Grand  Council  in  1628,  a  patent  "  of  that  part  of 
New  England  which  lies  between  three  miles  north 
of  the  Merrimack  river,  and  three  miles  to  the  south  1^^ 
of  Charles  river,  and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  n  Maaa. 
the  South  Sea."  This  tract  was  in  part  covered  by 
Mason's  patent. 

8.  John  Endicot,  a  rugged  puritan,  began  in  8a^ 
lem^  the  "  wilderness-work  for  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts."    He  brought  over  his  family,  and  other 
emigrants,  to  the  number  of  one  hundred.    Roger  pjo^eer* 
CoxANT  and  two  otlier  persons  from  New  Plymouth,  of  Saiem. 
Iiad  selected  this  spot,  then  called  Naumkeag,  for 


64  THE   BAT    COLONY. 

P'T.  I.   their  settlement ;  and  Con  ant  was  there,  to  give,  to 
FD.  III.  Endicot  and  his  party,  such  welcome  to  the  New 
OH.  T.    \yorld,  as  the  desert  forest  conld  afford. 

9.  The  next  year,  the  proprietors  in  England,  ob- 
tained of  King  Charles  a  charter,  confirming  the 
patent  of  the  Conncil  of  Plymouth,  and  conveying  to 

1629.  them  powers  of  government.  Tliey  were  incorporated 
^the  Bay"  ^7  ^^^  n^me  of  the  "  Governor  and  Company  of  Mas- 
Company.  sachusctts  Bay,  in  New  England.".  The  first  general 
court  of  the  company  was  held  in  England,  Avhen 
they  fixed  upon  a  form  of  government  for  the  colo- 
ny, and  appointed  Endicot  governor. 

10.  About  three  hundred  persons  sailed  for  Amer 
ica  durhig  this  year.     A  part  of  them  joined  Mr. 

town^"  Endicot  at  Salem,  and  the  remainder,  exploring  the 
founded,  coast  for  a  better  station,  laid  the  foundation  of 
Charlcstoicn. 


sent. 


CPIAPTER  V. 

The  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 

1.  A  MORE  extensive  emigration  was  noAV  thought 
of,  than  had  been  before  attempted.     But  an  objec- 

The     tion  arose ;    the  colony  was  to  be  ''governed  by  a 
*}^F   council  residing  in  England.     To  obviate  this  hin- 
drance, the  Company  agreed  to  form  a  Council  of 
those  who  shoiild  emigrate^  and  who  might  hold 
their  sessions  thereafter  in  t/ie  new  settlement. 

2.  On  the  election,  the  excellent  John  Winthrop 
was  ciiosen  governor.  "He  was,"  said  the  colonists, 
"  unto  lis  as  a  mother ;  parent-like  distributing  his 
goods,  and  gladly  bearing  our  infirmities ;  yet  did 
he  ever  maintain  the  figure  and  honor  of  his  place, 

8.  Who  was  on  the  spot  to  receive  them? — 9.  What  did  tlie 
proprk-tnrs  obtain  ?  Where  hold  their  first  court?  Whom  make 
grovernor?— 10.  How  many  came  over  during  1629  ?  Where  did 
they  seitle  ? 

Chapti'.r  V. — 1.  What  objections  arose  to  an  extensive  emigra- 
tion ?  What  was  done  to  obviate  it? — 2.  Who  was  choson  to  go 
over  as  ^rovernor  ? 


^^   tttt:"     t>t7C'p 


TUE    BEST.  65 

with  the  spirit  of  a  true  orentJeman."    The  company   P'T.  i. 
had  determined  to  colonize  only  their  "  best."  Eight  pixTil" 
hundred  accompanied  Winthrop ;  and,  dui-ing  the    ^^-  ^• 
season,  seventeen  vessels  were  employed,  bringing  p^'^^* 
over  in  all,  fifteen  hundred  persons.  hundred 

3.  Winthi'op  and  his  friends,  found  no  luxurious  ^^^s^'^^ 
table  spi-ead  for  them  in  the  wilderness ;  but  they 
freely  gave  of  their  own  stores,  to  the  famished  and 
enfeebled   sufferers,  whom   they  met.     Regarding  Arrive  at 
Salem  as  sufficiently  peopled,  the  newly-arrived,  lo-  inTane. 
cated   themselves  without  delay,  beyond  its  limits. 
Their  first  care,  wherever  they  went,  was  to  provide 

for  the  ministration  of  the  gospel.  Settlements  were 
soon  begun,  and  churches  established  at  Charlestown, 
Dorchester,  Boston,  Roxbury,  Lynn,  and  Water- 
town. 

4.  Unused,  as  many  of  these  settlers  were,  to 
aught  but  plenty  and  ease,  the  liardships  before  them, 
though  borne  with  a  willing  mind,  were  too  much  1632. 
for  the  body, — especiallv  in  the  case  of  women.  Manv  Hardship* 

Til  1     •        1       •      "^     /'T     T       •  A  1        *     endured. 

died,  though  m  the  joy  of  believmg.  Among  these, 
was  the  beloved  Akbella  Johnson,  of  the  noble 
house  of  Lincoln.  Her  husband,  Isaac  Johnson, 
the  principal  of  the  emigrants  in  respect  to  wealth, 
felt  her  loss  so  severely,  that  he  soon  followed  her  to 
the  grave.  He  made  a  liberal  bequest  to  the  colony, 
and  died  "in  sweet  peace." 

5.  Agreeably  to  the  charter  which  the  Company 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  had  received  from  the  king, 

the  voters  agreed,  that  important  regulations  should  1631 
be  enacted  in  an  assembly  of  all  the  freemen.     A    Ai&ire 
meeting  was  convened  at  Boston,  in  October;  when    me^t 
Winthrop   was  re-elected   governor,  and   Thomas 
Dudley,  who  had  been  a  faithful  steward  to  the 
earl  of  Lincoln,  was  chosen  deputy-governor. 
^ 

2.  What  his  character  ?  What  kind  of  persons  and  how  many 
accompanied  him? — 3.  What  was  the  conduct  of  Winllirop  and 
his  friends?  Where  were  tlie  first  villao:es  and  churches? — 4. 
Wliat  can  you  say  of  the  hardsliips  endured  ?  Who  ainotitr  others 
died? — 5.  When  was  an  assembly  held  in  Boston?  Who  was 
ehoson  to  office ! 


66  A    CHANGE   OF    GOYERJTME^S'T. 

g"i'- 1-        6.  At  the  first,  the  freemen  all  went  to  Boston  to 
FD.  III.  vote,  every  man  for  himself.     The  government  then 
CH.  VI.    ^^,^g  ^  sinqile  democracy.     But  the  settlements  were 
Govern-  ^^"^"^  ^^  Spread,  that  some  Avould  have  to  go  many 
nieiit    miles.     They  then   concluded  to  choose  certain  of 
ciinnges.  ^|jg-^.  j5uj;nijgi.^  ^s  is  now  done  in  our  freeman's  meet- 
ings, to  go  to  the  seat  of  government,  and  do  their 
public  business  for  them.     This  was  changing  the 
government   to   a  rejyresetiiative   deynoaxicy.     The 
same  change  took  place  in  the  other  colonies. 

7.  Charles  I.,  the  son  and  successor  of  James  I., 
was  no  less  violent  in  his  religious  and  political  des- 

1635.  potisra ;  and  emigrants  continued  to  tlock  to  New 

''*^"g"^^^^"- England.     In  the  year   1635,  not  less  than   three 

to  N.  E.  thousand  arrived ;  among  whom,  was  the  younger 

Henry  Vane,  afterwards  much  known  in  the  history 

of  England. 

8.  The  high  manner  of  Vane,  his  profound  reii 
governor,  p^ws  feeling,  and  his  great  knowledge,  so  wrought 
1636.'  in  his  favor,  that,  disregarding  his  youth,  the  people 

rashly  withdrew  their  suifrages  from  the  good  Win- 
throp,  and  chose  him  governor,  the  year  after  his 
arrival. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Ehode  Island  and  its  first  Founder. 

1.  Roger  Williams,  a  puritan  minister,  had  been 

Feb  5,    driven  from  England  by  persecution.     When  he  ar- 

1631.  rived  in  Massachusetts,  he  proclaimed,  that  the  only 

toilmUo°n.^'^s"''^ss  of  the  humaii  legislator  is  with  the  actions 

of  man  as  they  affect  his  fellow-man ;  but  as  for  the 

thoughts  and  feelings  of  his  mind,  and  the  acts  or 

6.  What  kind  of  crovernment  was  first  in  nse  in  the  colonies 
generally?  To  whsit  kind  was  it  chauored  ?— 7.  Who  succeeded 
James  L,  as  king  of  England  ?  Was  he  less  violent  in  persecu- 
tion ?  What  can  you  say  respectintr  emigration  and  emigrants  ? 
8.   What  can  you  say  of  Henry  Vane  ? 

Chapter  VI.— 1.   Who  was  Eoger  Williams?     Wliat  new  onin 
ions  did  he  proclaim  ? 


PRIN'CIPLKS    OF    TOLKRATIOTf.  67 

omissions  of  his  life,  as  respects  religious  ivorslvip,    ft.  i. 
the  only  Law-giver  is  God  ;  and  the  only  human  tri-  i"d.  hl 
bunal,  a  man's  own  conscience.  ^^  '"• 

2.  The  minds  of  the  puritan  fathers  were  troubled 
by  these  new  and  strange  doctrines,  wliicli  tliey  be- 
lieved Avould,  unless  checked,  destroy  all  that  they 
had  suffered  so  much  to  establish.     Williams,  the 
eloquent  young  divine,  frank  and  affectionate,  had, 
however,  won  the  hearts  of  the  people  of  Salem ; 
and  they  invited  him  to  settle  with  them  as  their 
pastor.     The  general   court   forbade   it.     Williams  *^,?^* 
withdrew  to  Plymouth,  where  he  remained  as  pas-   settled 
tor  for  two  years  ;  and  then  returned  to  Salem,  where  **Saiein, 
he  was  again  gladly  received  by  the  people. 

3.  The  court  punished  the  town  for  this  offence, 
by  withholding  a  tract  of  land,  to  Avhich  they  had 
a  claim.     Williams  wrote  to  the  churches,  endeav- 
oring  to   show  the  injustice   of   this  proceeding; 
whereupon   the   court   ordered,   that,    until   ample    ^^.^^^^ 
apology  was  made  for  the  letter,  Salem  should  be   aisfran- 
disfranchised.     Then  all,  even  his  wife,  yielded  to   **      ' 
the   clamor   against  him ;   but  he  declared  to  the 
court,  before  whom  he  was  arraigned,  that  he  was 
ready  to  be  boimd,  or,  if  need  were,  to  attest  with  w'liiiams 
his  life,  his  devotion  to  his  piinciples.     The  court,  ba^ishM. 
however,  pronounced  against  him  the  sentence  of 
exile. 

4.  Winter  was  approaching,  and  he  obtained  per- 
mission to  remain  till  spring.  The  affections  of  his 
people  revived,  and  thi-ongs  collected  to  hear  the  be- 
loved  voice,  soon  to  cease  from  among  them.  The 
authorities  became  alarmed,  and  sent  a  pinnace  to 
convey  him  to  England  ;  but  he  had  disappeared. 

5.  Now  a  wanderer  in  the  wilderness,  he  had  not, 
upon  many  a  stormy  night,  either  "  food,  or  fire,  or 
company,"  or  better  lodging,  than  the  hollow  of  a 

2.  How  did  they  affect  the  minds  of  the  Puritan  settlers?  Ee- 
late  what  happened  respecting  Williams. — 3.  Wliat  did  the  gen- 
eral court,  after  iSulem  had  twice  received  Williams  ?  "What  letter 
did  Williams  write?  What  was  the  consequence? — 1.  Was  the 
»»nt«Dce  of  Williams  immediately  executed? 


68  PKOVroENCE    PLANTATION". 

FT  I.  treo.  At  last,  a  few  followers  liavino;  joined  liim,  he 
P'D.  m.  selected  Seckorik,  since   Rehoboth,  within  the  limits 

CH.VI.    Qf  ii^Q    colony   of  Plymouth.     Winslow  was  now 

governor  there  ;  and  he  felt  himself  obliged  to  com- 

„         ^  niunicate   to    Williams,   that   his   remaininsr  would 

U  e  S09B  to  '  o 

the  Nar- breed  disturbance  between  the  two  colonies;  and 
•agaiisetts.  j-jg  .^clfief]  jjjg  advicc  to  that  pi-ivately  conveyed  to 

Williams  by  a  letter  from  Wiutlirop,  "to  steer  his 

course  to  Narragansett  Bay." 

6.  Williams  now  threw  himself  upon  the  mercy 
of  Canonicus.     In   a   little   time   he   so  Avon   upon 

Receives  a  ^^^"^5  ^^^^  ^^  extended  his  hospitality  to  him  and  his 
noble  gift,  suffering  company.  He  would  not,  he  said,  sell  his 
land,  but  he  freely  gave  to  Williams,  whose  neigh 
borhood  he  now  coveted,  and  who  was  favored 
by  his  nephew  Miatstonomoh,  all  the  neck  of  land 
between  the  Pawtucket  and  Moshasuck  rivers, 
"that  his  people  might  sit  down  in  peace  and 
enjoy  it  forever."  Thither  they  went ;  and,  Avith 
pious  thanksgiving,  named  the  goodly  p'ace,  Provi- 
dence. 

7.  By  means  of  this  acquaintance  with  the  Narra- 
gansetts,  Williams  learned  that  a  conspiracy  was 
forming  to  cut  off  the  English,  headed  by  Sassacus, 
the  powerful  chief  of  the  Pequods.  The  Narra- 
gansetts  had  been  strongly  moved  by  the  eloquence 

Nandsan-  '^^'  MoNONorro,  associatc  chief  with  Sassacus,  to  join 
setts     in  the  plot.     Thev  wavered ;  but  Williams,  by  mak- 

favor  the  •  ^        .,  .  ^      ^.l     •  ^  i     3 

jingiifiii.  ing  a  perilous  journey  to  then-  country,  pei'suaded 
them  rather  to  unite  with  the  English,  against  their 
ancient  enemies. 

8.  Anxious  to  do  good  to  his  brethren,  though 
they  had  persecuted  him,  Williams  next  wrote  to 
Governor  Winthrop ;  who,  taking  the  alarm,  invited 
Miantonomoh  to  visit  him  at  Boston.  The  chieftain 
went,  and  there  entered  into  a  treaty  of  peace  and 


5.  What  happened  now  to  Williams  ?  What  advice  did  lie  get, 
and  from  whom  ? — 6.  To  wliom  did  he  apply  for  tilteiter?  Could 
he  buy  land  of  the  sacliem  ?  Who  favored  him?  What  uoble 
gift  did  he  receive? — 7.  What  did  Willinms  learn,  and  what  do 
respecting  the  >.'iirrugansecis  ? — 8.  What  letter  did  he  writ*! 


FIRST    IIOUSK    IN    CONNECTICUT.  69 

alliance  with  the  English;  engaging  to  thera  the  as-    P't. i. 
sistance  of  the  Nai'ragansetts  against  the  Pequods.  p-j).  iil 
Williams  founded,  at  Providence,  the  first  Baptist  ^"-  "^^ 
Church  in  America. 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

Connecticut  and  its  Founders, 

1.  The  Dutch  and  English,  both  claimed  to  bo 

the   original  discoverers  of  Coimecticut  river;   but     Tiie 
the  former  had  probably  the  juster  claim.     The  na-   discov- 
tives  along  its  valley  were  kept  in  fear  by  the  more  ^^,1^^*^^ 
warlike    Pequods    on    the    east,    and   the   terrible    itiver. 
Mohawks  in  the  west ;  and  hence  they  desired  the 
presence  of  the  English,  a§  defenders. 

2.  As  early  as  1631,  Waiiquimacut,  one  of  their 
sachems,   being  j^ressed  by  the  Pequods,  went  to 
Boston,  aud  afterwards  to  Plymouth,  earnestly  re-  ^"tion!** 
questing  that  an  English  colony  might  be  sent  to  1631 
his  pleasant  country.     Governor  Winthrop  declined 

his  proposal ;  but  Edward  Winslow,  then  governor 
of  Plymouth,  favored  the  project, — and  visited  and 
examined  the  valley. 

3.  The  Plymouth  people  had  been,  some  time  pre- 
vious,  advised  by  the  Dutch  to  settle  on  Connecticut 
river  ;  and  they  now  determined  to  pursue  the  enter- 
prise.    They  tixed  on  the  site  of  Windsor,  as  the  • 
place   to   erect   a   trading-house.      But  the   Dutch  ^°*{^j^y^ 
changed  their  minds,  and  were  now  determined  to     ft>rd. 
take  the  country  themselves,   Tliey,  therefore,  erect- 
ed a  small  trading  fort,  called  the  house  of  Good 
Hope,  on  a  point  of  land  in  Sukeag,  since  Hartford, 

at  the  junction  of  the  Little  river  with  the  Connec- 
ticut. 


8.  What  church  did  ho  found  ? 

Chapter  VMI. — 1.  What  can  you  siiy  of  the  discovery  of  Con- 
necticut river?  Wlial  of  tlie  iiatives  of  its  valley? — 2.  VVhat  re- 
quest vvas  made  by  one  of  tlie  sacheniH  ?  How  was  it  received  ? 
3.  What  did  the  Dutch  advise,  and  vvimt  do?  Where  did  tlid 
Plymouth  people  locate  ? 


70  FiKr^r  si:'i"i]j;Ks  of  coxnkcticut. 

PT.  1.        4.  Ti;e  luaterials  for  tlie  Plymouth  trading-housG 

P'D.  III.  being  \mt  on  board  a  vessel,  Captain  Holmes,  who 

CH.  VII.   conimanded,   soon  apj)eared,   sailing  up  the  river. 

_  ^ ,      When  opposite  to  tlio  Dutch  fort  he  Avas  command- 
October,        -,  ii  1T1,>T  111 

1633.  cd  to  stop,  or  Jie  would  be  tired  upon  ;    but  he  reso- 
Piymwutii  intely  kept  his  course  ;  and  the  Windsor  house,  tho 
Windsor,  fii'st  ill  Connecticut,  was  erected  and  fortified  before 
winter. 

5.  The  Grand  Council  first  patented  Connecticut 
^Conn°'  ^o  the  earl  of  Warwick.     That  nobleman  transferred 

his  patent  to  Lord  Say-and-Seal,  and  Lord  Brooke, 
The     with  others.     John  Wintiikop,  son  of  the  worthy 
''^"fr  governor  of  Massachusetts,   having   been   sent   to 
throp.    England  on  business  for  that  colony,  took  an  agency 
for  the  two  Lords  patentees,  and  was  directed  by 
them  to  build  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  Connec- 
ticut river. 

6.  The  patent  granted  all  that  part  of  'New  Eng- 
land which  extends  "  from  Narragansett  river  one 

Extent  o*f  hundred  and  twenty  miles  on  a  straight  line,  near 

the     the  shore,  towards  the  south-west,  as  the  coast  lies 

^*'®°     towards  Virginia,  and  within  that  breadth,  from  the 

Atlantic  ocean  to  the  South  Sea."     These  bounds 

show  how  little  was  known  by  the  Grand  Council  of 

the  geography  of  the  country. 

1633        ^*  I^^'to^'6  Mr.  Winthrop's  commission  "svas  known, 

to      Thomas  IIookeii  and  his  church  had  determined  to 

1635..  leave  N^ewtowTi,  since  called  Cambridge,  and  plant 

themselves  upon  Connecticut   river,  m  accordance 

at  New-  W'ith  the  invitation   given  by  the  sachem.     They 

^^°-    obtained,   for   that   object,  a  reluctant   permission 

from  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts. 

Windsor      g.  Other  parties  around  the  Bay  were  also  in  mo- 

Wethers-  tiou.     In  August,  a  few  pioneers  from  Dorchester 

^®''^-    selected  a  place  at   Windsor,  near  the  Plymouth 

4.  How  proceed  in  respect  to  building  ?  What  can  be  said  of 
tlie  house  tlicy  built  ? — 5.  Who  gave  the  patent  of  Connecticut  ? 
Who  was  the  first  patentee  ?  To  whom  did.  he  transfer?  What 
agent  did  they  appoint  ?  What  directions  <;ive? — G.  What  terri- 
tory did  the  patent  include? — 7.  Where  were  Thomas  Hooker 
and  his  church  firr-t  settled  ?  Where  did  they  determine  to  go  ? 
What  Indian  sachem  had  invited  the  whites  to  settle  there  ? 


THE    ADVANCK    PARTY. 


71 


trading-house;  and  otliors,  from  Water  town,  fixed    P't.  t. 
on  Pycjn.'ig',  now  Wethersfield.,  pd.  iil 

9.  Havii!<^  made  such  preparations  as  they  were  c"- ^i'- 
able,  a  ]»arty,  intendinsj  to  be  in  advance  of  Hooker, 

set  out  in  October,  with  their  families,  amounting  in  ji^r^sh^pg 
all  to  sixty  })ersons,  men,  women,  and  children.  To  endured, 
jiroceed  rapidly  across  a  trackless  wilderness,  thi-ough 
swam])s  and  over  mountains,  was  impossible  ;  and 
when  tlie  tedious  journey  was  accomplished,  winter 
was  at  hand  ;  and  it  set  in  earlier  than  usual,  and 
was  nncommonly  severe. 

10.  After  enduring  such  hardships  as  human  na- 
ture shudders  to  contemplate,  most  of  the  party,  to 

save  life,  got  on  board  a  vessel,  and  at  length  iheBay.** 
reached  Massachusetts.  A  few  remained,  who  lived 
on  malt  and  acorns.  These  resolute  puritans  were 
not,  however,  discouraged  ;  but  most  of  those,  who 
left  the  settlement  in  the  winter,  returned  in  the 
spring  with  Hooker  and  his  company. 

11.  Winthro]),  in  the  mean  time,  commenced  build- 
ing the  iM-qjected  fort.     A  few  days  afterwards,  li^o^^'^"! 
Dutch  vessel,  which  was  sent   from  New  Nether- 
lands, appeared  off  the  harbor  to  take  possession  of  Attack 
its    entrance.      The   English    having   by  this   time  repuko. 
mounted   two    pieces   of  cannon,    prevented   their 
landing.     They   proceeded    to    complete   the   fort, 
wliich  was  named  after  the  two  Lords  patentees, 
Say-Brook. 

12.  The  Pilgrims,  in  the  exercise  of  their  wonted 
virtues,  now  Hold  their  claim  to  lands  in  Windsor,  4;o 
the  people  of  Dorchester ;  and  the  patentees  were 
content  that  the  Massachusetts  settlement  should 
proceed.    ' 

13.  Thomas  Hooker  is  regarded  as  the  principal 
founder  of  Connecticut.  In  him  a  natural  "  grandeur 
of  mind"  was  cultivated  by  education,  and  chastened 

8.  What  other  parties  had  similar  desi^^ns  ? — 9.  Give  an  account 
of  the  party  who  went  in  advance  of  Hooker. — 10.  Were  they 
discouriicretl  ? — 11.  Wliat  happened  at  the  mouth  of  Connectie\it 
river? — 12.  "What  peaceable  compromiso  was  mado  among  the 
various  settlers  ? 


72  TRUE  grp:atnkss. 

P'T.  I.  by  religion  and  adversity.  He  ^va3  commanding 
"p'D.  III.  ^^^<^  dignified  in  his  ministerial  office  ;  yet,  in  private 

CH.  vu.  lify  ]i^,  ^yj^s^  generous,  comj):issionate,  and  tender.  So 
„    ,         attractive  was  liis  imlnit  eloquence,  that  in  England 

Hooker  lu  ,  ,  ,'.',.  ^  ,.  S. 

England,  lie  drew  crowds,  olten  troni  great  distances,  ot  no- 
ble as  Avell  as  plebeian  liearers. 

14.  His  coni'-reu'ation  in  Enijland  esteemed  his 
ministry  as  so  great  a  blessing,  that,  when  persecu- 
tion drove  him  from  his  native  land,  tliey  desired 

1633.  sti[l  to  be  with  him,  although  in  these  "ends  of  tlie 
church"^  earth."     A  portion  of  his  i)eople  had  preceded  him, 

at  Boston,  j^^^l  y^QyQ  already  settled  at  Newtown — since  Cam- 
bridge. As  he  landed,  they  met  him  on  the  shore. 
With  tears  of  affection,  he  exclaimed,  "Now  I  live! 
if  ye  stand  fast  in  the  Lord  !" 

15.  Associated  with  Hooker,  both  in  council  and 
action,  was  John  Haynes,  a  gentleman  of  excellent 

A  ood   endowments,  of  unafl'ected  meekness,  and  possessed 
man.     of  a  very  considerable  estate.     So  desirous  were  the 
people    of  Massachusetts  to   detain  him,  that  they 
made  him  their  governor ;  but  he  would  not  sepa- 
rate himself  from  his  friend  and  pastor. 

16.  Warned  by  the  calamities  of  the  preceding 
autumn.  Hooker  would  not  delay,  although  his  wife 
was  so  ill,  as  to  be  carried  on  a  litter.    The  company 

16'i6   departed  from  Newtown  early  in  June,  driving  tiieir 
The  *  fiocks  and  herds.     Many  of  them  were  accustomed 
^acroM^  to  affluence  ;  but  now,  they  all, — men,  women,  and 
the  wii-  children, — travelled  on  foot,  througli  thickets,  across 
erness.  g^j.^j^j^g  ,^y^(\  over  mountains, — lodging  at  night  upon 
the  unsheltered  ground.     But  they  put  their  cheer- 
ful trust  in  God  ;  and  we  doubt  not  the  ancient  for- 
est was,  night  and  morning,  made  vocal  with  His 
praise. 

17.  At  length  they  reached  their  destined  loca- 
tion, which  they  named   Hartford.     The  excellent 

13.  Describe  the  principal  founder  of  Conn e'-;ticut. — 14.  "What 
showed  tlie  affection  of  his  people  in  f-nfrland'?  Did  the  cliurcii 
come  to  America  tojrctlier  ? — !.'>.  Give  ;in  iiceonnt  of  Joiiii 
Haynes.  — 16.  Describe  the  journey  of  IJooker  and  his  people 
17.   Where  was  their  location  ? 


WISDOM,  UNION,   A.ND    LABOE.  73 

Haynes  was  chosen  chief  magistrate ;  and  the  soil   pt.  i. 
was  purcliased  of  the  natives.     The  succeeding  sum-  p'd.  iil 
mer  was  one  of  the  utmost  exertion.     Houses  were  ^°-  ^'^ 
to  be  built,  lands  cleared,   food  provided  for  the    g^^ 
coming  winter,  roads  made,  the  cunning  and  terri-  conduct 
ble  savage  to  be  guarded   against,  and,  chiefly,  a  8u*<!^ 
church  and  state  to  be  organized.     All  wag  to  be 
done, — and  all  was  accomplished,  by  wisdom,  union, 
and  labor. 


CHAPTER  Yin. 

The  Peqnod  War. 

1.  The  Pequods  were  endeavoring  to  unite  the 
Indian  tribes  in  a  plot  to  exterminate  the  English, 
especially  those  of  the  colony,  named  from  its  river, 
CoxNEOTicuT.     They  had  sought,  as  we  have  seen, 
the  alliance  of  their  former  enemies,  the  Narragan- 
setts  ;  but  through  the  influence  of  Roger  Williams, 
Miantonnmoh,  the  war-chief  of  that  nation,  remained  «««« 
true  to  the  whites.    Uncas,  the  Mohegan  sagamore.     The* 
formerly  a  vassal,  and  of  the  same  family  with  Sas-  ^^*'^'^* 
sacus,  was  now  his  inveterate  foe. 

2.  The  Pequods  murdered  Captain  John  Oldham, 
near  Black  Island.     They  made  other  attacks,  and 
carried  away  some  prisoners.     They  cut  off"  strag- 
glers from  Saybrook,  and  had  become  so  bold  as  to 
assault  the  fort,  and  use  impudent  and  threatening 
language.     Everywhere   they  were,   or  seemed  to 
be,  lurking,  with  purposes  of  murder.     The  whole 
settlement,  thus  constantly  excited,  was  in  the  fever-    .jniy. 
ish  condition  of  intense  and  continual   fear.     The  ^f^^'^e* 
people  neither  ate,  slept,  or  labored, — or  even  wor-  setuera. 
shipped  God  in  the   sanctuary,  without  arms  and 
ammunition  at  hand. 

17.  Wlio  was  made  erovemor?  How  did  they  ^et  the  right  of 
soil  ?  What  liad  they  to  do?  By  what  means  did  they  accom- 
plish their  undertakings? 

Chapter  VIII. — 1  &  2.  What  causes  had  the  Peqnod  Indians 
given  to  the  Connecticut  people,  to  declare  war  against  them  ? 
vVliat  waiJ  flie  condition  of  the  people? 

4 


4*  A    KIGHTKOUS    WAR. 

PT.  I.  3.  A  general  court  was  called  on  the  last  of  May, 
P'D.  III.  at  Hartford  Thirty  persons  had  already  been  killed, 
OH.  viii.  ^^^  ^]^Q  evidence  was  conclusive  that  the  savages 
t^i'V  <lGsigned  a  general  massacre.    The  court,  therefore. 

May.  *  righteously  declared  war. 
The  court     4    -pile  Quota  of  troops  from  the  three  towns  now 
war.     settled,  sliows  the  rapid  progress  oi  the  settlement. 
Hartford  was  to  furnish  ninety  men,  Windsor  forty- 
two,  and  Wethersfield  eighteen,  making  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty.     John. Mason  was  chosen  captain. 
The  troops,  embarking  at  Hartford,   sailed  down 
,    the   river   and   along    the    coast  to   Narragansett 
T^te.*  Bay.     Miantonomoh  furnished  them  two  hundred 
warriors,  Uncas   sixty.     There   were   actually  em- 
bodied of  the  English,  only  seventy-seven,  of  whom 
twenty,  commanded  by  Captain  IJnderhill,  were 
from  Massachusetts.    Guided  by  a  Pequod  deserter, 
they  reached  Mystic,  one  of  the  two  forts  of  Sassa- 
cus,  at  dawn  of  day. 

5.  Their  Indian  allies  showed  signs  of  fear,  and 
Mason  ari-anging  them  at  a  distance  around  the  fort, 
advanced  with  his  own  little  army.  If  they  fell, 
there  was  no  second  force  to  defend  their  state,  their 
wives  and  helpless  children.     As  they  approach,  a 

^/y,?®-  dog  barks,  and  an  Indian  sentinel  cries  out,  "  Owan- 

ATystic  ^  ^  ,  ^  ' 

destroyed. nox,  Owannox !"  the  English!  the  English!  They 
leap  within  the  fort.  The  Indians  fight  desperately, 
and  victorv  is  doubtful.  Mason  then  seizes  and 
throws  a  fiaming  brand,  shouting,  "  We  must  burn 
them."  The  light  materials  of  their  wigwams  were 
instantly  in  a  blaze.  Hemmed  in,  as  the  Indians  now 
were,  escape  was  impossible :  and  six  hundred, — 
all  who  were  within  the  fort, — of  every  sex  and  age, 
in  one  hour  perished. 

6.  The  subjects  of  Sassacus,  now  reproached  him 

3.  When  and  wliere  did  tlie  general  court  meet?  What  did 
they  do? — 4.  What  troops  were  to  be  raised,  and  how  appor- 
tioned ?  Give  a  particular  account  of  the  armament,  their  num- 
ber, commander,  and  route.  Wliat  assistance  was  received 
5.  Describe  Mason's  arnuigements — his  approiich — and  the  fat« 
of  tiio  Tefjuods  within  tlie  fort. 


k.  600. 


THE    PEQUOD    NATION    ANNIHILATED.  75 

as  the  author  of  their  misfortunes,  and  to  escape  de-   p't.  i.  ^ 
struction,  he,  with  his  chief  captains,  fled  to  the  Mo-  fd.  iil 
hawks ;  but  he  was  afterwards  slain  by  a  revengeful  '^^  ^^^^ 
subject.     Three   hundred   of  his  warriors,   having  j^^iy^ 
burned  his  remaining  fort,  fled  along  the  sea-coast.   Fair-* 
Mason,  aided  by  fresh  troops  from  Massachusetts,  i^liinl 
pursued   the   fugitive   savages;   traced   them  to  a    i^oo. 
swamp  in  Fairfield,  and  there  fought  and  defeated 
them. 

v.  Nearly  one  thousand  of  the  Pequods  were  de- 
stroyed ;  many  fled,  and  two  hundred,  beside  women 
and  children,  remained  as  captives.  Of  these,  some, 
we  are  grieved  to  relate,  were  sent  to  the  "West  In-  Pequcxi^ 
dies  and  sold  into  slavery.  The  remainder  were  di-  extinct, 
vided  between  the  Nan-agansetts  and  the  Mohegans. 
The  two  Sachems,  Uncas  and  Miantonomoh,  be- 
tween whom  was  mutual  hatred,  now  engaged  to 
live  in  peace.  The  lands  of  the  Pequods  were  re- 
garded as  conquered  territory,  and  the  name  of  the 
tribe  was  declared  extinct. 

8.  The  prowess  of  the  English  had  thus  put  the 
natives  in  fear,  and  a  long  peace  ensued.     All  the     ^.^^^^ 
churches  in  New  England  commemorated  this  de-  thanks- 
liverance,  by  keeping  a  day  of  common  and  devout   ^^'*°s- 
thanksgiving. 

9.  The  war  had  fallen  heavily  upon  the  colony. 
Their  farming  and   their  finances  were  deranged; 

but  order  and  industry  restored  them.     In  1639,  1^39,. 
they  formally  conjoined  themselves,  to  be  one  state    Civii 
or  commonwealth,  and  adopted  a  constitution.    This  ^^^^' 
ordained  two  annual  general  courts,  at  one  of  which, 
to  be  held  in  May,  the  whole  body  of  freemen  should      its 
choose  a  governor,  deputy-governor,  six  magistrates,  ^eu^ 
and  other  necessary  ofiicers. 

10.  Theophilus  Eaton  and  John  Davenpoet, 
puritans  of  much  distinction  in  England,  Avere  re- 

6..  Of  those  remaining  ? — 7.  How  many  were  destroyed  ?  What 
was  done  with  the  residue?  With  tlicir  lands?  What  two  sa- 
chems engaisfed  to  Uve  in  peace  ? — 8.  On  wliat  occasion  was  the 
first  New  England  thanksgiving? — 9.  When  did  they  adopt  a 
institution  ?     What  can  you  say  of  the  court  held  in  May  ? 


'?^6  THP]   FOUNDEES    OF    NEW    HAVEN. 

PT.  L  garded  as  the  founders  of  tlie  colony  oi  JSfevi  Haven. 
P'D.  HI.  These  two  friends  collected  their  associates,  and 
cH.^viiL  arrived  at  Boston,  July  26th,  1637.  Massachusetts 
103f .  ^vas  desirous  of  securino:  such  settlers,  hut  they  pre- 
of  New  lerred  a  separate  estabJishment ;  and  seeking  a  com- 
Uaven.   nici-cial   station,  they  explored  the  coast;    and,   in 

^Bo-'tun*'^^'^^'  ^'^^^  moored  their  vessels  in  Quinnipiac  har- 
bor. 

11.  The  company  had  made  some  little  prepara- 
tion for  the  settlement  the  preceding  summer,  yet 
many  sufterings  were  to  be  endured.  The  spring 
was  uncommonly  backward  ;  their  planted  corn  per- 
ished repeatedly  in  the  ground,  and  they  dreaded 
the  utter  failure  of  the  crop;  but  at  length  they 
were  cheered  by  warm  weather,  and  sui-prised  by 
the  rapid  progress  of  vegetation. 

12.  The  first  Sunday  after  they  arrived,  they  met 
and  worshipped  under  a  large  tree,  when  Mr.  Da- 
venport preached  to  them  concerning  the  tempta- 

A  rii  18.  ^^"^"'^  "^^  ^'^^  wilderness.     Not  long  after,   the  free 

1638.  pl'i'iters    subscribed,    what,    in    distinction    from   a 
church  union,  they  termed  a  lylantation-covenant^ 

13.  Under  this  covenant  they  continued  until  the 
next  year,  when  they  assembled  in  a  lai'ge  barn  be- 
longing to  Mr.  Newman,  formed  themselves  into  a 

1639.  body  politic,  and  established  a  form  of  government, 
^ment""  ^^^^  govemor  and  magistrates  were  to  hold  annu- 
ally a  genei-al   court,  to  regulate  the  affairs  of  the 

Mr. Eaton,  colony.     P^atou   was  chosen   governor.     They  })ur- 
governor,  (.ji^gyj  ^|,gj,.  j^nds  from  the  natives,  and  gave  to  the 
place  the  name  of  New  Haven. 

*  tn  New  Haven  were  fmblished  the  famous  Blvs  Laws,  so  called  from 
the  color  of  the  book  in  which  they  were  i)rinted. 


10.  Who  were  the  founders  of  New  Haven?  Describe  their 
first  operations. — 11.  What  was  the  weather,  and  their  prospects 
for  a  crop?  — 12.  Where  did  they  worship  on  the  tirst  Sundav  ? 
"Where  enter  into  tlie  plantation-covenant? — 13.  What  political 
arrangements  did  they  uiuke  the  next  year? 


CH.  IX. 


e« 


THE  Tni':oLOGic.\i.  disturbance.  77 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Intolerance  of  the  times — Harvard  College  founded — E.  Island — 
N.  Hampshire — Delaware. 

1.  AiSTNE  Hutchinson,  a  resident  of  Boston,  at   pt.  l 
this  time  advanced  religious  opinions,  so  entirely  at  pd.  hi 
variance  -Hvith  those  of  the  Puritan  settlers,  that  a 
*'  gi-eat  disturbance"  arose  in  the  Bay  colony.    Gov. 
Vane  considered,  that  whether  her  opinions  were 
true  or  false,  she  had  a  right  to  enjoy  them  herself,  Tj,g  ^j, 
and  explain  them  to  others.     Mr.  Cotton,  the  min-    losioai 
ister  of  Boston,  and  the  most  celebrated  of  all  the    ^l^l 
clergy  of  Massachusetts,  was  also,  at  first,  inclined 

to  defend  Mrs.  Hutchinson:  but  the  ministers,  gen- 
erally, regarded  her  doctrines,  not  only  as  false,  but, 
as  dangerous — to  such  a  degree,  that,  if  let  alone, 
they  would  overthrow  both  church  and  state. 

2.  In  this  extremity,  a  synod  of  ministers  was 
assembled  at  Boston.  Mr.  Davenport  had  oppor- 
tunely arrived  from  London,  and  Mr.  Hooker,  "  de- 
sirous to  prepare  minds  for  political  as  ^'ell  as  reli- 
gious union,"  I'ecrossed  the  wilderness  from  Hart- 
ford. Mi"s.  Hutchinson's  opinions  were  imanimously  Mrs.  H. 
condemned  by  the  synod  ;  and  herself  and  the  most  *>'"'*^ 
determined  of  her  adherents  were  banished. 

3.  The  unfortunate  woman,  excommunicated  fi'ora 
the  church,  became  an  outcast  from  a  society  which 

had  but  now  followed  and  flattered  her.     She  went   f  fsos 
first  to  Rhode  Island,  to  join  a  settlement,  ^hich       to 
her  followers  had  there  made.     From  thence,  she  1643. 
removed  with  her  fimily  to  the  State  of  New  York, 
where  she  met  death  in  its  most  appalling  form  ;  desmiyod 
that  of  an  Indian  midnight  massacre. 

4.  One  of  the  earliest  cares  of  the  Puritan  fathers,  1630. 
was  to  i)rovide  the  means  of  instruction  for  their  ^  ^'a-^s- 
children.     At  the  general  court  in  September,  1630,   coiiege. 


CnAPTKR  IX.— -1.  What  caused  a  disturhance  in  the  colony? 
V\'li-i!  was  Gov.  Vlfthe's  view  ot'the  case?  What,  that  of  the  clerjry 
frciierally  ? — 2.  What  assetiiblafre  was  held  at  Boston?  What  was 
done  iu  regard  to  Mrs.  Iluluhiusoii  ?— 3.   What  btcaine  of  her* 


78  THE    FIRST    UNIVERSII'Y    OF    THE    NEW    WORLD. 

P'T.  I.  the  sum  of  four  hundred  pounds  was  voted  to  com- 
FD.  in.  mencc  a  college  building,  at  Newtown,  now  called 

*^"- ^^    Cambridge.     In  1638,  Mr.  Joiix  Harvaud,  a  pious 

divine  from  England,  dying  at  Charlestown,  left  to 

*^jij^.'tlie   college    a    bequest    of   nearly    eight    hundred 

^vard's    pouuds  ;  and  gratitude  perpetuated  his  name  in  that 

"eques  Q^«^].jy  institution.  All  the  several  colonies  cherished 
the  infant  semmary,  by  contributions  ;  regarding  it 
as  a  nursery,  from  whicli  the  church  and  state  were 
to  be  replenished  with  qualified  leaders. 

5.  Rhode  Island.  The  most  respectable  of  the 
banished  followers  of  Mrs.  Hutchinson  went  south, 

i6^S.  headed  by  William  Coddington  and  John  Clark. 

Followers  The  latter  had  been  persecuted  as  a  baptist.     By 

**'obtain^' the  influence  of  Roger  Williams,  they  obtained  from 

K-  L     Miantonomoh,  the  noble  gift  of  the  island  of  Aquet- 

neck, — called  Rhode  Islaiid^on  account  of  its  beauty 

and  fertility.     Here  they  established  a  government, 

on  the  principles  of  political  equality  and  religious 

toleration.     Coddington  was  made  chief  magistrate. 

6.  New  Hampshire.  Another  portion  of  the  dis- 
ciples of  M|-s.  Hutchinson,  headed  by  her  brother-in- 
law,  Mr.  Wheelrigiit,  went  north  ;  and,  in  the  val- 

wiieei-  ley  of  the  Piscataqua,  founded  Exeter.  It  was 
Indian    witliin  a  ^'act  of  country  lying  between  that  river 

patent  in  and  the  Mcrrimac,  which  Wheelrisfht  claimed  by 
virtue  of  a  purchase  made  of  the  Indians.  This 
claim  interfered  with  that  conveyed  by  patent  to 
Mason  and  Gorges,  and  was  accordingly  disputed. 

7.  In  the  mean  time,    small,  independent  settle- 
1641  ^^^^^^5  were  made  along  the  water  courses,  by  erai- 

New  *  grants  from  Massachusetts  and  the  other  colonies ; 
gjj^g'^P'j.but  they  did  not  flourish,  for  they  imprudently  neg- 
tiemeits.  lectcd  the  culture  of  their  lands, — present  necessi- 
ties being  scantily  supplied  by  flsh  and  game.     In 

4.  What  was  done  in  resrard  to  the  educatiqfr  of  the  younar  ? 
Wlio  was  Jolm  Harvard  ?  For  what  is  he  reinembered  ? — 5.  Who 
gave  away  the  island  of  Aquetnock?  To  whom?  What  name 
was  given  to  it  ?  ()n  what  principles  was  government  established  ? 
6.  Who  founded  Exeter?  Where  is  it?  What  claim  had  Mr. 
Wheelnght  to  tlie  land?  Who  disputed  his  claim? — 'f.  What 
further  may  be  said  of  New  Hampshire  at  this  early  day  ? 


1639. 

Mr. 


CB.  X. 


FOCXDEKS    OF    STATES.  79 

1641,  these  settlements,  induced  by  a  sense  of  their   ft.  i. 
weakness,  petitioned  Massachusetts  to  receive  them  fd.  iil 
under  its  jurisdiction.     The  general  court  granted 
their  request,  and  they  were  incorporated  with  that 
colony. 

8.  Delaware.  Gustavus  Adolphus,  the  hero  ^^ni^ 
of  his  age,  projected,  in  1627,  a  colony  of  his  sub-  swedes' 
jects  from  Sweden  and  Finland.  About  ten  years  ^"^,fj°^ 
afterwards  they  came  over  headed  by  Peter  Min-  settle  oa 
UETs,  and  settled  at  Christina  Creek,  on  the  west  ^gi^^^^g. 
side  of  the  Delaware,  calling  that  river^wedeland-  163S. 
stream,  and  the  country,  JVew  Siceden. 

9.  Though  this  was  the  first  eftectual  settlement, 
yet  the  Dutch  had,  in  1629,  purchased  of  the  natives 
a  tract  of  land  extending  from  Cape  Henlopen  to 

the  mouth  of  the  Delaware  river.     A  small  colony  1629. 
conducted  by  De  Yrtes,  came  from  Holland,  and    Dutch 
settled  near  Lewistown.     They  perished  by  the  sav-    .ciaiip 
ages  ;  but  the  Dutch  continuing  to  claim  the  coun- 
try, dissensions  arose  between  them,  and  the  Swe- 
dish emigrants. 


CHAPTER  X. 

Maryland — Virginia. 

1.  Maryland.     In   1631,  William  Clayborne 
obtained  from  Charles  I.  a  license  to  trafiic,  in  those 
parts  of  America,  for  which  there  was  aot  already  a  1631. 
patent  granted.     Clayborne  planted  a  small  colony, 

on  Kent  island,  in  Chesapeake  bay. 

2.  George  Calvert,  afterwards  Lord  Baltimore, 

was  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.     To  enioy  his  re-^°'"^  ^?^ 

.  •'    ^  tini  ores 

ligion  unmolested,  he  wished  to  emigrate  to  some   patent, 
vacant  tract  in  America.     He  explored  the  country, 

8.  What  eminent  person  projected  a  colony  to  America  ?  Where 
did  the  Swedes  and  Fins  settle  ? — 9.  Had  tliere  been  a  settlement 
of  the  Dutch  near  ?     Wliat  became  of  the  Dutch  colony  I 

Chaptee  X.— 1.  "What  was  done  by  William  Clayborne? — 2. 
Why  did  Lord  Baltimore  wish  to  leave  England? 


■f 


80  THE   CALVERTS. 

FT.  I.    and  then  returned  to  England.     The  Queen,  Ilenn 
VT>.  III.  etta   Maria,*  daughter   of   Henry   IV.    of  France, 

cH.  X.    gave   to   the  territoiy  which  he  had  selected,   the 
(*  Maine  name  of  Maryland,  and  Lord  Baltimore  obtained 
so  called  it,  by  a  royal  patent. 
a/e"tate      ^-  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  London  in  1632,  before  his  patent 

of  this  passed  to  a  legal  form  ;  but  his  son,  Cecil  Calvert, 

itnatedin  the  second  Lord  Baltimore,  by  the  influence  of  Sir 

iVaJice)  rt*^^^^"^  Cecil,  obtained  the  grant  intended  for  his 

father.     By  tliis   patent  he  held  the  country  from 

April  15,  the  Potomac  to  the  40th  degree  of  north  latitude  ; 

1 632.  and  thus,  by  a  mere  act  of  the  crown,  what  had 
long  before  been  granted  to  Virginia,  was  now  taken 
away  ;  as,  what  was  now  granted,  was  subsequently 
given  to  Penn,  to  the  extent  of  a  degree.  Hence 
very  troublesome  disputes  arose. 

4.  Lord  Baltimore  appointed  as  governor,  his 
brother,  Leonard  Calvert,  who,  with  two  hundred 

eaiis,  Nov.  emigrants,  sailed  near  the  close  of  1633,  and  arrived 

1633.  at  the  Potomac  early  in  1634.    Here  they  purchased 
Feb?^  of  the  natives,  Yamaco,  one  of  their  settlements, 

IG34.  to  which  was  given  the  name  of  Si.  Mary.  Calvert 
secured  by  this  pacitic  course,  comfortable  habita- 
tions, some  improved  lauds,  and  the  friendship  of 
the  natives. 

5.  The  country  was  pleasant, — great  religious 
freedom  existed,  and  a  liberal  charter  had  been 
granted.  This  allowed  the  proprietor,  aided  by  the 
freemen,  to  pass  laws,  without  reserving  to  the 
crown  the  right  of  rejecting  them.  Emigrants  ac- 
cordingly soon  flocked  to  the  ])rovince,  from  the 
other  colonies,  and  from  England. 

6.  Thus  had  the  earliest  settlers  of  this  beautiful 
^ffyand'  portion  of  our  country  established  themselves,  with- 
gratitude.  out  the  Sufferings  endured  by  the  pioneers  of  former 

settlements.     The  proprietary  government,  gener- 

2.  "Who  named  his  territory  after  herself? — 3.  Did  the  first 
Lord  Baltimore  receive  the  patent?  What  did  his  son  obtain  ? 
Wiiat  couutrj' did  this  patent  include? — 4.  Who  conducted  tlie 
first  colony  to  Maryhind  ?  What  judicious  course  did  he  pursue ! 
5.  What  iuviling  circumstances  drew  emigrants. 


TEOUCLES    m    MARYLAND.  81 

ally  so  detrimental,  proved  here  a  nursing  mother.  F't.  l 
Lord  Baltimore  expended  ^for  the  colonists,  within  fd.  iil 
a  few  years,  forty  thousand  pounds  ;  and  they,  "  out    ^^-  ^■ 
of  desire  to  I'eturn  some  testimony  of  gratitude," 
voted  in  tlieir  assembly,  "  such  a  subsidy,  as  the  low 
and  poor  estate  of  the  colony  could  bear." 

7.  Lord  Baltimore  invited  the  puritans  of  Massa- 
chusetts  to  emigrate   to  Maryland,   offering    them  1642. 
"free  Uberty  of  religion,"     They  rejected  this,   aSj^^^'j^^ft;, 
they  did  a  similar  proposition  from  Cromwell,  to  puritans, 
remove  to  the  West  Lidies.^ 

8.  Tiie  restless,  intriguing  Clayborne,  called  the 
evil  genius  of  Maryland,  had  been  constantly  on  the 
alert  to  establish,  by  agents  in  England,  a  claim  to 
the  country,  and  thus  to  subvert  the  government  of 
the  good  proprietary.  In  his  traffic  with  the  na-  '■^ 
tives,  he  had  learned  their  dispositions,  and  wrought  1643. 
them  to  jealousy.  In  England,  the  authority  of  the 
Long  Parliament  now  superseded  that  of  the  king. 

Of  this,  Clayborne,  and  other  disorderly  subjects  of 
Lord  Baltimore,  took  advantage.  Thus  the  fair 
dawn  of  this  rising  settlement  w^as  early  overcast. 

9.  Virginia.  In  1621,  Sib  Feaxcis  Wyatt  ar- 
rived as  governor,  bringing  from  the  company  in  1621. 
England  a  more  perfect  constitution  for  the  colony,  cte'^w^t. 
It  contained  some  seeming  concessions  to  the  peo- 
ple, which  not  only  gratified  the  settlers,  but  en- 
couraged emigrants ;  and  a  large  number  accord- 
ingly accompanied  Governor  Wyatt  to  the  province. 

10.  IViis  year  cotton  was  first  pla7it^  in  Virgin-  q^^^^ 
ia,  and  "  the  plentiful  coming  up  of  the  seeds,"  was  first 
regarded  by  the  planters  with  curiosity  and  interest,  p'^'"'®^ 

1 1 .  Opechacanough,  the  brother  and  successor  of 
Powhatan,  had  determined  to  extirpate  the  whites, 
and   regain   the   country.      For   this    purpose    he 

6.  What  may  be  said  of  the  proprietary  government?  How 
mucli  did  Lord  Baltimore  expend  for  tlie  colony?  Did  they  tes- 
tify any  gratitude  ? — 7.  Wliat  did  Lord  Baltimore  oflfer  the  Furi- 
tjiii:<?— 8!  What  was  Clayborne  called  ?  Wliat  were  some  of  his 
plans  to  injure  the  proprietor? — 9.  Who  arrived  in  Virginia? 
What  did  he  bring?  What  effect  had  these  concessions?— 10. 
When  was  cotton  first  planted  in  Virginia? 

4*  V 


82 


VIRGINIA, 


PT.  I.    formed  a  conspiracy  to  massacre  all  tlie   Englisli ; 

P'D.  III.  and  during  four  years,  be  was,  secretly,  concerting 

OH.  I.    j^-^  plan.     To  each  tribe  its  station  was  allotted,  and 

A  con-  1  .  -IT 

Bpiracy.  the  part  it  was  to  act,  prescribed, 

12,  On  the  22d  of  March,  1622,  at  mid-day,  they 
rushed  upon  the  English,  in  all  their  settlements, 
and  butchered  men,  women,  and  children,  Avithout 
pity  or  remorse.     In  one  hour,  nearly  a  fourth  part 

€22.  of  the  whole  colony  was  cut  off.  The  slaughter 
massacre  would  have  been  universal,  it  compassion,  or  a  sense 
^*'-  of  duty,  had  not  moved  a  converted  Indian,  to 
whom  the  secret  was  communicated,  to  reveal  to 
Ms  master,  on  the  night  before  the  massacre.  This 
was  done  in  time  to  save  Jamestown  and  the  adja- 
cent settlements. 

13,  A  bloody  war  ensued.  The  English,  by  their 
arms  and  discipline,  were  more  than  a  match  for  the 

.pjjg     Indians ;  and  they  retaliated  in  such  a  manner,  as 
whites   left  the  colonies  for  a  long  time  fi-ee  fi-om  savage 
retaliate,  molestation.     They  also  received  a  considerable  ac- 
cession of  territory,  by  appropriating  those  of  the 
conquered  natives. 

14,  In  1624  the  London  company,  which  had  set- 
1624.  ^^*^*^  Virginia,  was  dissolved  by  King  James,  and  its 
L.  Com.*  rights  and  privileges  returned  to  the  crown.     Gov- 

«i?*Va!*a  ®^'^*-*^"®  "^"^re  sent  over  by  Charles  I.  the  successor  of 
royal    James,  who  were  oppressive  ;   and  the  Virginians 

province,  j-esistcd  their  authority.  Sir  William  Berkeley 
was  sent  over  in  1641.  The  colonists  were,  under 
him,  confirni«d  in  their  enjoyment  of  the  elective 
franchise.  Great  harmony  prevailed,  notwithstand- 
ing the  assembly  took  a  high  tone  in  respect  to 
their  political  rights  ;  boldly  declaring  "  that  they 
expected  no  taxes  or  impositions,  except  such  as 
should  be  freely  voted,  for  their  own  wantsJ** 

11  &  2  Give  an  :iecount  of  tlic  Indian  Massacre, — 13.  What 
was  done  in  retnliiition  ? — 14.  What  became  of  the  London  com- 
pany? Under  whom  was  Viririina  then  ?  What  can  you  say  of 
tlie  royal  i^overnor.^  ?  Under  what  governor  did  harmony  prevail ! 
What  did  the  uss,embly  declare  ? 


MASSACHUSETTS    GIVES    OFFENCE.  83 


CHAPTER  XI. 

Massachusetts   threatened — The   Puritans   in  England — Vane — 

Union. 

1.  The  English  court  began  to  be  jealous,  that   P'T.  t. 
their  colonies,  especially  that  of  the  Bay,  did  not  in-  P'D.  hi. 
tend  to  be  governed  by  the  parent  country.     By   ^^^ 
some,  who  returned  dissatisfied  from  Massachusetts,  ^^^  e^nrt 
they  learned  the  fact,  that  not  only  was  their  own  displeased 
religion  established  by  law,  but  the  use  of  the  Eng-    Mass. 
lish  liturgy  was  prohibited.     Various  other  charges 

were  made  against  the  province, — showing  that  it  ^l^^ 
was  casting  off  dependence  upon  the  English  crown,  money.) 
and  assuming  sovereign  powers  to  itself.*  1634. 

2.  Much  displeased,  the  king  determined  that  the 
colonies  should  be  brought  to  submission,  both  in  Appoint 
church  and  state ;  and  he  made  Arclibishop  Laud,  sioners. 
famed  for  his  persecuting  spirit,  chief  of  a  council,        • 
which  was  appointed,  with  full  powers  to  govern  the 
colony  in  all  cases  whatever. 

3.  Tlie  Grand  Council  of  Plymouth,  as  it  had  its 
beginning  and  course,  so  also  it  had  its  end,  in  little 
better  than  knavery.  We  have  seen  that  its  own 
members,  Gorges,  Mason,  and  others,  had  been  its^^^t^^^i 
patentees.  These  persons  now  wishing  to  make  good, 
certain  claims  to  territory  in  Massachusetts,  gave  up 

their  patent  to  the  crown ;  petitioning  for  redress 
against  that  colony,  which  they  asserted  had  for- 
feited its  charter,  by  exceeding  its  powers  and  ter- 
ritorial limits. 

4.  Willing  to  humble  their  "  unbridled  spirits,"     i>ec 
the  court  of  king's  bench,  issued  a  ^vrit  against  the    ^as^' 
individuals  of  the  corporation  of  Massachusetts  Bay,   charter 
accusing  them  with  certain  acts,  by  which  they  had  ^^^  ^ 

Chapter  XI. — 1.  Of  what  were  the  BritLsh  governmentjealous? 
What  reports  coiieerniDg  Massachusetts  were  true? — 2.  What  did. 
the  kinof  detenniiu-?  Who  was  made  chief  of  a  council?  With 
what  powers  ? — 3.  On  what  occsusion  was  the  Grand  Council  of 
Pljmoutli  (lissolve.l  ?  \A'liat  evil  did  some  of  their  number  do  to 
Massaehu.-ictts  ? — -1.  What  was  done  in  tlie  king's  court  respecting 
the  charter  of  Mas.sacliusef  s  ? 


84  ENGLAND    LOSES    GOOD    CITIZENS. 

FT.  L    forfeited  their  charter,  and  requiring  them  to  show 

FD.  UL  warrant   tor   their   proceedings.     At  a  subsequent 

CH.  XI.    term,  the  court  i)ronounced  sentence  against  them, 

and  declared  that  their  charter  was  forfeited. 

5.  The  rapid  emigration  to  the  colonies  liad  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  the  council,  and  they  had 
passed  laws,  prohibiting  any  person  above  tlie  rank 

^^"^^""^of  a  servant  from  leaving  the  kingdom,  without  ex- 
Engiiind  press  pcmiission  ;  and  vessels  already  freighted  with 
l^g'^g^  emigrants  had  been  detained.  But  these  prohibi- 
tions were  in  vain ;  for  persecution,  conxlucted  by 
the  merciless  Laud,  grew  more  and  more  cruel ;  and 
in  one  year,  three  thousand  persons  left  England  for 
America. 

6.  Oppression,  and  perhaps  the  successful  escape 
and  resistance  of  their  brethren  in  America,  had  so 
wrought  upon  the  public  mind  in  England,  that 
matters  had  now  come  to  open  opposition  to  the 

1640.  government.     In  Scotland,  Charles  had  attempted 
Charles*  to  euforcc  the  use  of  the  Ens^lish  litursrv.   Riots  had 
In^n  followed,  and   the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant 
war.     been  made,  by  which  the   Scottish  people  bound 
themselves  to  oi)pose  all  similar  attempts.     Popular 
opinion  became  resistless.    Laud's  party  was  ruined, 
and  himself  imprisoned ;    while  the  king  was  en- 
gaged, in  a  bloody  civil  war,  with  his  revolted  sub- 
jects. 

v.  Puritanism  now  reigned  in  England,  and  its 

disciples   had   no   inducement   to  emigrate.     Nay, 

some  returned,  among  whom  M-as  Governor  Vane. 

The  Long Tiie  Long  Parliament  had  begun  to  rule:  and  its 

ment.    leaders  were  desirous  to  honor,  rather  than  humble 

New  England.     Cotton,  Hooker,  and   Davenport, 

were  invited  to  sro  to  London  to  attend  the  cele- 

brated  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster.     They, 

1642.  however,   saw  no  sufficient  cause   "  to  leave   their 

flocks  in  the  wilderness."     Encjland  M-as  no  longrer 

5.   What  huvs  were  made  respecting:  emii^^nj-tion  ?     What  etlect 

had  they  ?— G.  Wluit  was  now  the  state  of  things  in  Great  Britain  ? 

7.   How  did  tiie  ruli-  of  Puritanism  in  Enfr'and  alfect  eniitrration 

.  to  America?     What  honor  was  paid  to  tliree  of  tlie  New  Enghmd 

clerpfy  ?     How  wa.s  it  received? 


v> 


THE   GEEM    OF   THE   CONFEDEKACY.  85 

their  country ;  but  that  for  which  they  had  suffered,   pt.i. 
though  recent,  was  already  as  dear  to  these  noble  fd.  hi. 
patriots,  as  the  infant  to  the  mother.  ^^  ^ 

8.  A  Union  was  now  meditated.     Both  internal 
]>eace,  and  external  safety  were  to  be  secured.     An  Safety  and 
essential  part  of  the  compact  made,  was  the  solemn   unl^n." 
promise  of  the  framers  to  yield  obedience  to  the 
powers  thus  created. 

9.  Two  commissioners  having  been  appointed  by 

each  of  the  four  colonies,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  1643. 
Connecticut,  and  Xew  Haven,  they  met  at  Boston, 
May,  1643,  where  they  drew  up  and  s{2;ned  the  Arti-^'J^,"ll^^^ 
cles  of  Confederation.     Rhode  Island  was  not  per-    eracy 
mitted  to  be  a  member  of  the  confederacy,  unless  it  ^^swi^ 
became  an  appendage  to  Plymouth.  This,  that  colo- 
ny very  properly  refused. 

1 0.  The  style  adopted  was  that  of  the  "  United 
Colonies  of  New  England."     Their  little  congress, 

the  first  of  the  New  World,  was  to  be  composed  of  c*"""'** 

•    1  1  c  11  rni  sioners  to 

eight  members,  two  irom  each  colony.     Ihey  were     meet 
to  assemble  yearly  in  the  different  colonies  by  rota-  *^'^^'y- 
tion,  Massachusetts  having,  on  account  of  superior 
numbers,  a  double  privilege. 

11.  Although  this  confederacy  was  nominally  dis-(*Fortbd 
continued  after  about  forty  years,  yet  its  spirit  re-  uo^nroQ 
mained.     The  colonies  had  learned  to  act  toarether,  ''^e  chro- 

-,1  .    .       .  -,  -1  nosraplier 

and  when  common  mjuries  and  common  dangers  connecud 
again  required  united  action,  modes  and  precedents  "^^riod* 
were  at  hand.  Hence,  we  regard  the  Confederacy  here  com- 
of  the  four  New  England  provinces,  as  the  Germ  turn^lljk 
OF  THE  Federal  Union.*  ■»>  pag« 

.        49.) 

8.  Wliat  objects  were  to  be  secured  by  Union? — 9.  What  four 
coloiiies  sent  commissioriers  to  Boston  ?  What  important  work  did 
they  perforin  ?  W^hat  hard  condition  was  exacted  of  Khode  Island  ? 
10.  What  was  the  style  adopted  ?  Where  \^as  the  little  congress  of 
coininissiotiers  to  meet? — 11.  How  Ions' did  this  confederacy  last? 
Why  is  it  regarded  as  the  germ  of  the  Federal  Union  ? 

Compare  the  third  Map  with  the  second,  and  tell  the  principal 
chiintres  which  have  taken  phice  in  the  geotrrLiphy  in  the  course  of 
the  tliiri  period  of  tlie  First  Part  of  the  history.  Wlnit  are  tlie 
principal  patents  wlrch  have  been  ijiven?  Compare  the  diiferent 
Maps  with  the  Idstory,  and  tell  wlien  the  name  of  Viririnia  \v:is 
first  given,  and  tu  what  extent  of  country  it  has,  at  different  times, 
been  applied. 


MAP  N?  4. 
1643. 


^SAiifrusfinB         Long.  Vvesi.  Longitude  Kaft  from  Washington,   1 

T"""  5  0  ^  4  ii 


8C, 


J.  II.  flrifKil;  Sr 


PART  II. 


FKOM     164  3     TO     1763 


Meeting  of  Winthrop  and  the  Ck>mmissioneis. — ^The  first  Congress  of 

America. 


PERIOD    I. 


FROM 
TIIK  CONFEDEEACT  OF  [■   1643  ]    THE  FOUK  N.  K.  COLONIES, 

TO 
THE  NEW  OHIKTEB      yM.G9iSm-{     OF  MASSACHUSETTS 


[1692.-J 


CHAPTER  I. 

Virginia — Second  Indian  Massacre — Bacon's  Eebellion. 
1.  In  1644,  the  aged  Opechacanough  once  more  pt.il 


attempted  to  cut  off  the  scattered  white  population. 
As  soon  as  resistance  was  made,  the  Indians  were 
struck  with  panic,  and  fled.  The  Virginians  pur- 
sued them  vigorously,  and  killed  three  hundred. 
The  chief  was  taken  prisoner.  He  was  then  inhu- 
manly wounded,  and  kept  as  a  public  spectach;, 
until  he  was  relieved  by  death. 

Chapter  1. —  I.  Wuat  attempt  was  made  by  an  Indian  cliief? 
"Wbicii,  in  tliis  casi>,  sufifered  most,  the  lndi;ins,  or  tlie  Virginians? 
How  many  Indijiiis  were  IjillcJi?     Row  wns  the  oliie-f  treated  ? 

87 


PD  L 

CU.  L 

1644. 

Second 

Imlian 

massacre. 


88  COMMERCE OPrEESSION. 

P'T.  II.       2.  Charles  I,  wd!s  beheaded;  and  Cromwell  di- 

P'D.  L   reeted  the  affairs  of  England.     He  perfected  a  cys- 

^'^-  '•     tern  of  02)pressi07i,  in  respect  to  trade^  by  the  celebra- 

ted  '"'•Navigation  Acts."     By   these,   the    coloiiiea 

ci);,rips  I,  were  not  allowed  to  find  a  market  for  themselves, 

beheaded,  ^nd  scll  their  pi'oduce  to  the  highest  bidder ;  but 

,  were  oblige*!  to  carry  it  direct  to  the  mother  coim- 

'try.     The  English  merchants  bought  it  at  their  own 

price ;  and  thus,  they,  and  not  the  colonist,  made 

the  profit  on  the  fruits  of  his  industry, 

3.  At  the  same  time,  these  laws  prohibited  any, 
but  English  vessels,  from  conveying  merchandise  to 

,^  .!^*^*_the  colonies;  thus  compelling  them,  to  obtain  their 
igation   supplics  of  the  English  merchant ;  of  course,  at  such 
^'^^     prices  as  he  chose  to  fix  upon  his  goods.     Even  free 
trafliic  among  the  colonists  was  prohibited. 

4.  Charles  II.  was  restored  to  his  father's  throne 
in  16G0.  Berkeley,  after  various  changes,  was  exer- 
cising, in  Virginia,  the  office  of  governor.     But  pros- 

16S0.  ])ects  grew  dark.     Notwithstanding  the  loyalty  of 

•  Virginia,  to  none  of  the  colonists  had  the  suppression 

of  the'  English  monarchy  wrought  nioi'e  good  ;  and 

on  none  did  the  restoration  opei'ate  more  disastrously. 

5.  The  Virginians  were  divided  into  two  classes. 
The  first  comprised  the  few  persons  who  were  highly 
educated,  and  possessed  of  extensive  domains.    The 

Aristo-  second,  and  more  numerous  class,  was  composed  of 
p[^^g-'^^'Jj'^  servants  and  laborers;  among  whom  were  some, 
that  fui"  crimes  in  England,  had  been  sent  to  Amer- 
ica. A  blind  admiiation  of  English  usages  was 
now  shown,  in  the  regulations  made  by  Berkeley 
and  his  aristocratical  advisers. 


2.  In  what  year  was  Cliarles  T.  belieaded?  Who  then  directed 
the  affairs  in  Engrland  ?  By  wliat  were  the  colonies  oppressed  ? 
What  were  they  not  allowed  to  do  ?  What  were  they  obliged  to  do  ? 
How  did  Encrlish  merchants  make  the  prolit  on  the  produce  of  the 
colonists  ? — 3.  Of  whom  were  the  colonists  oblisred  to  purchase  tlieir 
supplies?  Who  would  fix  the  prices?  Could  the  different  colonies 
trade  fVcply  with  each  other? — 4.  What  ha.npened  in  Ifi'io?  Who 
was  governor  of  Virtrinin?  Wiiat  were  thi  prospects  of  \'irs:inia? 
5.  De>'Tihe  the  two  classes  into  which  the  V'irginiars  were  di- 
vided?    What  can  you  say  of  Berkeley  and  his  advisers? 


• 


Charles 

gives 


VIRGINIA    GIVEN    AWAY.  89 

6.  Tlie  rights  of  tlie  people  were  on  all  hands  re-  pt.  ii. 
stricted.     Tire  affairs  of  the  chnrch  were  placed  in    pD.  i. 
the  hands  of  vestries, — coi-porations  who  held,  and    ^^-  ^ 
often  severely  used,  the  right  to  tax  the  whole  com-     ,^^ 
munity.     27te   assembly,  conqyosed  of  aristoa'ats^    people 
made    themselves    />er??^r/«e;zi?,    and    their    salaries ^'^"1',^^^°^ 
large.     The  right  of  sutlrage  was  unrestrained,  but    "ghts. 
the  power  of  electing  the  burgesses  being   taken 
away,   the  meetings  of  the  iVeemen  were  of  little 
avail ;  for  their  only  i-erflaining  right,  was  that  of  pe- 
tition. 

1.  A  shock  was  now  given,  by  which  even  the 
aristocracy  were  aroused.  Charles,  with  his  wonted 
prolligacy,  gave  away  Virginia  for  the  space  of 
thirty-one  years.  He  had,  immediately  on  his  ac- 
cession, granted  to  Sir  William  Berkeley,  Lord  Cul-  ,-^"^y. 
pepper,  and  others,  that  portion  of  the  colony  lying  for~3i 
between  the  Rappahannock  and  Potomac  ;  and  now,  .^^o 
to  the  covetous  Lord  Culpepper,  and  to  Lord  Ar- 
lington, another  needy  lavorite,  he  gave  the  whole 
province. 

8.  On  the  north,  the  Susquehannah  Indians,  driv- 
en by  the  Senecas,  from  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake, 

had  come  down,  and  having  had  provocation,  were  16V5. 
committing  depredations  ujjon  the  bank's  of  the  Po-    '^o*"" 
tomac.     John  Washington,  the  great  grandfather     ton.°^' 
of  the  hero  of  the  revolution,  with  a  brother,  Laav- 
KENCE  Washington,  had  emigrated  from  England, 
and  both  were  living  in  tlie  county  of  Westmoreland. 

9.  Six  of  the  Indian  chiefs  came  to  John  Wash- 
ington,   to   treat   of  peace,  he  being  colonel.     He  ^^.'^^n* 
wrongfully   put   them  to   death.     "  They  came   in    chiefa. 
peace,"  said    Berkeley,    "  and  I   would   have   sent 
thein  in  peace,  though  they  had  killed  my  flither 

and  mother."     Revenge  inflamed  the  minds  of  the 

6.  How  was  it  with  the  rights  of  the  people?  How  in  church 
matters?  What  was  done  by  tlie  assembly  ?  What  was  now  the 
right  of  suffrage  ? — 7.  What  did  king  Charles  give  away  ?  What 
portion  liad  he  granted  before?  To  whom  ?  To  wlioin  was  the 
whole  province  now  given? — 8.  Who  was  John  Wasiungton  ? 
What  Indians  were  troublesome  ? — 9.  What  provocation  had  Col- 
onel Washington  given  them  ?     What  said  Berkeley  ? 


90  EACOI^    AXD    III8    PAIITY. 

P'T.  II.  Rava2:os,  and  the  midiiiglit  war-whoop,  often   sum 
P'D.  I.   moiled     to    speedy   death    the    deleneeless   families 
on.  I.     Qj-  ■(_]|^,  frontier. 

--._,„        10.  The  people    desired    to  organize   for  self-de- 

The  *  fence  ;  and  in  a  pereniptoi-y  manner,  demanded  for 

pe<ip!e   tlieir  leader,  Nathaniel  Bacox,  a  popular  young 

Bacon    lawyer.     Jierkeley    refused.     New  murdei's    occur- 

thcir     J.^^l  .  liaeon  assumed  command,  and  with  his  follow 

ers,  depaited  for  the  Indian  war.     Bei-keley  declaix'd 

him  and  his  adherents  rebels. 

11.  Bacon  returned  successful  from  his  expedi- 
tion, and  was  elected  a  member  for  Heni-ico  county. 

Popular  Popular    liberty  prevailed,    and    laws  Avere   passed, 
preva'iL  '^v'ith   which    Berkeley  was    highly  displeased.     Ba- 
con,  fearinti;  treachery,  withdrew  to  tlie  couritry. 
The  people  rallied  around  him,  and  he  returned  to 
Jamestown,  at  the  head  of  live  hundred  armed  men. 

12.  Berkeley  met  them,  and  baring  his  breast, 
exclaimed,  "  A  fair  mark,  shoot !"  Bacon  declared 
that  he  came  only  for  a  commission,  their  lives  being 

Berk(>iey  in  danger  from  the  savages.  The  connnission  was 
Bacon,  issucd, — and  Bacon  again  departed  for  the  Indian 
warliu-e.  Berkeley,  in  the  mean  time,  withdrew  to 
the  sea-shore,  and  there  collected  numbers  of  sea- 
men and  royalists.  He  came  up  the  river  ^vith 
a  fleet,  landed  his  army  at  Jamestown,  and  airain 
proclaimed  Bacon  and  his  party,  rebels  andjtraitora. 

13.  Bacon  having  quelled  the  Indians,  only  a 
small  band  of  Ids  followers  remained  hi  arms. 
With  these  he  hastened  to  Jamestown,  and  Berkejey 

James-  fled  at  liis  appi-oach.  In  order  that  its  few  dwell- 
bnrnVhy  ings  should  uo  more  shelter  their  o})pressors,  the  in- 

Bacon'8  habitants  set  them  on  lire.  Then  h*aving  that 
endeared  and  now  desolated  si)ot,  they  pui'sued  the 
royalists  to  the  Kapi)ahannock,  M'here  the  Virgin- 
ians,   hitherto    of   Berkeley's   P'arty,  desei-ted,    and 

10.  Wliat  leader  did  tlic  people  choose?  Givii  some  account 
of  tiie  first  steps  ill  the  c-outention  between  tli3  people's  lender  an  J 
the  trovernor. — 11.  I'loeeed  with  tlie  aecoui'l. — 12  Continue  tlie 
relation. — 13.  Kelate  lliC  reniuiiiing'  events  liil  the  time  ofiUu'on's 
death. 


nnAN!)    Cnl'y.ClL    AT    ALIJAXY.      ■  91 

joiiic'il  ]'];!Coii's  slaiidard.  Ills  eTicmies  n'cre  at  his  ft.  ii. 
mercy;  but  his  evjiosui-e  to  the  night  :iir  had  in-  P"d.  i. 
(Itieed  disease,  and  he  died.  "^'^ 

14.  The  ]»:i!ty,  without  :i  leader,  broke  into  frao:-    Bftcon 
nieiits.     As  the  principal  adherents  of  J3acon,  hunted     '^^'^ 
and   made    jtrisoners,    were    one   by   one,    brought 
before   Berkeley,  he  adjudged  them,  M'ith  insulting 
taunts,  to  instant  deatli.     Thus  ])erished  twenty  of 

tlie  best  citizens  of  Virginia.  "The  old  fool,"  said 
Charles  II.,  who  seiit  hira  orders  to  desist,  "  lias 
shed  nioi'e  blood  than  I  did,  for  the  murder  of  mj 
father." 

15.  "Bacon's  rebellion" Was  extremely  injurioiis 

to   the   affairs  of  the  colony  in   England.     A  new  ,^,^_, 
charter,  wdiich  was  sent  over,  was  not  favorable  to  Lord  Cui- 
the  Virginians.     Lord  Culpepper  was  made  gover-  pei'per. 
nor  for  life.     lie  cared  not  wdiat  he  made  the  people  ,^g« 
suffer,  provided  he  could  gain  money  for  liimself     L^^^d  * 
LoKi)  Howard,  the  next  governor,  Avas  of  the  same  Howard, 
stamp. 

16.  It  was  at  tliis  period,  that  the  Five  Xations 
became  very  powerful.  Tliey  had  overcome  all  the 
surroxuiding  Indians,  and  menaced  the  whites.  This 
produced  a  grand  council  at  Albany,  in  which  Lord 
Howard,  and  Colonel  Dongan,  the  governor  of  with  the 
New  York,  together  with  delegates  from  the  nor-  ^-**^* 

,  .        -^  ,  1     '^  ,'     1        T-^-         -VT        ^Nations. 

tlrern  provinces,  met  the  sachems  ot  the  J^ive  iSa- 
tions.  The  negotiations  were  friendly;  and,  in  the 
figurative  language  of  the  Indians,  "  a  great  tree  of 
peace  was  planted." 

17.  Marylaxd.     Clayborne,  in  1645,  returned  to 
Maryland,   raised   an    insurrection,    and   compelled  ^g^f,.^ 
Governor  Calvert  to  lly  to  Virginia  for  safety.     The    tion  in 
rebellion  was,-  however,   quelled.     The  next  year, ^^''^'^'^ 
Calvert  returned,  and  quiet  was  restored. 

IS.  The  reign  of  Puritanism  in  England  was  dis-  . 

14.  Wliat  tlicu  liiiiipcnpil  to  lus -party  and  principal  followers? 
15.  How  did  Bacou's  rebellion  atfect  the  colony  in  Enirland  ? 
What  governors  w<ire  sen',  over? — IG.  What  Indians  became 
pnwcrfal  ?  What  C'.uneil  was  heli  .' — 17.  Who  made  trouble  in 
MaryLnd? 


92  TiiK  CATHOLICS  opi'ki:ssi:d. 

_P'T^  n^  astrons   to    Maryland.     Calvert,  the    governor    ap- 
P'D.  1.   pointed  by  the  proprietor,  was  obliged  to  sun-ender 
*^"'  "■    the  government ;  and  the  Catholics,  after  having  set- 
165t>   ^''*^''^  ^^^^  country,  were  shaniefully  pei'secuted  in  it, 
Catiioiics  by  the  English  authorities.     Clayborno  took  advan- 
ciiTeTin  ^'K^^  ^^'  t^'i'S  ^"d  with  JosiAS  Fkxdalt,,  made  a  fa- 
their(>wn  mous  "disturbance,"  of  which  little  is  now  known, 
province.  ^,^^.^.p^  ^}^j^l^  jj.  inv'olved  the  province  in   much   ex- 
pense, 

19.  Lord  Baltimore  was  restored  to  his  rights,  by 
Charles  II.,  but  he  died  soon  after.     His  son  and 

1675.  successor,   soon  found  himself  in  trouble  ;   for  the 

Death  of  English  Avould  not  allow  the  Catholics  of  Maryland 

Uoiore!  to  enjoy  any  political  rights.     At  the  same  time  the 

people  in  the  province,  wished  for  a  greater  shai'c  in 

the  government,  than  the  proprietor  would  grant. 

20.  James  II.,  who  succeeded  Charles,  was  a  Cath- 
olic, and  he  was  a  tyrant.  He  declared  that  thero 
should   be  no    charter   governments,    but   that   he 

16§8.  should    rule,  according    to  his  own  sovereign   will. 

MdMary.  ^^'^  opprcssious  wei'C  sucli,  that  his  people  in  Eng- 
land, and  even  his  own  family,  joined  against  him. 
They  placed  upon  the  thi-one,  his  daughter  Mary, 
with  her  husband,  Wilt.iam,  prince  of  Orange,  one 
of  the  ablest  statesmen  of  Europe. 


CHAPTER  II. 

New  York  settled  by  the  Dutch — Taken  by  the  English. 

1614.      ^-    ^^  ^^®^®   commence   with   the  early  coloni- 

Dntch    zation  of  a  State,  which  ranks  first  in  the  Union,  in 

*"f,',un*d'* respect  to  wealth  and  population.     In  1614,  a  com- 

N.  York,  pany  of  merchants  in  Holland,  fitted  out  a  squadron 

18.  What  did  he  take  adviintacre  of?  Who  was  with  liiin  ? 
"What  is  known  of  "  Fendall's  disturbance  ?"— 19.  Who  restored 
Lord  Bahimore  ?  What  grave  trouble  to  his  son  ?— 20.  Who  suc- 
ceeded Kinor  Charles  II.?  What  diil  lie  doehire  ?  How  did  the 
Enyiish  people  bear  liis  tyranny?     Wlio  succeeded  him? 

Chaptek  II. — 1.  In  what  respects  is  New  York  tlie  first  State  in 
the  Union  ? 


NEW    XKTIIKRLAXDS.  93 

of  several  shijis,  and  sent  them  totrarle  to  the  coun-  ft.  ii. 
try  which  Hudson  had  discovered.     They  construct-   p'd.  i. 
ed  a  rude  fort  on  ManJiattan  Island.     One  of  the    ^°-  "• 
captains,  Adrian   I5lok,  sailed    thronjih   tlie   f^ast 
ri\er,  and  ascertained  the  position  of  Long  Island. 
He  2>'>''>haJ>h/  d!.sroi;ered  Connecticut  ricer. 


2.  The  next  year  the  adventurers  sailed  up  ti 


10 


Hudson,  and  on  a  little  islarul,  just  helow  the  pres-     r„rt 
ent  position  of  Alhanv,  thev  built  a  small  fort,  nam-  ^^'^--''■^ 

I  »     -  »  '  '.0. 

\nir\tFort  Oratifie.     Afterwards  thev  chanfired  their   Aii^anv, 
location,  and  fixed  where  An)aMy  now  stands.  oun..ea. 

3.  Holland   was  distressed   by  internal   troubles; 

and  families  wishing  to  settle  in  the.new  world,  Avere  j  quo 
now  sent  ovei'.  Cottages  clustered  around  Manhattan       t' 
fort,  which   was  now  called  N'eio  Afnsterdctm,  and  16*21. 
the  country,  Xew  Netlierlands.     Peter  Mjxuets 
was  made  its  first  governor. 

In   1627,  an  envoy  was  sent  from  A^ew  Kef/ier- 
lands  to  New  Plymoutli ;    friendly  civilities  were    '^'".'''^^ 
intei-changed  ;  and  a  treaty  of  |)eace  and  commerce  Piigrinii 
was  made  between  the  Dutch  and  the  Pilgrims. 

4.  A  new  company  was  made  in  Holland,  styled 
"the  College  of  Nineteen."     Tliey  decreed,  that, 
whoever  should  conduct  fifty  families  to  New  Neth- 
erlands, tlie  name  now  given  by  the  Dutch  to  the  l^^^^* 
whole  country  between  Cape  Cod  and  Cape  May,  xi'nt^on 
should  become  the  patroon,  or  lord  of  the  manor  ;'^'^P'^^,  «' 
with  absolute  property  in  the  lands  he  should  col- 
onize, to  the  extent  of  eight  miles  on  each  side  of  the 

river  on  which  he  should  settle. 

5.  De  VraEs  conducted  from  Holland,  a  colony  I63i, 
which  settled  T^icistown.,  near  the  Delaware  ;  a  small     'i^|>'? 
fort  calfed  Nassau,  having  been  previously  erected    "tbl""' 
by  the  Dutch.     In  consequence  of  disagreements ^''^''^'"'^ 

1.  I'i'l  the  Diitcli  first  eo  there  as  traders,  or  as  settlers  ?  By 
wliotn  were  they  sent  ?  What  fort  ilid  they  first  huild  ?  Wliat 
discoveries  make? — 2.  What  was  tlieir  second  fort? — 3.  Wliy 
were  fiiii'.ilies  uow^  willing  to  leave  Ho'laiid?  Where  did  they  set- 
tle? Wiiat  name  sive  to  !hefort?  To  the  country  ?  Wlio  was 
tlie  first  crovernor?  Where  diil  they  send  an  envoy? — 4.  What 
ne-w  company  wiis  fonned  in  Holland?  What  did  they  decree  ? 
Q    Wliitt  coloijv  wii>  led  bv  De  Vries  ? 


94  KAKI.V    ^[OVKMKNTS    IS    D]:i,A\VARK. 

p'T.  II.  amontj  llie  c()]n])any  in  Ilollaiul,  Peter  Alinnets  re 
P'D.  I.    tui'iK'd,  li:i\ii!g  been  superseded  by  Waltku  V'an 
cii.  11.    ''rvrn.ij;!i.    Minuets  beciiine  the  leader  of  a  colony 
ot"  ►SwecU'S. 

0.  CJoviatxuK  IvKiFT,   A\lio   had    suceeeded   Va» 

Twiiler,    had    an    ineonsiderable    quarrel    with    the 

iNIanhattan  Indians.     Yet,  when  the  Mohawks  carat 

•  Keiifb*  down  upon  them,  they  collected  in  groups,  and  beg 

bnrb.-riiy  rrQ^\  \i\>^i  X.O  slicltcr  and  assist  them.     The  bavbavoua 

to  the     %•-•:>  1  •  1  .,  TTi 

natives,  lieitt  sout  his  ti'oops ;  and  at  mght  murdered  them 
all, — men,  women,  aiid  helpless  babes,; — to  the  num- 
ber of  a  hundred. 

7.  Indian  vengeance  awoke.     No  English  family 
within  ]-each  of  the  Algonquins  was  safe.   The  Dutch 
Keanc""  of ^^^^"^S^^  wcrc  iu  tiamcs  around,  and  the  people  tiee- 
the      ing  to  Holland.    In  New  England,  all  was  jeopardy 
"  "'"^"  and  alarm.   Tlie  L)uteh  troops  defended  themselves, 
having  placed  at  their  head.  Captain  Underbill,  who 
had  been  expelled  from  Massachusetts.  At  this  time, 
it  is  supposed,  occurred  a  bloody  battle  at  Strick- 
land's plain,  in  Greenwich,  Connecticut. — The  Mo- 
hawks v.'erc  friendly  to  the  Dutch,  and,  at  length, 
peace  was  made  by  their  interference. 
164§.       8.  Keift,  execrated  by  all  the  colonies,  Avas  re- 
Doath  of  nianded  to  Holland ;  and,  in  returning,  perished  by 
shipwreck  on  the  coast  of  Wales.  Stuyvksant,  who 
1650.  succeeded  to  his  office,  went  to  liarttbi'd  ;  and  there 
Stiiyve-  entered  into  necrotiations,  bv  which  the  Dutch  claims 
to  Connecticut  wei'c  rehnquished. 

9.  The  Dutch  had  built  Fort  Casimir  on  the  site 

1684.  <^^'  New  Castle,  in  Delaware.    The  Swedes  conceiving 

Swedes  this  to  be  an  encroachment  on  their  territory,  Rising, 

*"by"be^  their  governor,  by  an  unworthy  sti'atagem,  mads 

Dutch,   himself  its  master.     In  1655,  Stuyvesant,  acting  by 

orders  received  from  Holland,  embarked  at  Xew 

Amsterdam,  v>ith  six  hundred  men,  and  sailing  up 

5.   What  account  can  you  ffive  of  Peter  Minuets  ?   Wlio  'swas  th« 
next  povernorJ — G.    Wlio  the  next?     J!ow  did  he  treat  tlie  Iu 
dians .' — 7.  Wh;;t  wns  '.he  cunseqnenee  of  ifis  cruelty?     What  oc- 
oiincd  in  I  iiMnfcUcu:  ?— S.   Wluu  liappejieJ  to  Keift'     Who  wa» 
liis  bucceisor?     \\'h;'.t  JiJ  iie  do  ' 


16 15. 

Peace, 


Ni:\v  A>r.s'i'K;ir>AM  bkcomks  nkw  yokk.  95 

tlio  ]3el;iware,   })e    subjugated    the  Swedes,     New  pt.  ii. 
Swe'leu  was  1i('.t.V<1  of  ho  more  ;  but  the  settlers  were   pd.  l 
secui'ed  in  theii-  i-iirhts  of  jnivate  pro})erty  ;  and  their    •^"-  '^ 
deseeudauts  are  anionic  the  best  of  our  citizens. 

10,  Many  emi^-i-ants  now  came  to  Xew  Netlier- 
huids,  i'rom  anii-ii;^  the  o|»})ressed,  the  discontented, 
and  the  enterprising  of  other  colonies,  and  of  Euro- 
pean  nations.     At  length  tlie  inhabitants  sought  a  1654. 
share  of  pohtical  power.     They  assembled,  and  by    p^'p% 
tlieir  delegates,  demanded  that  no  laws  should  beci-uncirii 
passi.'d,    except    with    the    consent   of   the    people.    "^'"'^ 
Stuyvesaut  treated  tiie  request  rudely,  and  dissolved 

the  assembly. 

11,  But   i)opular  liberty,   though   checked   here, 
prevailed  in  the  adjoining  provinces;  and  they  con- 
sequently.ifrew  more  rapidly,  and  crowded  upon  the 
Dutch,,    The  Indians  made  war  upon  some  of  tlieir 
villages,  es])ecially  Esopus,  now  Kingston  ;  and  Xew     ^1ew 
Netherlands  could  not  obtain  aid  from  Holland,  The  ^f^^,^^' 
States  General  had  given  the  whole  concern  into  the  troubled, 
hands  of  "the  Nineteen,"  and  they  refused  to  make 
nei'dful  advances, 

12,  Charles  II.  having  granted  to  his  brothei 
James,  then  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  the  territo- 
ry from  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  to  those  of  the 
Delaware,    Siu   Robep.t   Nichols    was   dis])atched 

with  a  fleet  to  take  possession,     lie  sailed  to  New  N.  Am- 

Amstei-<lain,  and  suddenly  demanded  of  the  aston-  ^suJi-en^ 

islied  Stuyvesant,  to  give  up  the  place.     He  would  j)^^^'] 

h:Me  defended  his  ])ost  if  he  could.     But  the  bodv  Endish. 

of  the  people,  preferred  the  English  rule  to  that  ol  1%^^' 
the  Dutch;    the  privileges  of  Englishmen,  having 
been  promised  them.     Nichols,  therefore,  entered, 


9.  (Jive  an  account  of  tlie  contest  bet«-een  the  Swedes  and 
Dutch. — 10.  Kv  what  yiersons  were  their  numbers  in  New  Neth- 
erlands increased?  Wliat  did  tlie  peojile  now  seek  <  How  did 
the  srovcrnor  treat  them  ?— 11.  Which  prospered  most,  tlie  phices 
wliere  tho  people's  rights  were  respected,  or  those  where  thcv  were 
not  ?  What  troubles  were  made  by  the  Indians?— 12.  What  ter- 
ritory was  eranted  ?  To  whom?  "Whom  did  he  send  to  take  the 
country  ?    What  were  the  circumstances  of  the  surrender? 


96 


PEN.NSVLVAXIA. 


FT.  fi.  took  possession  in  the  name  ot"  his  master,  and  called 

P'D.  I.    the  i^lace  Npad  York. 

cii  in.        j3_  ^  j^j^j.^.  f^f  ^],g  Knsrlish  ileet,  under  Sir  George 

Caktkrkt,  sai]e<l   u|)  tlie   Hudson  to   Foit    Orange, 

q^,lP      whicli    surrendered   and   was  named  Albany.     The 

Du(<;b    Dutch  fort  on  the  Delaware  was  also  taken  by  the 

s'lirm!"  Eii,l,''lish.     The  rights  of  property   were   respected, 

dered.    ;iiid  a  treaty  was  made  with  the  F'ive  Nations.    The 

tc/iole  line  of  coast.,  from  Acadia  to  Florida.,  v:as 

nov!)  iti  possession  of  the  English. 


CHAPTER  III. 

Pennsj'lvania  and  its  Fouuder. 

,   1.  William  Pexn,  the  great  and  good  man,  to 
1644.  wliom  Pennsylvania  owes  its  origin,  was  the  son  of 
Peii'n's"  Vice  Admiral  Sir  William  Penn  ;  and  was  born  in 
birth,  &c  Lon(jQn,  in  1644.     To  provide  a  place  for  his  per- 
secuted brethren,  of  the  denomination  of  Friends, 
or  Quakers,   was  the   leading  object  in  his  mind, 
when  he  planned  a  new  emigi'ation  to  America. 

2.  His  father  had  left  claims  to  the  amount  of  six- 
teen thousand  pounds  against  the  crown  ;  and  Penn, 
finding  that  there  Avas  a  tract  yet  ungranted,  north 
Marcii  4!  of  Lord  Baltimore's  patent,  solicited  and  obtained 
Patent  of  of  Charles  II.  a  charter  of  the    country.     It    was 
vanii  '  bounded  east  by  the  Delaware,  extending  westward 
through  five  degrees  of  Longitude,  and  stretching 
from  twelve  miles  north  of  New  Castle,  to  the  4'2d 
degree  of  latitude.     It  was  limited  on  the  south  by 
a  circle  of  twelve  miles,  drawn  around  New  Castle, 
to  the  beginning  of  the  fortieth  degree  of  north  lati- 
tude.     The  king  gave  to  the  country  the  name  of 
Pen^'Svlvania. 

13.  Wliat  other  places  were  taken  hy  the  E;itr'ish  ? 

CuAPTKR  III. —  1.  What  kind  of  person  was  Wilham  I'enn?  Of 
■wliieh  of  tlie  States  is  he  the  fouuder?  Give  uk  iiccouui  of  his  hirtii 
and  parentat^e.  What  was  his  nmtive  in  phii!t:n<r  a  new  colony  ? 
2.  Of  whom  did  Penn  cbtidn  a  srrant  ?  Wliat  eUiini  I'ad  he  against 
the  ci'ovvu  ?    Wliat  was  tiie  extent  of  I'lMui'o  first  patent '. 


pkxn's  arrival.  97 

3.  Soon  after  the  date  of  tiiis  grant,  two  othor  pt.  il_ 
convevances  were   made  to  Penn,  bv  the  Duke  of  p  d.  .. 
York ;  one  of  which  embraced  tlie  present  State  •>!    *^°-  '"• 
Delaware,  and  was  called  the   "Territories;"    the ,''^'^'-;a'f'» 
other  released  all  claims  to  Pennsylvania, 

4.  Penn  prepared  a  liberal  constitution  of  civil 
government,  for  those  who  should  become  his  colo- 
nists.   ILaving  sent  out  three  ships,  loaded  -^nth  emi-  s-r-.  3. 
grants,  and  consigned  to  the  care  of  his  nephew.  16§'J. 
Colonel  Markham,  he  left  Chester  on  board  the     from* 
Welcome,  and  with  one  hundred  settlers,  sailed  for  *^"^;*'' j° 
his  pro\T.nce, — his  benevolent  heart  full  of  hope  and 
courage, 

5.  He  landed  at  Xew  Castle,  and  was  joyfiilly  re- 
ceived by  the  Swedes  and  Dutch,  now  amounting  to  ^r„_j..  ^ 
two  or  three  thousand.    The  next  dav,  at  their  court-     x.-w 
house,  he  received  from  the  agent  of  the  Duke  of  oct  ^s' 
York,  the  surrender  of  the  "  Territories,"    He  then, 

witli  Itlended  dignity  and  affection,  assured  the  de- 
lighted throngs,  that  their  rights  siiould  be  respect- 
ed, and  their  happiness  regarded. 

6.  lu  honor  ot  his  friend,  the  duke,  he  next  visit-   NTsmes 
ed  Xew  York;  but  immediatelv  returnins:,  he  went  c.-^ter. 
to  U]iland,  Mhich  he  named  Che-stiir.     Here  a  ]iart  ^"''■** 
of  the  pioneers,  with  Markham,  had  begun  a  settle-    p^^.,  4 
ment ;  and  here  Penn  called  the  first  asi^erahJy.     It  '^^j'?  -j^t 
consisted  of  an  equal  number  from  the  province  and  ^'- ■^'^""'^ 
the  "  Territories."  By  its  fii-st  act,  all  the  inhabitants,  Chcs-^r. 
of  whatever  extraction,  were  naturalized, 

7.  Penn  was  the  tirst  legislator,  whose  criminal 
code  admitted  the  humane  principle,  that  the  object 
of  punishment  is  not  merely  to  prevent  crinie,  but  to 
reform  the  offender.     Hence,  his  code  seldom  pun-       ^, 
ished  with  death.   The  assembly  sat  three  days,  and  i'v.r^^%yt 
passed  fifty-nine  laws ;    an  evidence,  that  the  time  ^^  ''"*^ 

3.  What  other  conveyances  were  made  to  him? — 4.  Hotv  d; '. 
Peim  prnpoe  to  treat  his  settlers  in  respect  to  governmen:  I 
Wliom  liii  he  send  from  England  before  he  sailed  ?  Ffoih  w..;.: 
place  did  he  sail  ■  lu  wiiat  vessel  ?  With  how  many  ? — 9.  What 
R'ere  t)ie  circiiMi-taiiees  of  his  firAt  arrival  '. — 6.  What  place  did  he 
(lexT  visit ;  Where  jro  on  \jis  retnrn  ?  What  was  done  in  Chester  ? 
7.   Wiiat  principle  ic  iegisiation  was  I'euu  the  first  to  teach  ? 

o 


98  E.\'i;KUY    AND    JJKNKVOLKNCIi:. 

_FT.  II.  which  belonged  to  tlie  public,  was  not  here  coiisuni 

P'D.  I.    ed,  either  in  })ersonal  abuse,  or  pompous  declamation. 

cu.  III.        g_  i>(>im  j,^^>xt  ])aid  a  visit  of  friendship  and  busi- 

Penn    ness  to  Lord  Baltimore,  at  AVest  lliver.     Though 

Lord 'bbI- they   (liifered  on  the   question  of  boundaries,  yet 
timoro.  friendly  feeling  pervaded  the  interview. 

9.  Penn  had  given  to  Colonel  Markhara,  who  pre- 
ceded him,  directions,  that  the  natives  should  be 
treated  kindly,  and  fairly ;  and  accordingly  no  land 
had  been  entered  upon,  but  by  their  consent.  They 
had  also  been  notified  that  Penn,  to  whom  they  gave 

meets  the  the  name  of  Onas,  was  to  meet,  and  establish  with 
chiefs!  ^^^cm,  a  treaty  of  perpetual  peace.  On  the  morning 
of  the  appointed  day,  under  a  huge  elm  at  Shacka- 
maxon,  now  a  suburb  of  Philadelphia,  the  Indian 
chiefs  gathered  from  every  direction,  to  see  Penn, 
and  to  hear  his  words ;  which  they  regarded  as  those 
of  an  angel. 

10.  Penn  gave  them  wise  instructions,  and  solemn- 
ly appealed  to  the  Almighty,  that  it  was  the  ardent 
desire  of  his  heart  to  do  them  good.  "  He  would  not 
call  them  brothers  or  children,  but  they  should  be  to 

jgg2^him  and  his,  as  half  of  the  same  body."  The  chiefs 
Makes'a*  then  gavc  their  pledge  for  themselves,  and  for  their 
ofpea^e.  bribes,  "  to  live  in  lo\'e  with  him  and  his  children, 
as  lon<j:  as  the  sun  and  moon  should  endure."  The 
treaty  was  then  extecuted,  the  chiefs  putting  down 
the  emblems  of  thmr  several  tribes.  The  purchases 
of  Markhan^Jrt^ere  confirmed,  and  othei's  made. 

11.  All 6^'  this,  Penn  went  to  a  villa,  which  his 
nephew  had  built  for  his  residence,  opposite  the  site 

_      ,     of  Burling-ton,  and  called  Pennsbury.  Here  he  crave 

Penn  lays  - .  .        ^  ,.      ' ,       .  •',  .         "       ^ 

ontami  du-ectious  tor  laymg  out  towns  and  counties;  and 
PwiTdoi-  ^^^  conjunction  with  the  surveyor,  Holme,  drew  the 
phia.    plan  of  his  capitiil ;  and  in  the  spiiit  of  "  brotherly 
love,"  named  it  Puiladelpiiia. 

7.  Wliat  can  yoa  say  of  the  Inbor.s  done  by  the  assembly?  Of 
wlu'it  w;is  this  iui  evidence? — 8.  Wliom  did  Penn  visit? — 9.  How- 
did  he  direct  tliat  tlie  natives  should  be  treated  ?  Of  what  had 
they  been  notified  ?  (-Jive  an  account  of  tlie  nieetinir. —  lO.  What 
di^l  I'enn  s!iy  to  tl;c  chiefs?  IIovv  did  the  chiefs  respond ?  Was 
a  U-eaty  made  i—H.  \V  hat  did  Puna  after  this  ? 


PilNN  S    DEPAKTUKE.  99 

12.  Vessels  came  fast  with  new  settlers,  until  pt.ii. 
twenty-two,  bearing  two  thousand  persons,  had  ar-   pd.  l 
rived.   Some  came  so  late  in  the  fall,  that  they  could    ^^  ""• 
not  be  provided  with  house-room  in  the  rude  dwell-  rpj^^^j, 
ings  of  the  new  city :  and  "  the  caves"  were  dug  in  of  settlers, 
the  banks  of  the  river  to  receive  them.    Providence 

fed  them, — by  flocks  of  pigeons,  and  the  fisli  of  the 
rivers ;  and  the  Indians,  regarding  them  as  the  chil- 
dren of  Onas,  hunted  to  bring  them  game.  The 
season  was  unusually  mild. 

13,  Penn  had  left  beyond  the  ocean  his  beloved 
family.  Letters  from  England  spoke  of  the  sufferings 
of  his  quaker  brethren,  and  he  believed  that  he  might 
exercise  an  influence  there,  to  check  persecution,  ^gg^. 
He  embarked  on  the  fourth  of  August ;  and  wrote     Penn 
on  board  the  ship  an  affectionate  adieu  to  his  prov-  *™^^^ 
ince,  which  he  sent  on  shore  before  he  sailed.     He  England. 
said,  "And  thou,  Philadelphia,  virgin  of  the  prov- 
ince !   my  soul  prays  for  thee ;  that,  faithful  to  the 

God  of  thy  mercies,  in  the  life  of  righteousness,  thou 
mayest  be  preserved  unto  the  end !" 


CHAPTER  IV. 

New  Jersey — its  settlement,  and  various  claimants. 
1,  PnEviors  to  the  surrender  of  the  Dutch,  the 


1664. 


Duke  of  York  made  a  grant,  of  that  part  of  his  pat- 
ent lying  between  the  Hudson  and  Delaware,  to 
Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  This 
tract  was  called  JSfetc  Jersey^  in  compliment  to  Sir 
George,  who  had  been  governor  of  the  isle  of  Jersey,  jjij^abeth 

2,   In    1664,  before  the  grant  to  Berkeley  and    town 
Carteret  was  known,  three  persons  from  Long  Isl-  oi^s^y^^f 
and  purchased  of  the  natives  a  tract  of  the  country,     <Jed. 

12.  What  can  you  say  of  new  settlers  ? — 13.  Why  did  Fenn  re- 
turn ?     When  did  he  embark  ?     What  send  on  shore  ? 

Chapter  IV. — 1.  What  grant  was  made  ?  By  whom  ?  To  whom  ? 
What  was  the  country  called? — 2.  Who  had  made  a  previous 
setiler>''eiit? 


100  TENN    ACriVK    IN   NEW   JERSEY   AFFAIRS.       ' 

FT.  II.  which  was  called  Elizabethtown.,  where  a  settlement 
P'D.  I.   was  commenced.  Other  towns  were  soon  settled  by 
OH.  IT.    emigrants  from  the  colonies,  and  from  Europe.  Thus, 
L665.  opposite  claims  were  created,  which  caused  much 
discord  between  the  proprietor  and  inhabitants.   In 
1665,  Berkeley  and  Carteret  formed  a  constitution 
for  the  colony,  and  appointed  Philip  Carteret  gov- 
ernor.    He  made  Elizabethtown  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. 

3.  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  at  first,  held  the  prov- 
ince as  joint  property;  but  the  former,  becoming 

1669.  weary  with  the  care  of  an  estate,  which  yielded  him 

Berkeley  neither  honor  nor  pi'ofit,  sold  his  share  to  Edward 

*ri'*hL'  BiLLiNGE.    That  gentleman,  on  being  involved  in 

debt,  found  it  necessary  to  assign  his  property  for 

the  benefit  of  his  creditors;  and  William  Penn  was 

one  of  his  assignees. 

4.  New  Jersey  was  now  jointly  held  by  Sir  George 
Carteret,  and  Penn  as  agent  for  the  assignees  of  Bil- 

Penn  Hnge.  But  Penn  perceiving  the  inconvenience  of 
jj^^'JJ'^.  hoi  ding  joint  property,  it  was  mutually  agreed  to 
sey  to  b«  separate  the  country  into  East  and  West  Jersey ; 

ivided.  Qai-^gj-et  receiving  the  sole  proprietorship  ot'East  Jer- 
sey, and  Penn  and  his  associates,  that  of  West  Jersey. 

5.  Penn  divided  West  Jersey  into  one  hundr^di.' V*  S^; 
shares,  which  were  separately  disposed  of;  and  th6n,  ^ 
in  that  spirit  of  righteousness,  whereby  he  won  the 
confidence  of  all,  he  drew  up  the  articles  called  "the 
concessions."   liy  these,  the  proprietors  ceded  to  the 

The  "  con- pJiinters,  the  privileges  of  free  civil  government;  ex- 
oessions."  pressly  declaring,"  we  put  the  power  in  the  people." 
Religion  was  left  fiee,  and  imprisonracTit  for  debt 
prohibited.  In  two  years,  eight  hundred  new  settlers 
came  over,  mostly  qnakers;  persons  of  excellent 
character,  and  good  condition. 

2.  From  wlience  were  other  towns  soon  settled  ?  Did  they  nil 
agree?  What  was  done  in  1665?— 3.  Wliieh  of  the  two  proprie- 
tors Bold  his  shuro  ?  To  wiioml  How  came  Wiilium  Penu  to 
have  a  hand  in  Jersey  afFiiirs? — 4.  Kcnw  was  New  Jersey  now 
held  ?  How  and  why  wa.s  it  divided  ? — 5.  How  did  Penn  proceed 
in  regard  to  West  Jersey  ? 


^"■' 


.i"!^*. 

'i^ 


KEW  JERSEY    BETTLEMENT8   PKOSPEE.  101 

6.  In  1682,  East  Jersey,  the  property  of  Carteret,  ft.  ii. 
being   exposed  to  sale,  Penn,  as  agent  for  twelve   p'd.  l 
quakers,  purcliased  it.  In  1683,  these  twelve  propri-   ™''^- 
etors  doubled  their  number,  and  obtained  a  new  ^?^'* 
patent  from  the  Duke  of  York.  kersbuy 

7.  East  Jersey  was  now  free  from  religious  intol-  j^' 
crance.  This  was  the  era  of  those  civil  wars  of  Great 
Britain,  in  which  the  English  royal  officers  hunted 
the  Cameronian  Scots  like  wild  beasts.  Hundreds 
of  the  sufferers  now  came  to  East  Jersey,  and  there, 
bringing  their  industrious  and  frugal  habits,  tliey 
"Were  blessed  with  security,  abundance,  and  content, 

8.  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  when  governor  of  New 
York,  mider  pretence  of  the  claims  of  the  Duke  of  ^^^  j^ 
York,  usurped  the  government  both  in  East  and     the 
"West  Jersey.    He  laid  a  tax  upon  all  goods  import-    ^"^^ 
ed,  and  upon  the  property  of  all  who  came  to  settle 
in  the  country. 

9.  Penn  received  complaints  of  these  abuses,  and 
with  such  strength  of  argument  opposed  the  claims  !>«„„  {J* 
of  the  duke,  that  the  commissioners,  to  whom  the  thero  aiao. 
case  was  referred,  adjudged  the  duties  to  be  illegal 
and  oppressive:   in  consequence  of  which,  in  1680 
they  were  removed,  and  the  proprietors  reinstated 

'"^V  injthe  government. 
^I*l0.    Edward   Billinge  was   appointed   by  the 
proprietors,  governor ;  and  in  the  next  year,  1681, 
he  summoned  the  first  general  assembly  held  in  West    p,^j 
Jersey.   In  1682,  the  people,  by  the  advice  of  Penn,  grenenJ 
amended  their  government.  Contrary  to  the  wishes "*^™'*'r* 
of  the  proprietors,  the  next  yeai",  they  proceeded  to 
elect  their  oAvn  governor. 

6.  How  did  Penn  come  to  have  any  thing  to  do  with  East  Jer- 
sey? How  did  Eiist  Jersey  proprietors  now  proceed  ? — 7.  What 
viis  tlie  state  of  this  colony  ?  Whs  cmne  to  it?— 8.  What  did  Sir 
Edmund  Andros?— 9.  Wiiat  did  William  Penn?— 10.  Whonidid 
the  proprietors  appoint?  What  did  Billinfre  in  1C81  ?  What  did 
the  people  the  next  year?    The  next  after  this  ? 


102  THE   DOWNFALL   OF  A   CHIEF. 

CHAPTER  V, 

Miantonomoli — Rhode  Tsland  fln(rConne«*icut  obtain  Charters—* 
Elliot,  the  Apos|^e%J^0'rlndiaDS. 

FT.  iL       1.  DuEiNO  the  reign  of  Paritanisin  in  England, 
FD.  L  the  New  England  Colonies  enjoyed  a  happy  season 
OH.  V.    Qf  liberty  and  peace.     This  was  occasionally  inter- 
rupted by  fears   of  the   savages,   who   sometimes 
manifested  their  wai'like  propensities.     Sometimes 
they  attacked  and  destroyed  each  other. 

2.  Miantonomoli  sought  the  life  of  Uncas,  because 
he  Avas  aware,  that  he  could  not  make  him  unite  in 

1G43.  a  conspiracy,  which   he  was    exciting   against  tho 

*noinoh  whites.     A  Pequod.whom  he  hired,  wounded  the 

eeeks  tho  Mohegan  chief,  and  than  fled  to  him  for  protection. 

UDcas.   He  refused  to  surrender  the  assassin  to  the  demand 

of  the  court  at  Hartford,  but  dispatched  him  with 

his  OAvn  hand. 

3.  Mlantonomoh    drew  out   his  wartiors  openly 
,.  y         against  Uncas,  in  violation  of  a  treaty,  to  which  the 

But  loses  authovites  of  Connecticut  were  a  party.    Uncas  met 
taia own.^,jj^  vanquished  him  by  a  stratagem,  and  toolchlj^ 
prisoner;  but  he  resigned  him  to  the  court.  '^' 

deliberated — and  then  returned  the  noble  savai 
his  captor.    Uncas  killed  him, — Avithout  tortm-e^; 
with  circumstances  of  cannibal  barbarity. 

4.  Roger  Williams  Avas  now  the  Father  of  Rhode 
Island,  as  he  had  formerly  been  the  Founder.     He 
twice  crossed  the  ocean,  and  at  length  succeeded  in 
obtaining  a  charter^  induding  tlie  islands^  and  con- 
firming the  limits  of  the  State,  as  the]/  ?iow  exist. 

R.  Island  l^^^^dc  Island,  if  not  great  in  territory,  is  rich,  in  the 
first  In   fame  of  having  been  the  first  to  set  the  example, 
frewiom  since  followed  by  the  nation  at  large,  of  entire  "  soul- 
liberty"  in  matters  of  religion. 

Chaptkr  v. — 1.  How  did  the  reign  of  Puritanism  in  Enfrlnnd 
affect  New  Enshuul  ? — 2.  Give  nn  account  of  the  beginning  ofliie 
war  between  Miantonomoh  and  Uncus. — 3.  Of  the  close  of  llio 
contest. — 4.  What  cimrter  was  obtained  ior  Rhode  Island  ?  Foi 
what  is  Rhode  Island  dii>tiuguished  1 


)'.A^j...L^i&.'^[.>L4-«^^....\U!  './.  -.  ..  AMT.-  •..  -lift  •  iiytfTrM'l^^^rttA'ii 


.    ciiAiiTjais.  103 

5.  When  Charles  II.  was  restored,  his  power  pt.  ii. 
was  acknowledged  in  New  England ;  but  the  colo- "td^T" 
nies  had  melancholy  forebodings.     Yet  the  authori-    ch.  y. 
ties  of  Connecticut,  by  the  eminent  John  Wintuiiop, 
son  of  the  lirst  governor  of  Massachusetts,  even  at  _  _^„ 
this  dillicult  period,  siiccecto^l'iilly  applied  to  the  court     The 
of  England  for  a  charter.     They  plead,  that  they  T""""^' 
had  obtained  their  lands,  by  purchase,  from  the  na-  obteinsT 
tives,  and  by  conquest  from  the  Pequods,  who  made  «'■?"«'■''<" 
on  them  a  war  of  extermination ;  and  they  had  min- 
gled both  their  blood  and  their  labor  with  the  soil. 

0.   Winthrop  appeared  belbre  the  king  with  such  , 
a  gentle  dignity  of  cariiage,  and  such  appropriate 
conversation,  as  won  ihe  royal  liivor.     It  is  said  ho 
brought  to  the  mind  of  Charles  some  interestuig  rec-  winthrop 
ollections,  by  the  present  of  a  ring,  which  had  been  *^^* 
given  to  his  grandfather  as  a  pledge,  by  an  ancestor 
of  the  monarch. 

7.  The  ki?ig  ffranted  a  liberal  c/iarter,  xchich  in- 
cluded New  Haven.     That  province,  however,  had 
not  been  consulted,  and  justly  lelt  aggrieved;  as  a 
relinquishment  of  its  separate  existence  was  thereby  i60(S. 
required.     But  at  length,  the  great  expediency  of    Now 
the  measure  becoming  fully  apparent,  tlie  union  of  n'ited 
New  Haven  with  Gonnecticut  was  completed.  Wm-    ^'* 
throp  was  chosen  governor.    He  received  seventeen 
annual  elections. 

8.  Colonel  Nichols,  who  Avas  sent  over  to  command 
the  expedition  against  New  Netherlands,  was  one  of 
four  commissioners,  who  had  been  apjjointed  My  the 
king,  not  only  lor  conquering  the  Dutch,  but  for  Nichoii, 
humbling  the  colonies.     The  people  felt  much  ag- ^'J**^^ 
grieved.    Massachusetts  resisted   every  exercise  of    CaVt- 
tlieu-  power,  and  two  of  their  number,  Carr  and  '"^^^ 
Cart  Wright,  left  the  country  in  high  displeasure. 

5.  By  whom  did  the  people  of  Connecticut  apply  for  a  charter? 
■\Vliut  reusons  did  tlicy  plead? — 6.  Jiow  did  Wiutlirop  bohiive? 
7.  VVliiit  kind  of  a  clinrter  was  obtained  i  JJow  w«s  it  with  respect 
to  Kcw  Jlavon?  Wlio  wns  cliofiii  povornor? — 8.  Wimt  can  you 
My  of  (Colonel  Niciiolw  ?  How  di'.l  the  people  feel  ?  Which  col- 
ony resisted  ?    What  did  two  of  the  coniuiisaiouers  ? 


104: 


JOIIiSr    ELLIOT. 


r'T.  n.       9.  This  -was  the  period  of  the  labors  of  Joiix  El- 
FU.  L   LTOT,  called  the  apostle  of  the  Indians.     He  beheld 
eii.  V.    ^yj^]-,  pi^y  ^\^  ignorance  and  spiritual  darkness  of  the 
J.  Elliot  '^^"^■3^»es,  and  determined  to  devote  hhnself  to  their 
conversion.     He  first  spent  some  years  in  the  study 
of  their  language.     The  General  Court  of  the  prov- 
ince passed  an  order,  requesting  the  clergy  to  report 
1646.  the  best  means  of  spreading  the  Gospel  among  the 
Elliot's   natives ;  and  Elliot  took  this  occasion  to  meet  with 
in?  witii  the  Indians  at  Nonantum,  a  few  miles  west  of  Boston. 
Indians.  ^^^  meetings  for  religious   worship  and   discourse 
were  held,  whenever  favorable  opportunities  could 
be  found  or  made. 

10.  His  efforts  to  teach  the  natives  the  arts  and 
usages  of  civilized  life,  were  also  imremitted  and 
arduous  ;  "  for  civility,"  it  was  said,  "  must  go  hand 
in  hand  with  Christianity."     These  efforts  and  their 

Indians  effects,  exhibit  the  children  of  the  forest  in  a  most 
convere  •  jfitgi-gg^ing  point  of  view,  and  show  the  transform- 
ing power  of  the  Gospel.  Their  dispositions  and 
lives  underwent  a  real  change.  Some  of  their  num- 
bers became  teachers,  and  aided  in  the  conversion 
of  others. 

11.  In  1655,  Elliot  had  completed  his  translation 
of  the  New  Testament  into  the  Indian  language, 
and  in  two  years  more  the  Old  was  added.     Thus 

1657  the  mighty  labor  of  learning  the  difficult  tongue  of 

Elliot  *  the  Indians,  of  making  from  its  oral  elements,  a  writ- 

his^trHns-*^®"^  language,  and  that  of  translating  the  whole  Bi- 

latioa    ble,  was,  by  zeal  and  persevering  labor,  accomplished. 

Bibia    It  was  the  first  Bible  piinted  in  America.   But  both 

the  Indian  and  his  language  are  now  extinct,  and 

Elliot's  Bible  is  a  mere  literary  curiosity. 

1674.      12.  In  16*74,  there  were  fourteen  towns  of  "pray- 

fpiaying^"o  Indians,"  and  six  gathered  churches.  The  Indian 

Indians,  couvcrts  had  mucli  to  encounter.    Their  great  chiefs 

9.  Wluit  was  John  Eiliot  called  ?  Give  an  account  of  tlie  be- 
g'iniiins?  of  his  labors. — 10.  Did  Elliot  teach  the  natives  any  tliin? 
but  religion?  What  success  hud  lie? — 11.  What  great  labor  diil 
Elliot  perform  in  respect  to  the  Bible? — 13.  How  many  towns 
were  tjiere  of  the  '•  Prayings  Indians?" 


THE    GEEAT   INDIAN   CHIEF. 


105 


CH,  YZ 


Lated  Christianity.  Although  it  made  their  subjects  p^.il 
willing  to  do  the  right,  yet  it  set  them  to  reflect, —  pd. l 
and,  tlius  to  find  out,  that  there  was  a  right  for  them 
to  /i((ce,  as  well  as  to  do.  This  tended  to  subvert  the 
absolute  ai-bitrary  sway,  which  the  sachem,  howevei 
he  might  allow  it  to  slumber,  did  actually  possess ; 
and  which  he  natui-ally  felt  unwilling  to  relinquish. 
Of  these  chiefs,  Philip  of  Pokanoket,  was  peculiarly 
the  foe  of  the  Christian  reliirion. 


King  Philip's  War  ■ 


CHAPTER  VI. 

■  Destruction  of  the  Narragansetts  and 
Pokanokets. 


1.  Phflip  was  the  younger  of  the  two  sons  of 
Massasoit.  He  had  become  embittered  against  the 
Englisli,  by  tlie  death  of  his  brother,  which  he  ascrib- 
ed to  them ;  and  though  he  was  thus  left  sole  chief- 
tain of  the  Pokanokets,  yet  he  deeply  felt  his  loss, 
and  bitterly  resented  it. 

2.  The  extension  of  the  English  had  alarmed  the 
savage  nations.  The  new  race,  whon  their  fathers 
received,  when  a  poor  and  feeble  band,  were  now 
gradually  spreading  themselves  over  the  land,  and 
assuminof  to  be  its  sovereicrns.  But  the  natives  were 
yet  numerous,  and,  by  union,  they  might  extirpate 
the  whites,  and  regain  the  country.  Thus  thought 
Philip,  as  he  secretly  plotted,  to  bring  to  pass,  his 
cruel  designs. 

3.  The  Narragansetts,  so  long  friendly,  were  now 
under  tlie  rule  of  Coxanchet,  the  son  of  Miantono- 
moh  ;  and  doubtless  he  remembered  the  benefits 
which  his  father  had  bestowed  upon  the  whites,  and 
their  refusal  to  hear  his  last  plea  for  mercy. 

12.  What  feelinirs  and  opinions  had  the  great  chiefs?  Who  in 
particular  was  hostile? 

CiiAPTicR  VI. — 1.  Why  was  Philip  embittered  against  the  Eng- 
lish ?— 2.  Wiiat  alarmed  the  savages?  What  did  Philip  think 
and  do  '. — 3.  Wlio  w;is  Coaanehet?  What  was  his  disposition 
towar'Js  the  English  ? 


Philip's 
resent- 
ment. 


Indiana 
jealous 

and 
hostile. 


106 


KI^'^,  riHLii'  s  war. 


_P"T.  IL_  4.  Sausajian,  one  of  the  natives  whoni  Elliot  had 
P'D.  I.  iiKstructed  in  Christianit},  gave  to  the  English  inti- 
*^"-"*''-  mations  or"  Philip's  designs.  Sausanian  was  soon 
Siuisa-   ^fter  murdered.     On  in\estigation,    the    Plymouth 

man's  (lis- court    I'oiind    that    the    murtler  was  committed  by 
'^Tmi^    tliree  of  Philip's  most  intimate  friends;  and  forth 
deaih.    -vvith  they  caused  tliem  to  be  executed. 

5.  On  tlie  20th  of  June,  Philip's  exasperated  war- 
riors attacked  Sicansey^  in  New  Plymouth.  The 
colonists  appeared  in  defence  of  the  place,  and  the 

-  ^.^  »   Indians  fled.    The  Enaclish  force  marched  into  the  In 

June  u.  dian  towns,  which,  on  their  approach,  were  deserted. 

Swansey  But  the  routc  of  the  savaixes  Avas  marked  by  the  ruins 

'  of  buildings,  which  had  been  burned,  and  by  the  heads 

and  hands  of  the  English,  which  were  fixed  upon  poles 

by  the  wayside.     The  troops,  finding  that  they  could 

not  overtake  them,  i-eturned  to  Swansey. 

6.  The  little  congress  of  tiie  colonies,  meeting  at 
Boston,  were  unanimous  in  deciding  that  the  war 
must  be  prosecuted  with  vigor ;  and  each  colony 

The^Oo^ii-  fuHiish  uicans,  according  to  its  ability.  Of  the 
gre-^s  thousand  men  which  they  determined  to  send  imme- 
army.  diately  into  the  tield,  Mas^^achusetts  was  to  furnish 
five  hundred  and  twenty-seven,  Connecticut  three 
hundred  and  titteen,  :nid  Plymouth  one  hundred 
and  fifty-eiglit.  Subseq;iently  the  commissioners 
voted  to  raise  double  this  iiuniber. 

7.  The  army  was  sent  from  Swansey  into  the 
country   of   the    Narragansetts,    and    negotiating, 

Uie'ifa!-  sword  in  hand,  with  tluit  confederacy,  on  the  loth 

to  make  of  July,  a  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded.     It  was 

peace.    g^ip^]j,t<.(j  among  other  things,  to  give  forty  coats 

to  any  one  of  the  Narragansetts,  who  should  bring 

Philip  alive, — twenty  for  his  head,  and  two  for  each 

of  his  subjects  delivered  as  prisoners. 

4.  How  (lid  the  Enjzlish  become  acquainted  with  Philip's  de- 
signs ?  VvMuit  did  the  riymoiit'i  court? — 5.  When  and  where  did 
Philip  b£u"in  the  wnr?  What  mousures  did  the  colonists  pursue  I 
6.  Whaf  ground  did  tlie  u()nu^i^sio!lers  take?  IIow  was  the  num- 
ber of  miMi,  to  ill?  raised.  ;!i)i"ir:ioui-d  ? — 7.  Where  was  the  army 
sent?     What  treaty  »va.s  ui.idj  '     Wiiut  wiw  stipulated? 


BLOODY    BROOK.  107 

8.  The  Indian  king  retreated,  with  his  warriors,  pt.  ii. 
to  a  swamp  at  Pocasset,  near  Montaup.     There,  on   p'd.  i. 
tlie  ]  8th,  the  colonists  attacked  them,  but  gained  no   °^-  '^ 
decisive  advantage.     PhiUjj  then  went  to  the  vicin-  i^iy*- 
ity  of  Connecticut  river ;    but  to   the  inhabitants,  PhiUp  at- 
everywhere  in  danger,  and  in  fear,  he  seemed  to  be^Jf^^'j^' 
everywhere  present.      Captain  Hutchinson,  with  a    sjet. 
company  of  horse,  was  drawn  into  an  ambush,  near 
Brookiield,  where  he  was  mortally  wounded,   and  "^ff^* 
sixteen  of  his  company  Avere  killed.     The  Indians  in  Mass. 
then  burned  the  town. 

9.  Intending  to  collect  a  magazine  and  garrison 
at   ITadley,  Captain  Lathrop,  with  a   corps  of  the 
choicest  young  men,  selected  from  the  vicinity  of 
Boston,  was  sent  to  transport  a  quantity  of  corn  Sept.  is. 
from  Deerfiold,  to  that  j)lace.     They  were  suddenly -^^^^ 
attacked  bv  the  Indians,  and  thouQ-h  thev  foug-lit 

with  gi-eat  bravery,  they  were  almost  all  cut  off. 
The  brook,  by  wliich  they  fought,  flowed  red, — and 
to  this  day  is  called  "  Bloody  Brook." 

10.  In  October,  the  Springfield  Indians,  who  had    Oct  i. 
previously  been  friendly,  concerted  with  tlie  hostile  was  saved 
tribes,  and  set  fire  to  that  tcnvn.     While  its  flames  by  Goffe. 
were  raging,   they  attacked  Hadlev,   but  were  re-     next 

pulsed.*  '  chapter.) 

11.  Conanchet  now  violated  the  treaty,  and  not 

only  received  Philip's  warriors,  but  aided  their  oper-   conan- 
ations  against  the  English.     On  the  18th  of  Deeem-     chet 
ber,  one  thousand  troops  were  collected  from  thethe*tr^y. 
different  colonies,  under    the  command  of  Josiah 
WiNSLOW,    of   Plymouth.     After   a   stormy   night 
passed   in   the   open   air,  they  waded  through  the 
sjiow  sixteen  miles ;  and  about  one  o'clock,  on  the 
afternoon  of  the  19th,  they  arrived  near  the  enemy's 
fortress. 

8.  Give  an  account  of  King  Pliiiip's  movements.  What  was 
t!ie  condition  of  the  inlnibitants  ?  What  befel  Capt.  Hntcliinson  I 
1).  (4ive  an  account  of  Capt.  Lathrop  and  liis  company. — 10.  What 
trcaciicry  was  pnu-tised  by  the  Sprinirtield  Indians  ?— 1 1.  What 
wtu-i  now  the  conduct  (.if  Conanchet  ?  \V  iiat  number  of  troops  went 
to  attack  liini  ?  At  what  time,  and  under  wliat  -.-ircumstanees  did 
thev  iiiarcli  ? 


CU.  VI. 


1«75. 


108  A   NATION    DESTROYED. 

PT.  TT.       12.  It  w.is  on  a  risinc^  CTonnd,  in  tlie  niirlst  of  a 

n>.  I.   swniH]) ;  and    was   so  fortified  with   ]:)alisad('s,  and 

thick  Iiedn-es,  tliat  only  by  crossinij  a  log',  \vhicli  lay 

ovei-  a  ravine,  could  it  be  aj)])roaclied.     The  otlicers 

""■'i''*  led  ihe  men  directly  across  the  narrow  and  danc^er- 

.  J//£,.  ous  bridi!:e.     The  tii-st  wei'c  killed,  but  othei's  i)ress- 

ed  on,  and  tlie  fort  was  entered.     Conanchet  and 

liis  warriors  at  first  forced  the  English  to  retire  ;  but 

they  resumed  the  fight,  defeated  the  savages,  and 

ind.  k.    again   entering  the  foil,  they  set  fire  to  the  Indian 

1000.     dwellings.      One   thousand    warriors    were    killed ; 

thi'ee  hundred,  and  as  many  Avomen  and  children, 

were  made  jirisoners.     About  six  hundred  of  their 

wigwams  were  burnt,   and  many  helpless  sufferers 

perished  in  the  fiames. 

13.  The  wretched  remains  of  the  tribe  took  shel- 
Famine  ^^'"  ^^  ^^^   rcccsses   of  a  ccdar  swamp, — covei-ing 

and  cold,  themselves  with  boughs,  or  burroM^ing  in  the  ground, 
and  feeding  on  acorns  or  nuts,  dug  out  with  their 
hands  from  the  snow.  Many  who  escaped  a  sudden, 
— thus  died  a  lingering  death.  Conanchet  was 
chet's"  rnade  prisoner  in  April,  and  was  offered  his  fi-eedom 
tJeatii.  if  he  would  enter  into  a  treaty  of  peace.  The  chief- 
tain indignantly  refused,  and  was  put  to  death. 

14.  In  the  spring  of  1676,  the  colonial  troops 
were  almost  universally  victorious.  Jealousies  arose 
among  the  different  tribes  of  savages,  and  while 
groat  numbers  were   slain,  many  deserted  the  com- 

p^J^i  *  mon    cause.     Philip   had    attempted   to   rouse   the 

attempts  JMohawks  agaiust  the  English ;  and  had,  for  this  pur- 

MoUawks!  pose,  killed  a  number  of  the  tribe,  and  attributed 

their  death  to  the  whites.    His  perfidy  was  detected, 

and  he  fled  to  Montaup,  whither  he  was  pursued. 

15.  In  the  midst  of  these  reverses,  Pliilip  remain- 
ed unshaken  in  his  enmity.  His  chief  men,  as  also 
his  wife  and  family,  wei"e  either  killed  or  made  ])ris- 

12.  Describe  tlie  fort — the  approach  of  the  troops — tlie  second 
attack — the  destruction  of  tlio  Indians. — 13.  What  liapponed  to 
tlie  renuiins  of  the  tribe?  To  ('onanchL-t  ? — 14.  How  did  tlie 
colonial  trooj*  succeed  in  1676?  Where  was  Fhilip  ? — 15.  How 
did  he  bear  his  adversity? 


"the   PEAYING    INDIANS."  109 

oners  ;  and,  while  he  wept  bitterly,  for  those  domes-  pt.  it. 
tic  bereavements,  he  shot  one  of  his  men  who  pro-    pd.  i. 
posed  submission.     After  being  driven  from  swamp  *^°-  "^"• 
to  swam]>,  he  was  at  last  shot  near  Montaup,  by  the  p^JT^* 
brother  of  the  Indian  whom  he  had  thus  killed.  kaied. 

16.  Of   the   scattered   parties   which    remained, 
many  were"^  captured.     Some  sought  refuge  at  the 
north.    These  afterwards  seiwed  as  guides,  to  those 
parties  of  hostile  French  and  Indians,  who  came 
down  and  desolated  the  provinces.    In  this  dreadful  ^"„^r'l^' 
contest.  New  England  lost  six  hundred  inhabitants,  England 
and  a  great  amount  of  ])roperty.     Fourteen  towns  ^'^^     " 
had  been   destroyed,  and   a  heavy  debt   incurred. 

Yet  the  colonies  received  no  assistance  from  Eng- 
land ; — and  they  asked  none.  The  humane  L'ish 
sent  the  sufferers  some  relief. 

17.  If  Philip's  war  was  to  the  whites  disastrous, 
to  the  savage  tribes  it  was  ruinous.  The  Pokano- 
kets  and  the  Narragansetts  henceforth  disappear 
from  liistory.     The  "  praying  Indians"  were  mostly 

of   the    Massachusetts   confederacy;    and    although     xhe 
they  suffered  much,  beincf  suspected  bv  the  red  men    i,n<iian 
because  they  were  Christians,  and  by  the  whites  be-desiroyed. 
cause  they  were  Indians,  they  yet  had  a  remnant 
left.     Elliot  watched  his  scattered  flocks,  and  ex- 
posed  himself  to  many  dangers  on  their  account. 
The  wreck  of  four  towns  remained  fi-om  the  four- 
teen which  the  converts  numbered  before  the  war. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Tlie  regicides — New  Hampshire  and    Maine — Charter  of  Massa- 
chusetts annulled. 

1.   The  regicides,  a  term  which,  in  English  and 
American    history,    refers   especially  to  those  men 

15.  How  did  he  come  to  his  end?— 16.  What  became  of  his 
followers  ?  How  many  inhahitaiits  of  New  England  were  destroyed 
durintr  this  l.loiidy  war?  Who  sent  relief  ?^17.  What  were  the 
coiirieiiuenees  of  tiio  war  to  the  Indians?  How  did  it  aifect  the 
pray  in  jf  Indians  ? 


110  THE    SUPPOSED    APPARITION. 

P'T.  II.  who  signed  the  death-warrant  of  Charles  I.,  were, 

P'D.  I.   after  the  restoration  of  his  son,  proscribed.     Tliree 

CH.  viL   of  their  number,  Goffe,  Wiialley,  and  Dixwell, 

The  three  ^'"^'^^  ^^  America,     They  were  at  Boston  and  Cam- 

rogicides.  bridge,    and    under    romantic    circumstances    were 

sliielded  from  their  ])ursuers  at  New  Haven.     At 

length,  Whalley  and  Goffe  found  -refuge  in  the  house 

of  Mr.  Kussel,  ininister  of  Iladley,  where  they  Hved 

in  profound  conceahnent. 

2.  Goffe  liad  been  a  mihtary  commander.  Look- 
ing from  tlie  window  of  his  hiding-))lace,  lie  saw,  on 
a  Sabbath  day,  as  the  people  wei'e  collectii^  for 
public  worship,  a  body  of  ambushed  Indians  stealing 

IGTS.  upon  them.     Suddenly  he  left  his  confinement,  and 

7/4 />'    appeared  among  the  gathering  worshippers,  his  white 

LEY    hair  and  beard  and  loose  tijarments  streaming  to  the 

^Goffo.^  winds.  He  gives  the  alarm,  and  the  word  of  com- 
mand ;  and  the  men,  already  armed,  are  at  once 
formed,  and  bearing  down  upon  the  foe.  When 
they  had  conquered,  they  looked  around  for  their 
preserver.  He  had  A^anished  during  the  fray ;  and 
they  fully  believed  that  he  had  been  an  angel,  sent 
from  heaven  for  their  deliverance. 

3.  Of  the  three  judges,  who  cast  themselves  upon 
The     the  Americans,  not  one  was  betrayed.   The  meanest 

regicides  q\-  i\^q  people  could  not  be  induced,  by  the  price  set 
betrayed,  upon  their  heads,  to  give  them  up ;  and  they  now 
rest,  in  peaceful  graves,  upon  our  soil. 

4.  Maixe.  In  1677,  a  controversy,  which  had  ex- 
isted for  some  time,  between  the  government  of  Mas- 

M^T''''  sachusetts  and  the  heirs  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges, 

Maino^^relnlivc;  to  the  district  of  Maine,  was  settled  in  Eng- 

hdrs'of  ^^"^1  ''"'^  ^^^^  territory  assigned  to  the  latter.   U])ou 

Gorges,   this,  Massachusetts  2'>urchased  the  title^  and  Maine 

became  a  2?rovince  of  that  colony. 

5.  New  Hampshire.    In  1G79,  a  commission  Avas 

Chapter  VII. — 1.  Who  were  the  res^icides  ?  Which  of  tlicm 
catne  to  Aiiiericii  ?  \\'htTe  were  tliey  ? — 2.  Duriiiij  Kin?  I'liilipV 
war  what  were  ti-i;  L'irciiiiistaiK'c.-'  of '.Tdtl'tiV  appcMritiir  iit  Undlr-y  ? 
3.  Wert'  eith(^r  of  the  three  jiultres  hei rayed";—  1.  llow  dul  Mas- 
saciiu:-ctt>  ai.quire  a  title  to  ilaine  ■ 


A    TYKANT    SEXDS    A   TYEAJSTT.  Ill 

made  out  by  order  of  Charles  II., /br  the  sp,paration  pt.  ii. 
of  N'eio  Hatnpshire  from  the  jurisdiction  of  Mas-  pd.  l 
sachusetts,  and  its  erection  into  a  royal,  province.  '^  ""*• 
The  assembly  was  to  be  chosen  by  the  people,  the  i^yo 
president  and  council  to  be  appointed  by  the  crown,  n  h  ^' 
This  colony  henceforth  manifested  that  stability  of    '■°y*' 

1  />  1-1  T  (^        •  11*  province. 

cliaracter,  lor  which,  no  less,  than  for  its  sublime 
piles  of  mountains,  it  is  called  "  the  Granite  State."    N.  h. 
The  people  first  thanked  Massachusetts  for  the  care  f  ^/^'^r^t^ 
she  had  taken  of  their  infant  condition ;   and  next 
determined   "  that  no  law  should  be  valid,  unless 
mad^'Jjy  the  assembly,  and  appi-oved  by  the  people." 

6.  Edward  Ckaxfield,  a  needy  speculator,  was 
selected  by  Mason,  and  sent  from  England,  to  be 

the  governor  of  New  Hampshire.     But  he  could  16$2. 
neither  outwit  nor    overawe    the  rugged  patriots ;    ^^" 
nor  with  all  the  advantages  of  law,  eject  them  from  Cranfieid 
their  lands ;  though,  for  many  years,  he  gave  them  ^  "■"  ^ 
great  annoyance. 

7.  Charles  II.  made  additional  navigation  acts,  by 
Avhich  he  would  have  entirely  destroyed  the  com- 
merce of  the  colonies,  had  they  been  observed.    But 

they  were  evaded,  and  opposed,  especially  in  Massa- 1^79, 
chusetts ;  and  Edward  Randolph  was  sent  over  by  the  Eandoii)h. 
king,  to  see  that  these  oppressive  laws  were  executed. 

8.  James  II.,  who  declared,  that  there  should  be 
no  free  governments  in  his  dominions,  issued  writs 
against  the  charters  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Isl-chariesiL 
and.   These  colonies  presented  letters  and  addresses,  ^g^*^^^' 
Avhich  contained  expressions  of  humble  duty.     The  James  il 
kinfiT  construed  them  into  an  actual  surrender  of  their  1^85. 
charters ;  and  proceeded  to  establish  a  temporary 
government  over  Xew  England.    Sm  EoiruxD  Ax- 

DROs  was  appointed  governor-general. 

5.  What  happened  to  New  Plampshire  in  1679?  Why  is  New 
Hampshire  called  tlie  Granite  State? — 6.  Who  was  selected  by 
ilason  as  governor  ?  What  was  beyond  his  power  to  do  ? — 7.  How 
did  Kina:  Chailes  proceed  in  refrard  to  navigation  laws?  How  did 
the  colonists  ?  Whom  did  the  king  send  over?  For  what  pur- 
pose ?— 8.  Vv'liat  writs  did  .lames  IL  issuer  Wliat  did  R.  I,  and 
Conn.  ?  IIow  diil  the  kii:ir  next  jTOcvc-d  <  Wli.)  d.'ul  he  seiiil  over 
as  govcriior-iTeiier::!  ? 


112  THE    ENGLISH    KEVOLUTIOISr. 

F'T.  II.       9.  Sir  Edmund  began  his  career  witli  the  most  flat- 

vo.  I.   tering  professions  of  liis  regard  to  the  public  safety 

CH.  viL   gj^^i  happiness.    It  Avas,  liowever,  well  observed,  that 

"  Nero  concealed  his  tyrannical  dis})Ositions  more 

years  than  Sir  Edmund  did  months."     Soon  after 

1086.  his  arrival  in   the  country,  he  sent  to  Connecticut, 

^',[j^;  A"' demanding  tlie  surrender  of  the  charter.    This  being 

New  Eng- refused,  in  1687,  he  came  with  a  guard  to  Hartford, 

during  the  session  of  the  general  assembly,  and  in 

person  required  its  delivery. 

10.  After  debating  until  evening,  the  charter  was 
16§7.  produced  and  laid  on  the  table,  where  the  asf^feibly 

Charter    ^  ..  ciniiii-i.  •  -ii 

hid  in  the  wcrc  sittmg.    Suddenly  the  hghts  were  extmguished, 

^Oak*^"^  and  one  of  the  members  privately  conveyed  it  away, 

onWyiiis'and  hid  it  in  the  cavity  of  a  large  oak-tree.     The 

(The  oui  candles  were  officiously  relighted,  but  the  charter 

oak  was  -^-as  gono. ;  and  no  discovery  could  be  made  of  it,  or, 

down,    at  that  time,  of  the  person  who  carried  it  away.    The 

i8o6.)    goverimient  of  the  colony  was,  iiowever,  surrendered 

to  Andi'os. 

11.  Massachusetts,  Mdiero  Sir   Edmund   resided, 
was  the  principal  seat  of  despotism  and  sutfering. 

lesy  In  1688,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  were  added 
16§0.  ^o  ^^^^  jurisdiction  ;  and  for  more  than  two  years, 
there  was  a  general  suppression  of  charter  govern- 
ments throughout  the  colouies,  and  a  perpetual  series 
of  tyrannical  exactions. 

12.  But  the  king  had  made  himself  as  much  de- 
tested at  honu',  as  his  governor  had  abroad.     The 

16§§.  British  nation,  putting  aside  the  fiction  of  the  divine 

"The    riij-ht  of  leiritimate  sovereisf'is,  asserted  that  of  human 

tion"  in   naturc,  by  declarmg  that  an  oppressed  people  may 

England,  (.jjano;-  their  i-ulers.     Thev  forced  the  king  to  al>- 

dicate,  and   completed  what  is  called  the  English 

"Revolution,"  by  placing  William  and  Mary  on  the 

throne. 

9.  Hnvv  did  Sir  Edmund  he^in?  Wliy  did  be  go  to  Ilurtford  ? 
10.  \Vl;;it  iiiippeneJ  <lnrincr  liis  vinit? — 1 1.  Wliat  tt)ok  place  from 
1687  to  ibsy  ? — 12.  \Vli;it  fiction  or  tiilse  principle  did  tlie  Englisli 
put  as!  ia?  VViiiit  rigiit  did  lliey  assert?  What  i.->  this  c'eut 
called  'J 


NEW  yoek:.  "  113 

13.  Great  was  the  joy  of  New  England.  Even  pt.  ii. 
on  the  first  rumor  of  the  British  Kevohition,  the  vv>.  i. 
authorities  of  Boston  seized  and  imprisoned  Andros  *^"'  "^'"• 
and  Kandol[>]i.  As  a  temporary  government,  they  Andios 
organized  a  committee  of  safety,  of  which  the  aged  and  lian- 
GovEKXOR  Beadstreet,  accepted  the  presidency ;  in  prlLn. 
though  lie  knew  that,  if  the  intelhgence  proved  lalse, 

it  miglit  cost  him  his  Hfe. 

14.  The  cliange  of  government  produced  by  the 
removal  of  Andros,  left  New  Hampshire  in  an  un- 
settla|Lstate.     Mason  had  died  in  1685,  leaving  his 

two  sins  heirs  to  Ids  claims.     The  people  earnestly  ,^-^i 
petitioned  to  he  again  united  with  Massachusetts,    Mason 
but  their  wishes  wqxq  frustrated  by  Samuel  Allex,     ''Jes- 
who  had  purchased  of  the  heirs  of  Mason,  their  title  buyshvs 
to  New  Hampsliire.     Allen  received -a  commission     "''^ 
as  governor  of  the  colony,  and  assumed  the  fjovern- 
ment  in  1692. 

15.  When   the  intelligence  was  confirmed,  that 
William  and  Mary  were  seated  on  the  throne,  Rhode 
Island  and  Connecticut  resumed  their  charters;  but  Conn,  mid 
King  AVilliam  resolutely  refused  to  restore  to  3Iassa- sume their 
chusetts  her  former  system  of  orovernment.   Andi-os,  ciiarter* 
Randolph,  and  others,  were  ordered  to  England  for 

trial. 


CHAPTER  yni. 

N".  York — Its  Governors — Leisler — Quakers  in  Massachusetts. 

1.  After  the  surrender  of  the  Dutch,  Colonel 
Nichols  entered  upon   the    administration  of  the 
government  of  New  York,  which  he  conducted  with  Loveia«* 
great  prudence,  integrity,   and  moderation.      The  '667. 
people,  however,  continued  without  civil  rights,  all 
authority  being  vested  in  the  royal  governor  and 

13.  ^yhat  was  done  in  Boston? — 14.  What  took  place  in  New 
Hampshire? — 15.  What  happened  in  the  other  New  Enirhiud 
provinces  ?    Who  were  sent  to  Enurland  ? 

Chapter  VIII. —  1.  How  did  Colonel  Nichols  govern  in  New 
York. 


114  ENGLISH    KEVOI.UTTON    AFI^ECTS    NEW    YORK. 

FT.  II.  council.    ISTichols  returned  to  England,  and  was  suc- 

P'D.  I.   cecded  by  Lokd  Lovelace. 

en.  Tin.  2.  In  1073,  England  and  Holland  Avere  again  in- 
volved in  wai',  and  Holland  sent  over  a  small  fleet 

_  _-,  to  regain  her  American  possessions.  This  force  ar- 
i>utch*i"ived   at  New  Yoi'k,   and   demanded  a  suri-ender, 

**Y  t*^"'^'''^^''^  ^^'^^  made  without  resistance.  The  Dutch 
took  inimediate  possession  of  tlie  fort  and  city,  and 
soon  after  of  the  wliole  province. 

3.  The  next  year,  1674,  the  war  terminated,  and 
16T4.  ^^w  York  was  restored  to  the  English.  Th^Duke 
N.  York  of  York,  to  prevent  controversy  about  his  ^me  to 

■  the  tei-ritory,  took  out  a  new  patent,  and  the  same 
year  appointed  Sir  EIdmund  Andros,  governor. 

4.  Andros  claimed  jurisdiction  over  that  pai't  of 
Connecticut  west  of  the  river,  it  having  been  includ- 
ed in  the  grant  to  the  Duke  of  Yoi-k.  To  seize  it, 
he  ari-ived  off  the  fort,  at  Saybi-ook,  with  an  armed 

Anlrof'  foi'^c.     The  governor  and  council,  l)eing  apprised  of 

repulsed  his  design,  sent  a  few  troops  under  Captain  Bull, 

Baybrook.  who  Conducted  himself  with  such  spirit,  that  Andros, 

jocosely  declaring  that  his  "  horns  should  be  tipped 

with  gold,"  made  no  further  attempt. 

5.  In  1682,  Andros  was  i-emoved  from  the  govern- 
ment of  New   York.     The   succeeding  year  was  a 

16§2.  hapj)y  era  in  the  hi.stoiy  of  this  colony.     The  excel- 

Dongan.  ^^^^^  CoLOXEL  DoNGAN  arrived  as  governor,  and  the 

1683   desires  of  the  peojjle,  for  a  popular   government, 

Ftr>t  *  wei-e    gratified.      77ie  first   general    assembly   teas 

^"^'^^LcoJivoked,  consisting  of  a  council  and  eighteen  re|> 

resentatives.     Governor  Dongan  sui'passed    all    his 

predecessors  in  attention  to  affairs  with  the  Indians, 

by  whom  he  was  highly  esteemed. 

6.  The  news  from  Europe,  that  the  inhabitants  of 
Eno'land  had  resolved  to  dethrone  James,  and  offer 

1C§8.  the  crown  to  William  and  ]Mary,  raised  the  hopes  of 
Leis'er.   ^]jq  disaffected.    Among  these,  was  Jacob  Lkislkk, 

2.  What  happened  iiilOTS? — 3.  What  took  plave  in  1674?— 4. 
Give  an  accuuiiof  Amlros's  atten)pt  to  take  ('oniifctieiit.—  5.  U'hut 
happened  in  IGS-J  ?  What  the  next  year?  — G.  W'iiai  haii])ened  iu 
New  York  when  news  eiiine  oi'llio  expui.sioii  ol'King  James. 


RKLIGIOUS    FKKUSG    PER^KRTED.  115 

an  active  militia  c:i;)ta;ii,  unJ  a  favorite  of  tlie  ]'>eo|>]e.  pt.  il 
He  was  not,  however,  a  man  of  talents,  but  received  po.  i. 
the  guidiiiix  imjHilses  of  l)is  conduct  from  tlie  supe-  ^n- "'l 
rior  energies  f>f  his  son-in-law,  Jacob  Mir.Boii-VE. 

7.  By  his  couns.el,  Leisler,  at  the  head  of  a  few 

men,  declared  for  William  and  Mary,  and  took  I't>'^"LeHer  a»- 
pessi<jn  (jf  the  fort  of  Xew  York.    His  party  inci'eas-  sumesto 
ed  to  more  than  five  hundred.     The  governor  left  y^^^l  "vjj 
the  province,  and  Leisler  assumed  to  administer  the    '^^tn's 
government.     Milborne  went  to  Albany,  and  made 
himsaifcnaster  of  the  place.    The  regular  authorities 
weridPainst  tliese  lawless  proceedings. 

8.  -King    William    now    commissioned    Hexrt 
Sloughter,    as    governor  of  Xew    York.     Xever  159  f, 
Avas  a.  governor  more  needed,  and  never  Avas  one  si.jughter 
more  destitute  of  every  qualification  for  the  office.  :N!"York. 
He  refused  to  treat  with  Leisler ;  but  put  him,  and 
several  of  his  adherents  to  prison.     Finally,  that  un- 
fortunate man,  together  with  his  son-in-law,  perished 

upon  the  gallows.    Their  execution  was  disapproved ^eisierex- 
by  the  peojile ;  and  their  property,  which  was  con- 
fiscated, was  afterwards  restored  to  their  descendants. 

9.  Motives  derived  from  pure  religion,  are  the 
best,  and  most  effective,  01  all  which  influence  liu- 
man  conduct.    But  when  the  reliirious  feeling  of  men  „  ,.  . 
becomes  perverted,  all  history  sliows,  that  it  tiien   feeling, 
produces  the  very  worst  effects.   L'^nder  the  influence 

of  this  feeling,  in  its  right  operation,  our  Puritan 
forefathers  resisted  oppression  in  England,  suffered 
hardship,  and  braved  death,  to  enjoy  their  religion 
unmolested. 

10.  But  they  were  not  free  from  the  common 
error  of  their  age,  which  was,  that  all  in  the  same  k^"^ 

c    '  ,.    .       '         ,  .  1  •    1  become 

community,  must,  on  religious  subjects,  thmk  very  perverted, 
much  alike.     The  Puritans  believed  their  way  was 

6.  AVlio  was  Jacob  Leisler? — 7.  Give  an  account  of  his  and 
MiH-iorne's  operations. — 8.  Who  was  Henry  Slonsrhter?  How  did 
lie  proceed  in  re^Mrd  to  Leisler  i — 9.  \Vhat  may  be  said  of  motives 
derived  from  true  relitrlon  ?  When  the  religious  feeling  of  bodies 
of  men  become  perverted,  how  is  it  then  ?  What  did  our  Purit;in 
foret'ailiers,  under  the  imjnilse  of  right  religious  feeling^ — 10. 
What  \V3S  the  common  error  of  their  age? 


116  TTIE    QUA  KICKS    IX    THE    BAY-ST\TE 

P'T.  II.   C(M-t;iin]y  ri<il't,  and  t.l)cy  wore  uttorly  uiiwiiliiiir,  tlmt 
P'D.  I.    any  sliould  ])e  aniont^  JJicin,  who  sliouM  teach  any 
on.  IX.    tliinpj  (Utferent.     Tins  ])i'()(luced  uricliai'itablcncs.s  to- 
wards othei's,   and  the   had  effects  of  the  religious 
sentiment  perverted. 

11.  The  denomination  of  Friends  or  Quakers,  liad 
arisen  in  England.  They  had  heard  tliat  the  ]*uritans 
exei'cised  a  persecuting  spii-it,  as  in  tiie  cases  of  Mrs. 

.j,^^  Hutchinson  and  Roger  Williams.  They  also  thouglit 
Friendsorthe  Puritau  rcligiou  consisted  too  much  in  outward 
Quakers.  |;^j.,^j^  j^^^^  too  little  in  inward  sanctity,  The^akers 
believed,  that  they  were  called  by  a  voicaBpni  a 
divine  inward  monitor,  to  go  to  New  Englano^  par- 
ticiilarly  to  Boston,  and  there  warn  the  people  of 
their  errors. 

12.  The  Puritans,  when  they  came,  impnsoned 
them,   and  sent   them  away.     The   Quakers  came 

1660  ''^o^^"^  ^^'^  boldly  denounced  that,  which  the  Puri- 

4 executed  tans  held  dearer  than  life.    Laws  were  made  to  ban- 

inMass.  jg|^  them,  prohibiting  i-eturn,  on  pain  of  death.    The 

Quakers  came  back,  and  lour  were  actually  lianged. 

gg       The  Puritans  then  became  convinced  of  their  error; 

released,  opened  their  prison  doors,  and  j'eleased  tv/enty-eight 

persons. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Jesuit  MissionarJe>  of  Franco — Their  Discoveries. 

1.  From  the  devotion  of  the  Puritans,  and  the 

Quakers,  we  turn  to  that  of  the  Jesuit  Missionaries 

Eeiwous  -^  France  ;  and  in  all,  we  perceive  "  the  o])eration 

devotion  of  that  conimon  law  of  our  nature,  which  binds  the 

p*hidpie.  ^^^^^'^  of  "^^an  ^o  the  Author  of  his  being."     The 

Jesuit  missionaries  desired  to  extend  the  benefits  of 

Christian  redemption  to  the  heathen ;  yet  they  un 

10.  Were  the  Puritans  free  from  it? — 11.  "What  induced  the 
Quakers  to  come  to  Massachii.setts  ? — 12.  How  were  they  treated  \ 

Chapter  IX. — 1.  When  we  see  that  ditierent  sects  are  willing 
to  suffer  deatL,  in  the  service  of  God,  what  do  wo  perceive  J 


FRK^'cn  atti-:mpts  to  coloxize  new  TaEE:.  117 

fortniiately  united  worldly  policy  v>'ith  relii^ious  en- j>"T.  ii. 
thusias!)! ;  and  souglit,  not  only  to  win  souls  to  Christ,    pd.  i.  " 
but  subjects  to  the  king  of  France  and  the  papal    *^*^  ^ 
dominion. 

2.  The  Catholics,   already  in   Canada,   seconded 
their  efforts ;  and  in  1640,  Montreal  was  founded,  to 
give   the   missionaries  a  starting   point,   nea)'cr  the 
scene  of  their  operations.     Within  thirteen   ycaj-s,  -««« 
the  wilderness  of  the  ITurons  was  visited  Ly  sixty      t,' 
missionaries,  mostly  Jesuits.    Making  the  Huron  set-  3  6 SO. 
tlem^ts  of  St.  Louis  and  St.  Ignatius,  their  centi'al  sjoliarles. 
stat^jl  they  carried  the  gosjK?!  to  the  surrounding 
tribes;  and  thus  visited  and  became  the  first  Euro- 
pean  explorers  of  the  southern   portion   of  Upper 
Canada,  of  which  they  took  possession  for  the  French 
king. 

3.  One  of  these  missionaries,  Isaac  Jogues,  un- 
daunted by  the  terrors  of  the  Mohawk  name,  went  1616. 
among   these    savages,    and    was   imprisoned.     He  .f,fgues. 
escaped,  but  afterwards  attempted  a  permanent  mis-k-J'y  in<i 
sion.    Arriving  at  the  Mohawk  castle,  at  Johnstown,    IhrmyJ 
he  was  accused  of  blighting  the  corn  of  the  Indians,  ^,^,"J^? 
by  spells  of  sorcery.    Being  condemned,  he  received  ^ 

his  death  blow  with  composure.  His  head  was  hung 
on  the  palisades  of  the  tort,  and  his  body  thrown 
into  the  i)lacid  stream. 

4.  Circumstances  changed.  The  missionaries  were 
received  among  each  tribe  of  the  Five  Nations.  Rude 
ciiapels  were  constructed,  where  the  natives  chanted 

the  services  of  the  Romish  clnirch.     But  vrhen  tjie   Prfuch 
missionaries  sou<iht  to  brinaf  their  lives  under  the  ^}''"n>^ 
iniluence.of  Christian  principles  as  regards  war  andnizeN.Y 
the   treatment  of  prisonei"S,  the  fierceness  of  their 
character  prevailed.     They  returned  to  their  former 
customs,  ^ive  up  their  religion,  and  expelled  tlie 

1.  What  two  principles  of  cDnduct  did  the  Jesuit;?  unite  ? — 2. 
When  was  Mouireal  founded?  For  wiiat  object?  Le:irn  from 
the  Map  of  this  period,  in  connection  witli  the  book,  tiie  centnd 
station  of  tlie  missionaries.  \\'liat  part  of  the  countrv  ^iid  tiie 
missionaries  take  possession  of  for  the  French  kiuir  ? — 3  Give  usi 
account  of  Father  Jotrues. — 4.  Of  tlie  farther  attempts  to  cuuvcrt 
tiie  iiidiaiis  of  New  York. 


118  JAMES    MAKQUEITE. 

FT.  II.  raissiaiiaries.  Thus  ended  the  attempts  of  the  Frencls 
P'D.  I.   to  colonize  New  York. 

OH.  IX.        5     Father  Allouez,  bent  on  a  voyage  of  dis- 

cover V,  early  in  September,  passed  Mackinaw^  into 

Aiiouez  at  I^^ke  Superior.     Sailing  along  the  high  banks  and 

Lake    pictured  rocks  of  its  southern  shore,  he  rested,  be- 

upenor.  ^^^^^1  ^j^^^  ^^^  ^1'  ^^^yeena,  on  that  of  Chegohnegon. 

llere  was  the  great  village  of  the  Chippewas. 

6.  A  grand  council  often  or  twelve  tribes  was,  at 
the  moment,  assembled,  to  prevent  the  young  braves 
of  the  Chippewas  and  Sioux,  from  taking  ud  the 

councu.  tomahawk  against  each  other.  In  this  as^pibly 
came  forward  the  missionary,  and  stood,  and  com- 
manded, in  the  name  of  his  heavenly  and  of  his 
earthly  mastei",  that  there  should  be  j^eace. 

7.  The  Indians  listened  with  reverence.  They 
had  never  before  seen  a  white  man.  Soon  they  built 
a  chapel ;    and  there  they  devoutly  chanted  their 

Bt  Esprit  vesper  and  matin  hymns ;    and  the  mission  of  St. 

oun  e  .  j^gp-.^i  yrQg^  founded.    The  scattered  Ilurons  and  Ot- 

tawas  here  collected  around  the  missionary ;  and  he 

preached  to  the  Pottawotamies,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes, 

the  Illinois,  and  the  Sioux. 

8.  From  each  of  these  tribes,  he  gained  descrip- 
tions of  their  country,  their  lakes  and   rivers,   of 

The     which   he  made   reports  to  his   government.     He 

^.i"eat    especially  dwelt  on  what  he  had  heard  of  the  great 
heard  o£  rlvcr  "  Mosipi."    IIc  Urged  the  sending  of  small  col- 
onies of  French  emigrants,  to  make  permanent  set- 
tlements in  the  west. 
166§.      ^-  ^  small  company,  headed  by  two  missionaries, 
Bt  Mary's  Claude  Dablo:^:,  and  James  Marquette,  founded 
founde    ^^^q  flrgt  French  settlement  within  the  limits  of  the 
1669.  ^^^ted  States.     It  is  at  St.  Ifarg^s,  on  the  falls  be- 

Greeu  *  twcen   the   Lakes   Superior   and  Huron.     Allouez 

^*^"     founded  a  mission  at  Green  Hay. 

5.  Give  an  account  of  Fatlier  Allouez's  route  to  the  village  of 
the  Chippewas,  and  show  it  on  the  Map. — G.  What  did  Fathei 
Allouez  at  tliis  villafro  ? — 7.  IIow  was  it  with  the  Indians  ?  What 
was  the  mission  called? — 8.  "^hat  information  was  gained,  and 
reported  ? — 9.  WJiat  account.*  an  you  give  of  bt.  Mary's  ?  Whera 
did  Allouez  found  a  uii:>siou 


A    MKMOUABLE    VOYAGE.  119 

10.  jMarquette   selected  a  young  Illinois  as   his  pt.  ii. 

conipaniun,  and  learned  from  him  the  language  of  p-alT 

his  nation.     The  Ilurons  heard  Avith  astonishment,    *^"-  ^^ 

that  lie  had  formed  the  bold  desic^n  of  explorhiij;  the     ., 

,.    1  ■  \'         ,.  ^       ,   •?  Mar- 

great  river  01  the  west; — notwitlistandmg  then- as-  queue's 

sertions,  that  its  monsters  devoured  men  and  canoes,  ^"''^"^^ 

its  warriors  never  spared  the  sti'anger,  and  its  climate 

was  rife  with  death. 

11.  Marquette  walked  from  Green  Bay, — folio w- 
mi^  the  Fox  river,  and  crossed  the  Portasre  from  its 
lieadjgaters  to  those  of  the  Wisconsin  /  when,  with  jgyo 
no  cdWf)anion  but  his  countrvraan  Joliet,  he  embark-  Follows' 
ed  upon  its  bosom,  and  pui-sued  its  course,  i^nknoW'-^jg^^'^^^^j^ 
ing   whither  it  would   lead.     Solitary   thev  floated    to  the 
along,  till,   in  seven   days,  they  entered,  with  inex-       '^ 
pi-essibie  joy,   the   broad  Mississippi.     They  con- 
tinued to  float  with  its  lonely  current,  until,  near 

the  mouth  of  the  Moingona,  they  perceived  marks 
of  population. 

12.  Disembarking,  they  found,  at  fomteen  miles 
from  the  liver,  a  village  of  the  natives.  Old  men 
met  tiiem  with  the  calumet, — told  them  they  were 
expected,  and  bade  them  enter  their  dwellings  in  Indian 
peace.  The  missionaries  declared,  by  the  council-  courtesy, 
fire,  the  claims  of  *'  e  Christian  religion,  and  the 
right  of  the  king  of  France,  to  their  territory.  The 
Indians  feasted  them,  and  sent  them  away  with  the 

gift  of  a  peace-pipe,  embellished  with  the  various  col- 
ored heads  and  necks  of  brio-ht  and  beautiful  birds. 

13.  Sailing  on  their  solitary  way,  the  discoverers 

saw  that  most  remarkable  confluence  of  rivers — Discovert 
the  vast  Missouri,  coming  from  the  west  and  Midori. 
8])reading  its  clay-colored  and  fiercer  current, 
like  clouds,  over  the  pure  dark  waters  of  the 
more  sluggish  Mississippi.  They  saw,  and  passed 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio;  nor  stopped  till  they  had 
sailed  beyond  that  of  the  Arkansas.     There  they 

10.  What  was  said  by  the  Indians  to  deter  Marquette  from 
executing  his  design?— 11.  Give  an  account  of  his  route,  and 
trace  it  on  the  Map. — 12.  What  happened  at  an  Indian  village? 
— 13.  Describe,  and  trace  Marquette's  route,  to  its  farthest  extent. 


120  LA    SAI.LE. 

P'T.  II.  found    savnpjcs,  who  s|)c>ke  a  new  tonfjue.     They 

P'D.  I.    were  arnu'd  with  guns;  a  {)root"  tliat  ihcy  had  traf- 

cn.  IX.    fiek^>,]   ^vith   tlie  ISpariiai'ds,  or  vvit.h   the   Englisli,  in 

Viroinia.     Tliey   sliowed     hostile    dis|»ositi(^ns,   but 

respected    the    2)eace-{»ii)e,   the   "white   ilag  of  the 

desert." 

1074.       14.  Marquette  now  retraced  his  course  to  the  Ihi- 

Kt-tiirns  nois, — entered  and  ascended  tliat  river,  and  beheld 

to  Green  ?  .^        .        ...  ..  . '.  ,  ., 

Bay.  the  beautitul  lertihty  or  its  sunuuer  prairies,  abound- 
ing in  game.  He  visited  Chicago^  and  in  September 
was  again  at  Green  Bay.  ^ 

15.  The  next  year,  on  the  banks  of  tlie  littleslfe'eara 
16T5.  now  called  by  his  name,  Marquette  retired  from  the 
-tfarquette  (.Qmpariy  witli  whicli  he  was  journeying — to  }>ray, 

Lake    by  a  rude  altar  of  stones,  beneath  the  silent  sliade. 

^'°'^'''*"' There,  half  an  hour  atterwai'ds,  his  dead  body  was 

found,     lie  was  buried  on  the  shore  of  the  lake  ; 

and  the  Indian  fancies  that  his  spirit  still  controls 

its  storms. 

16.  As  Joliet,  the  com])anion  of  Marquette,  was 
returning  from  the  west,  to  carry  the  ti<lings  of  their 

f  f:*'*)  discovery,  he  met  at  Fwiitenac,  now  Kingston,  the 
La  Salle.*  govcmor  of  the  place,  the  energetic  and  highly  gifted 
La.  Sai.le, — whose  genius  kindling,  at  tlie  descrip- 
tion of  the  missionary,  he  went  to  France,  and  was 
commissioned  to  complete  the  survey  of  tlie  great 
river. 

17.  lie   returned   to   Frontenac,   built  a   wooden 

Bnilds  the  l'  ^  ^  i  •  ^      i^  ^  • 

first  sail-  cauoc,  oi  ten  tons,  and  caiTymg  a  j)art  ot  Jus  com- 
ing vessel  p.,„y  jQ  |-],Q  nioutli  of  Toiiuewanta  Creek,  he  there 

on  Lake    '      .  y       ,  .  ...  i         i  •    i  •  i 

Erie,     buut  the  hrst  saumoT  vessel  which  ever  navisrated 
Lake  Erie.    On  his  way  across  the  lakes,  he  marked 
mTcIU-  I)€,troit  as  a  suitable  ])lace  for  a  colony,  gave  name 
naw.     to  Lake  St.  Clair,  planted  a  trading-house  at  Mack- 
inaw, and  finally  cast  anchor  at  Green  Bay. 

18.  Here,  be  collected  a  rich  cargo  of  iurs,  and 

13.  Wliat  inhabitants  did  he  find? — 14.  Describe,  and  fraee 
liis  return. — 15.  Give  an  accoiuit  of  the  deaili  of  Marciuetta 
16.  Who  wa.s  La  Salle?  How  did  he  bfcoine  iiiierestca,  uud 
what  did  he  do? — 17.  Trace,  and  describe  his  route  to  G'cet 
Bay. — 18.   Wliat  steps  did  he  here  take  i 


LA  salle's  discoveries.  121 

sent  baclv  his  brio:  to  carry  them  to  Niagara.    Tlien,  ft.  ii. 
in  batk  canoes,  he  moved  his  party  sonth,  to  the    pd.  l 
head  of  lake  Michigan.     There  he  constructed  the   *'"•  ^^ 
Fort  of  the  Miamis.     His  brig  was  unfortunately 
lost;  but,  with  a  small  company,  he  steered  reso- 
lutely west,  accompanied  by  the  Jesuit  Hennepin. 

1 9.  They  reached,  through  many  discouragements, 

by  disaster,  treachery,  and  climate,  the  great  Illi-  «g.y«) 
nois ;  and  following  its  waters  four  days'  journey  be-  Hennepin 
low  Lake  Peoria,  La  Salle  there  built  a  fort,  which,  j^g'^llie 
in  tlmbitterness  of  his  spirit,  he  named  Cr6ve-coeur. 
Her^Phe  sent  out  a  party  under  Hennepin,  to  ex- 
plore the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  and  himself  set 
forth  on  foot  to  return  to  Frontenac. 

20.  Hennepin  followed  the  Illinois  to  its  junction 
with  the  parent  stream ;  then  ascended  that  river 
above  the  falls  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  16§0. 
Antlionv.     He  afterwards  reported,  thousrh  falselv,    neex- 

1         1       i       T    T  11  ^    t        Vr-      •      ■      *•     piores  to 

that  he  had  discovered  the  sources  ot  the  Jiississippi.  sl  Antho- 
La  Salle  returned  to  his  fort  on  the  Illinois,  built  ">'"*  ^^'^ 
a  small  vessel,  and  the  next  year,  he  sailed  doicn  the 
Jfisfiissippi,  till  he  reached  its  mouth.   To  the  coun- 
try he  gave  the  name  of  Lcniisiana^  in  honor  of  his 
sovereign,  Louis  XIV. 

21.  Returning  to  France,  the  government  sent 
liim  to  colonize  the  country  which  he  had  visited ; 
but  his  fleet  took  a  Mn-ong  direction,  and  he  was  car- 
ried, with  his  party,  to  Texas^  where  he  made  the  .^e«. 
settlement  of  St.  ImuIs.    Attempting  to  go  to  Lou-  La  Saiio* 
isiana  on  foot,  a  discontented  soldier  of  his  party,    ^'"ed, 
gave  him  his  death-shot.    Texas  was  regarded  as  an 
appendage  to  Louisiana. 

19.  Where  did  he  go  from  thence?  Whom  did  he  send  out  to 
explore? — 20.  What  was  done  by  HennepiiK?  What  next  by  La 
"Salle? — 21.  What  happened  on  las  last  return  to  America? 

6 


122  TJIF      iKKAT    PATENT    OF    THE    SOUTH. 


CHAPTER  X. 

North   and  S"'>atli   Carolina— The   Great  Patent— Mr.  Locke's 

Constitutio-  . 

P'T.  II.       1.  Aftejt  Charles  11.  was  restored,  the   people 

P'D.  I.  about  hini,  look  advantage  of  his  improvident  good 

CH-  X.    nature,  and  want  of  conscientious  scruples.     They 

thus  gained  large  tracts  of  American  territory — and, 

_  ,   ,  ,  neither  he  who  gave,  nor  they  who  received,  consid- 

Patent  of  t        i       i  ^         ' .  ,  .•'  .  -r  .^^      , 

Carolina,  cred,  Avhcther  or  not  it  was  his  to  give,  in  lOfP,  the 
1663.  king  gave  Carolina,  which  more  justly  belonged  to 
Spain,  to  Lord  Clarendon  the  historian,  Lord  Ashley 
Cooper,  earl  of  Shaftsbury,  General  Monk,  afterwards 
duke  of  Albemarle,  Lord  Craven,  the  two  Berkeleys, 
Sir  John  Colleton,  and  Sir  George  Carteret. 

2.  These  noblemen  next  aspired  to  the  glory  of 
founding  a  sovereignty,  which  should  not  only  yield 
them  money,  but  the  fame  of  legislators :  and  in  1667, 
Charles  granted  them  the  whole  of  the  country, 


StSd!^^'o^"  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Johns  to  36°  33' 
1665.1101'th  latitude ;  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.     To  frame  a  government  for  the  future  em- 
pire, they  secured  the  services  of  the  well-known 
philosopher,  John  Locke,     In  the  mean  time  the 
younger  Berkeley,  who  was  governor  of  "V irginia, 
was  to  extend  his  rule  over  the  whole  territory. 
3.  But  settlers  were  wanted ;  and  to  procure  these, 
g    .  _   various  inducements  were  held  out  by  the  company, 
mentat  Two  Settlements  had  already  been  formed  within 
iDari^*^tho  their  precincts.    One  of  these,  near  Albemarle  Sound, 
nucleus  "svas  beguu,  at  an  early  day,  by  enterprising  planters 
■  from  Virginia ;  and  enjoying  entire  liberty,  it  hsu^ 
been  augmented  from  that  and  other  colonies,  when 

Chapter  X. —  1.  What  traits  of  Charles  11.  are  here  mentioned' 
Wliat  advantage  was  taken  of  them?  Wliat  grant  did  he  juako 
in  1GG3  i  To  whom  ?— 2.  What  grant  did  lie  make  in  1657  ?  Sho-» 
its  extent  on  the  Map  ?  Who  was  to  frame  a  constitution  for  this 
large,  country  ?  Who  to  be  governor? — 3.  What  settlement  waa 
formed  in  tlie  northern  part  of  the  tract?  Of  what  did  it  prove  to 
be  the  nucleus '. 


CAKOLINA    TET   UNDIVIDED.  123 

ever  religious  or  political  oppression  had  scattered  pt.ii. 
their  people.  Among  them  were  a  large  portion  of  fd.  i. 
Quakers.  This  settlement  had  so  increased,  as  to  ^^^ 
form,  for  convenience,  a  simple  democratic  govern-  ^^^^* 

menlj.  democ- 

4.  The  other  colony  was  near  the  mouth  of  Cape    ""^y- 
Fear,  or  Clarendon  river ;  and  had  been  originally 
made   by  a  little  band  of  adventurers  from   'Kew  [Settlers 
England.     They,  as  well  as  the  former  colony,  from  ^p*^*?^ 
which  they  were  divided  by  impassable  swamps  and   united 
dangerous  navigation,  had  purchased  their  land  of  cLrtes- 
the  natives ;  they  had  occupied  it  and  they  claimed,   ^""g^'f,"-, 
as  a  law  of  nature,  the  right  of  self-government. 

5.  In  the  mean  time,  a  number  of  planters  from 
Barbadoes  purchased  lands  of  the  sachems,  and  set- 
tled on  Cape  Fear  river,  near  the  territory  of  the 
New  Englanders.   The  two  parties  united.   In  1667, 
they  were  in  danger  of  famine,  and  Massachusetts 
sent  them  relief    They  requested  of  the  proprietors 
a  confirmation  of  the  purchase  they  had  made  of  the 
Indians,  and  of  the  power  which  they  had  assumed    rsir  j. 
to  govern  themselves.     As  a  state  must  have  inhab-  ^*^™^^ 
itants,  their  request  was  partially  granted ;  and  one   leading 
of  their  number,  Sib  Joh:!?  Yeamaxs,  was  appoint- Jarbadow 
ed  their  governor.     The  settlement,  in  1666,  con-   party.] 
tained  eight  hundred  persons. 

6.  Thus,  the  germs  of  liberty  had,  in  the  Caro- 
linas,  begun  to  vegetate  strongly.  And  when  the 
great  aristoci'atical  constitution,  making  three  oi'- 
ders  of  nobility,  was  sent  over,  in  1670,  the  ground 

was  already  preoccupied.     These  dwellers  in  scat-  xS^! 
tered  log-cabins  in  the  woods,  could  not  be  noble-  stitation 
men,  and  would  not  be  serfs.     Eventually,  the  in-  °  abr^  " 
terest  of  the  proprietors  prevailed  over  their  pride,    ^^^^^ 
The  inhabitants  took  their  own  way  in  regard  to 
government,  and  in  1693,  the  constitution  of  Locke 
was  formally  abrogated. 

4.  Describe  the  settlement  which  proved  to  be  the  nucleus  of 
South  Carolina. — 5.  What  union  of  inhabitants  took  place?    Who 
was  their  first  governor  ?     What  was  their  number  in  1666? — 6. 
How  was  it  in  respect  to  ilr.  Locke's  constitution  ? 


12i  KING  William's  war. 

FT.  11^      7.  William  Sayle,  the  fn-st  proprietary  go^^ei-nor 

Fit.  L   of  Carolina,  brought  over  a  colony,  with  wliich  he 

cu.  XI.    founded  old  Cliai-Ie.^town.    Dying  in  1671,  his  colony 

_  „-,^   was  annexed  to  that  of  Governor  Yeamans,  which 

Gov.  *  had  migrated  south.    In  1680,  the  city  was  removed 

Say'e.    to  the  ])oint  of  land  between  the  two  rivers,  which 

received  the  names  of  Ashley  and   Cooper.     The 

Charles-  foundation  of  the  pi-esent  capital  of  the  south  was 

^  t""  ,  laid,  and  the  name  of  the  king  perpetuated  in  that 

founded.       ,,  At        i      ^  toil 

or  Charleston. 

8.  During  the  year  1690,  King  William  sent  out 

1690.  ^  large  body  of  French  Protestants,  who  ha3  been 

French  compelled  to  k'ave  their  country  by  the  arbitrary 

^tonS"  measures  of  Louis  XIV.     To  a  part  of  these,  lands 

were  allotted  in  Virginia,  on  James  river.     Others 

settled  in  Carolina,  on  the  banks  of  the  Santee,  and 

[In  1729  ^^  Charleston.     They  introduced  the  culture  of  the 

was  made  vine,  and  were  amons:  the  most  useful  settlers  of  the 

the  '.  ° 

division  of  province. 

"^ar  as^'      "^'^^  Cape  Fear  colony  under  Governor  Yeamans 
now     having  removed  south,  the  unfruitful  country  which 
existing.]  ^j^g^  gj.g|.  Qccupied  mostly  reverted  to  the  natives. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

A  French  and  Indian  War. 

1,  In  consequence  of  the  English  Revolution,  a 
King Wii- war  ensued  between  Ensrland  and  France,  which 

war.     aifected   the   American   colonies  of  both ;    and   is 
known  in  our  annals,  as  "  King  William's  war." 

2.  The  fisheries  on  the  Atlantic  coast  were  re- 
garded as  of  prime  importance  ;  and,  on  this  account, 
Acadia  was  highly  valued.  To  protect  it,  the  two 
French  Jesuits,  Vincent  and.  Bigot,  collected  a  vil- 

7.  Describe  the  founding:  of  Cliarleston. — 8.  Whom  did  King 
William  send  over  in  lO'.iO  ?     Where  did  they  settle  ? 

Chaftetj  XL — 1.  V\'tiat  war  occurred  in  con.sequence  of  the 
English  Kcvolution  ? — 2.   Wiiy  was  Acadia  valued? 


MIDNIGHT   MUKDEKS.  125 

lage  of  tlie  savage  Abenakies,  on  the  Penobscot ;  ft  il 
and  the  Bakon  de  St.  Castine,  a  bigoted  French  pd.  i. 
nobleman,  estabhshed  there  a  trading  Ibrt.  In  1696,  <==•  ^ 
the  fort  built  at  Pemaqnld^  was  taken  by  Castine  ;  «ug|. 
and  thus  the  French  claimed,  as  Acadia,  all  Maine  Baron  * 
east  of  tlie  Kennebec;  and  they  artfully  obtained  CasUna 
great  ascendency  over  the  natives. 

3.  The  tribe  of  Pennicook,  in  New  Hampshire, 
had  lost  several  of  their  number,  by  the  treachery 
of  the  whites,  who  had  taken  and  sold  them  into 
slavery.     At  Dover,   in  that  State,  the   venerable 
Major  Waldrox,  a  magistrate,  and  a  trader  among  -^^^j 
the  Indians,  hospitably  admitted  two  squaws  to  sleep    Penni-* 
bv  his  fire.     At  dead  of  night,  they  let  in  a  war    co^i^f 
party  from  without.     They  placed  Major  Waldron  dovkr. 
upon  a  long  table,  and  then  mocked  him  ^vith  a  jeer-  ingf^^^'ng 
ing  call,  to  "judge  Indians."      Those  indebted  to  Maj.  w. 
him  for  goods,  drew  gashes  on  his  breast,  saying, 
"here  I  cross  out  my  account."   Twenty-three  were 
killed,  twenty-nine  made  prisoners,   and  the  town 
burnt. 

4.  Governor  Frontenac,  at  Quebec,  planned  to 
send,  through  the  snow,  three  parties.     The  first 
ai-rived  at  Schenectady,  the  night  of  the   18th  of 
February,  and,  separating  into  small  parties,  they 
invested  every  house  at  the  same  moment.     The  jg9o. 
people  slept  until  their  doors  were  broken  open,  and   .^ciie- 
themselves  dragged  from  their  beds,     Tiieir  dwell-  ^  dy, 
inirs  were  set  on  fire,  and  sixtv  of  the  inhabitants in<i.  k.6a 
butchered.    Twenty-seven  were  carried  captive,  and 

most  of  the  small  number  which  escaped,  lost  their 
Hmbs  in  attempting  to  flee  naked,  through  a  deep 
snow,  to  Albany. 

5.  The  second  party  of  French  and  of  Indians, 
leagued  for  murder,  were  sent  against  the  pleasant 

2.  Wliat  was  done  by  Frenclimen  to  keep  it  from  tlie  English  ? 
Wliat  fort  w.-.s  taken  by  Castine?  How  far  did  the  French  claim 
.11  Maine? — 3.  What  provocation  did  the  I'ontiicooks  receive? 
What  shockina:  cruelty  did  they  e.xcrcise  ? — 5.  What  three  partiej 
Were  sent  out?  By  wiiom?  Trace,  an<i  describe  tiie  roui«  of  tho 
tiisi  parLy.     Cescribe  the  massacre  of  Sclieuectady. 


126  KING  William's  charter. 

FT.  IL  settlement  nt  Sahnon  Falls,  on  the  Piscataqua.     At 

P'D.  I.   break  of  day — a  day  which,  for  fifty  of  their  mira- 

CH.  XL    i^Qj.^  ]jj^(--[  ^-,Q  morrow,  the  peaceful  inhabitants  were 

*iarch  18  ^^''"^^ed  to  experience  the  horrors  of  Indian  warfare, 

^^zj/oiir aided  and  directed  by  French  ingenuity.    The  third 

'^k^bo.^'  P^'"ty  from  Quebec,  in  like  manner,  destroyed  the 

settlement  at  Casco  Bay,  in  Maine. 

6.  Fear  and  tci-ror  were  on  every  side.  The  sev- 
eral governors  of  the  provinces,  convened  at  New 

1691.  York.  General  Wintiirop,  with  a  body  of  troops. 
Congress  and  SiR  WiLLiAM  Piiipps,  with  a  large  fleet,  Avere 
^     ■    ■  sent  against  the  French,     A  part  of  the  fleet  was 

wrecked  in  returning,  and  both  expeditions  failed. 

Y.  Great  expenses  were,  by  these  means,  incurred 

The     by  Massachusetts,  and  the  general  court  authorized, 

"credit^  for  the  fivst  Ume^  the  emission  of  paper  money ^  or 

notes  of  credit  /    making  them,  in  all  payments,  a 

legal  tender. 

8.  The  Revolution  in  England  produced  a  dis- 
agreeable change  in  the  affairs  of  Massachusetts. 
King  William,  refusing  to  restore  its  former  gov- 

1692.  ernment,  granted  a  new  charter^  which  extended  its 
New  liinits^  hut  restricted  its  privileges.  Massachusetts 
Mass.    now  embraced,  besides  her  former  territory  and  the 

adjacent  islands, — Plymouth,  Maine,  and  Nova  Sco- 
tia ;  extending  north  to  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and 
west  to  the  South  Sea,  excepting  New  Hampshire 
and  New  York, 

9.  Almost  the  only  privilege  which  the  new  char- 
ter allowed  the  people,  was  that  of  choosing  their 
representatives.  The  king  reserved  to  himself  the 
right  of  appointing  the  governor,  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor,   and   secretary ;    and  of  repealing   all   laws 

5.  Trace  and  describe  the  route  of  the  second  party.  Of  the 
third. — G.  What  measures  were  taken  in  the  congress  of  gover- 
nors? Wliat  expeditions  were  undertaken? — 7.  What  means  did 
Massachusetts  take  to  procure  money  ? — 8.  How  did  the  English 
Revolution  affect  Massachusetts?  What  course  did  King  William 
take  ?  How  did  the  new  cliarter  aflect  Massachusetts  in  regard  to 
territory?  What  did  that  province  now  embrace  ? — 9.  How  did 
tiie  new  charter  affect  the  liberties  of  the  people?  What  power 
had  now  the  king  of  England  ? 


THE    UNlOJy    NOMINALLY    AT    AN   END.  127 

within  three  years  after  their  passage.    As  Plymouth,  ft.  il 
the  oldest,  and  Massachusetts,  the  principal  member   fd.  l 
of  the  New  England  confederacy,  were  now  placed 
under  a  royal  governor,  the  union  was  nominally  at  -r^^^^^ 
an  end.    But  it  was  already  firmly  cem.ented  in  the    heart. 
hearts  and  habits  of  the  peor>le. 

J.  "Why  could  not  the  confederacy  remain  as  it  had  been?    In 
yhat  respects  had  the  union  become  already  cemented  ? 


CK.  XL 

in 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  TREE  CHRONOGRAPHER. 

(For  Period  L,  Part  II.) 

What  event  marks  the  beginning  of  this  period  ?  What  is 
its  date?  Point  it  out  on  the  chronographer.  Show  the 
places,  in  time,  of  the  following  events  :  The  Navigation  Acts 
were  passed  in  1651.  "Bacon's  Rebellion,"  in  1676.  The 
founding  of  New  York,  in  1614— Albany,  in  1615.  New  York 
surrendered  to  the  English,  in  1664.  William  Penn's  cele- 
brated treaty  with  the  Indians,  in  1682.  New  Jersey  tirst  set- 
tled, in  1664.  Connecticut,  including  N^w  Haven,  obtains  a 
liberal  charter  in  1662— Rhode  Island,  in  1651.  Elliot  com- 
pleted his  translation  of  the  Bibk^  in  1657.  King  Philip  was 
killed  and  his  war  terminated  in  1676  Sir  Edmund  Andros 
was  made  governor  of  New  England  in  1686.  The  charter  of 
Connecticut  was  hid  in  the  charter-oak,  1687.  The  first  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  New  l''ork  met  in  1683.  The  great  patent  of 
Carolina  was  granted  in  1663.  and  the  grant  extended  in  1667. 
Charleston  was  founded  in  1680.  Schenectady  was  destroyed 
in  1690.  At  what  epoch  does  this  period  terminate  ?  What 
is  its  date  ?     What  ia  its  pla;e  on  the  chronographer  ? 


''^>s,.S^    '^°'l^':!^^f.F^; 


r.rfPn-   "T  w.rl..    f5  MAP   N'.'  5.   lfi')2. 

*"^^;:::^r  :Cr^i^^4-j?^    exiiibiliii;:  the  discoveries  of 

";fefe"«$-&^'74i^r^  MAUqUKTI-K,  LA  SALI.K 


% 


H  Long   \V.  \-2     from        M  VVushmg-   H  luii, 


Clulia  Sc 


Landing  of  Sir  'William  Phlpps,  witli  the  New  Charter  of  MassachTuetta. 


PERIOD  II 


IHB  NEW  OHARTEB  OF  MA88A- 
CHtrSKTTB, 

THE  FTKST  SETTLEMENT 


j-  1692  \ 


WHICH  NOMIN  ALLY  PUTS  AN  END 
TO  THE  COKFKDEEACY, 


TO 


1Y33.  ] 


OF  GEOBGLA  BT  OGLETHOKP«, 


CHAPTER  I. 

Sir    ■William    Phippi? — Cotton    Mather — Salem    Witchcraft — 
Schools — Yale  College. 

1.  The  new  charter  Avas  received  at  Boston,  May 
14th,  1G92.  It  was  brought  over  by  Sir  William 
Phipps,  who  brought  also  his  commission,  as  royal 
governor.  He  was  nominated  by  the  influence  of 
his  pastor,  Cotton  Mathek,  who  received  him  with 
great  joy.  Phipps  was  a  native  of  Pemaquid,  in 
Maine.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  trade ;  but  be- 
ing active  and  enterprising,  he  went  to  England ; 
and,  at  length,  acquired  riches  and  a  title,  by  i-e- 
covering,  with  a  diving-bell,  the  treasures  of  a  Span- 
ish wreck. 

Chaptkr  T. — 1.    Where  was   the   new   charter  received?    By 
wlioni  brought  over?    By  whose  influence  was  he  nominated  for 


FT.  IT. 
P'D.  IL 

CH.  I. 


M8vl4 
1692. 

New 
charter. 
Sir  Win. 
Fhipp& 


governor : 


6* 


129 


130  THE    DAYS    OF    SUPERSTITION. 

vr.  II.       2.  The  delusion,  witli  respect  to  witchcraft,  was 
PD.T7.  now  at  its  height.    The  first  settlers  brought  it  with 
^"  '•    them   from   the   mother   country.     Laws,   making 
„  J  ^.     witchcraft  a  capital  crime,  existed  in  England,  and 
respecting  were  early  enacted  in   Massachusetts.     In  Spring- 
craft     ^^^^  ^"   1645,  some  individuals  were  accused  and 
tried,  but  acquitted.     Persons  at  Boston,  Charles- 
town,  Dorchester,  and  Cambridge,  were  tried,  and 
some  actually  executed  for  the  supposed  offence. 
But  it  was  at  Salem,  where  this  delusion  produced 
its  most  fatal  effects. 

3.  At  first  it  was  old  women  only,  who  were  sus- 
pected of  having  leagued  with  the  devil,  to  inflict 

Convic-  npon  the  persons  who  complained,  the  various  tor- 
*^insuffl-  ments,  which  they  asserted,  that  they  felt.  The 
cient  magistrates  of  the  people's  choice,  had,  with  Brad- 
street,  their  governor,  previous  to  the  arrival  of 
Phipps,  discountenanced  these  persecutions ;  but 
the  new  authorities,  under  tlie  influence  of  Cotton 
Mather,  pursued  a  course  which  ]ilaced  the  accused 
in  situations,  whei'e  "tliey  had  need  to  be  magicians, 
not  to  be  convicted  of  magic." 

4.  The    unhappy  })ersons  were  confronted  with 
those  who  accused  tlieni,  and  asked,  "Why  do  you 

And  by  afilict  these  children?"      If  they  denied  the  fact, 

incompe-  they  wcrc  commanded  to  look  u2Don  the  children, 

nesses.    who  would  instantly  fall  into  fits,  and  afterwards 

declare  that  they  were  thus  troubled  by  the  persona 
cutedT  apprehended.     On    evidence   no   better   than   this, 

were  twenty  persons  executed. 

5.  The  general  court,  on  assembling,  took  ground 
October,  against  these  proceedings,  and  abolished  the  special 
general  court,  by  whicli  these  persons  had  been  condemned. 

court    This  court  was  organized  by  Phipps,  and  presided 

th?fpeciai  over  by  Stoughton,  the  lieutenant-governor.     The 

court    pui^iic  were  addressed  on  the  subject,  through  the 

2.  What  delusion  existed  ?  Give  some  account  of  this  delusion. 
3.  Wlio  were  first  accused  ?  How  was  it  with  the  people's  magis- 
tnues,  in  respect  to  prosecution-^  for  witchcraft?  By  whom  were 
they  upheld  ? — 4.  How  did  the  prosecutions  proceed  ?  How  many 
persons  suffered  dculii  ?— 5.  By  what  court  hud  these  persons  been 
condemubd  i 


EDUCATION    ATTP:XDED   TO.  131 

press,  by  the  independent  Calef,  of  Boston  ;  and  the  P't.  ii. 
eyes  of  men  were  at  length  opened.     Those  who  fd.il 
had  been  iraprisoned_were  set  free ,  and  the  memory    °^  ^ 
of  the  transaction  soon  became,  what  it  still  continues 
to  be,  a  source  of  national  sorrow  and  humiliation. 

6.  Not  one  of  the  colonies  enjoyed  a  repose  so 
uninterrupted  as  Connecticut;  and  therefore  none    «xhe 
had,  in  this  respect,  such  advantages  for  showing   ^^f,"' 
the  bent  of  the  Puritan  mind,  in  regard  to  the  im-  habitsf" 
provement  of  the  human  race,  by  the  right  training 

of  the  young. 

7.  As  early  as  1646,  the  general  court  took  the 
matter  in  hand.  "  To  the  end,"  say  they,  "  that  £545, 
learning  be  not  buried  in  the  graves  of  our  fore»  Gen.  a. 
fathers,  the  Lord  assisting  our  endeavors,  it  is  or-  of  Conn, 
dered,  that  all  the  townships  with  fifty  householders  5^ 
shall  keep  a  school,  and  pay  for  the  same  in  such  famiiiea. 
way  as  they  see  fit.     And  further,  that  if  any  town 

has  one  hundred  householders,  they  shall  keep  and  jamiUea. 
maintain  a  grammar  school,  where  young  men  can 
be  fitted  for  a  university." 

8.  New  Haven  had  also  provided  by  law  for  com- 
mon schools;  and  in  1654,  Mr.  Davenport  proposed 

the  institution  of  a  college,  and  the  town  gave  lands  1654. 
for  the  object.     Goverxor  Hopkins,  of  Connecti-  „^^f'® 

,         .•/.  ,  1  1  •  1      College. 

cut^  who  tor  several  years  was,  alternately  with 
Haynes,  the  chief  magistrate  of  that  colony,  dying 
in  London,  bequeathed,  for  such  an  institution,  four 
or  five  hundred  pounds.  The  school  was  located  at 
Saybrook. 

9.  Tlie  clergy  of  Connecticut,  feeling  the  need  of 

a  college,  nearer  than  at  Cambridge,  to  furnish  learn-  170I. 
ed  men  as  ministers,  ten  of  their  number  obtained  Charter 
from  the  general  assembly  a  charter  of  incorpora-  end"ow- 
tion,  together  with  an  annual  grant  of  £120.     Thus   ments. 

5.  Ilo^^'  WHS  sliown  the  power  of  the  press  to  do  ofood  ? — 6.  How- 
was  it  with  Ooi)nectii.'ut  in  respect  to  education? — 7.  What  did 
t)ie  tre'ieral  court  order  in  1646  ? — 8.  Wliat  did  Mr.  Davenport 
propose  ill  1 6o4  ?  ^y  hat  can  you  say  of  Governor  Hopkins  ?  Where 
was  tlic  school  flj'sti  Jcated  I — 9.  What  was  obtained  for  it?  By 
wlioni  ? 


OH.  I. 


i-yiT. 


132  A   MANOEUVRE. 

FT.  IT.  constituted  as  trustees,  they  held  their  first  meeting 
p  V.  II.  at  Snvhrook, — chose  officers,  and  made  laws  for  the 
infant  university. 

10.  The  location  was  inconvenient,  and  more 
money  being  subscribed,  to  fix  the  college  at  New 
Haven  than  at  rival  places,  it  was  removed  thither, 

'coiieire*  ''i"*^  received  at  the  same  time,  accessions  of  books 
"toNew^  for  its  library  already  begun,  and  in  its  funds.  The 
Haven,   most  liberal  of  the  donors  was  Elihu  Yale,  a  native 

of  New  Haven,  w^ho  had  made  a  fortune  in  India. 

His  name  is  preserved,  in  grateful  remeinbrance,  by 

that  of  the  college. 

11.  Colonel  Fletcher,  governor  of  New  York, 
was  empowered  to  take  command  of  the  militia  of 
Connecticut.      The    colony,    alarmed,    immediately 

Fischer's  dispatchcd  General  Winthrop  to  England,  as  an 

attempt,  agent,  to  remonstrate  with  the  king  and  council. 

Colonel   Fletcher,   however,   went  to  Hartford,  in 

1693;   and,  in  his  majesty's  name,  demanded  the 

surrender  of  the  militia  to  his  command. 

12.  Captain  William  Wadsworth,  the  man  by 
whom  the  charter  was  hid,  paraded  his  company ; 
but  as  an  attendant  of  Fletcher  began  to  read  his 

Oct  26  *  commission,  the  captain  gave  command  to  "  drum  ;" 
Foiled  by  and  when  Fletcher  called  out  "silence !"  the  captain 
*^^s°   raised  his  voice  higher  in  a  second  order,  "  drum, 
worth,    drum,  I  say."     At  length  Fletcher  gave  up  in  de- 
spair ;  perhaps  fearing,  if  he  persisted,  that  "Wads- 
worth  would,  in  good  earnest,  fulfil  his  threat,  and 
"  make  daylight  shine  through  him." 

9.  Where  did  the  ten  trustees  hold  tlieir  first  meetinar  ?  What 
did  they  do? — 10.  Why  w;is  the  eollesrc  removed  ?  Wliy  pLiced 
at  New  Haven?  From  whom  receive  its  name? — 11.  How  was 
Connecticut  now  ahirmed  ?  What  measures  were  taken  by  Fletch- 
er?—13.   What  by  Captain  Wadsworth?     Wliat  was  the  result? 


QUEEN    ANNe's    war.  133 


CHAPTER  n, 

European   Politics — Peace  of  Kyswick,  which  closes  King  Wil- 
liam's War — Queen  Anne's  War  soon  begins, 

1 .  King  William's  war  had  been  feebly  pursued,  ft.  il 
Settleinents  on  Oyster  river  were,  however,  destroy-  p-j).  h. 
ed  by  the  French  and  Indians,  and  the  fort  at  Penia-    ^^  ^^ 
quid,  which  Sir  William  Phipps  had  rebuilt  by  the 
special  direction  of  the  sovereigns,  had  been  taken. 

In  1697,  peace  was  made  at  Jit/swiek,  in  G^Grraany,  pg^^^^i 
by  which  it  was  stipulated  that  all  places  captured  Ryswick 
during  the  war  should  be  restored.     Thus  had  the 
barbarous  appeal  to  arms  been  to  no  other  purpose 
but  that  of  multiplying  hunian  woes.     But  the  par- 
ties profited  little  by  the  lesson.    In  May,  1 702,  the  1''02. 
contest  began,  which  is  known  in  American  history, 
as  "  Queen  Anne's  war." 

2.  The  eastern   Indians  now  devastated  Maine 
fi'om  Casco  to  Wells.     Deerfield,  in  Massachusetts,  ^mf^* 
was  surprised  at  midnight,  February,  1704,  by  a  dker- 
paity  of  French  and  Indians,  under  Heurtel  de  ^^^^^\ 
RouviLLE.     The  sentinel  of  the  fort  being  asleep,  by  French 
and  the  snow  of  such  a  depth  as  to  allow  them  to  Indiana 
pass  over  the  palisades,  they  silently  entered,  and     \.  ■». 
scalped  and  murdered,  or  secured  as  prisoners,  the  ^'' 
w^retched  inhabitants.    Only  a  small  number  escaped 

by  flight.     Forty-seven  were  killed,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  carried  captive  to  Canada. 

3.  Early  in  the  assault,  the  house  of  the  Rev. 
John  Williams,  the  minister  of  the  place,  was  at- 
tacked  by  about  twenty  Indians,  who,   after  the  The  wo- 
murder  of  two  of  his  children,  secured  as  prisoners,    f^"iy. 
himself^  his  wife,  and  his  remaining  children.     Mrs, 
Williams,  on  the  second  day,  faltered  in  the  march. 


Chapter  II. — 1.  What  settlements  had  been  destroyed  ?  Wliat 
fort  taken  ?  What  was  done  in  1697  ?  What  was  stipulated  ?  What 
ohji'ct  had  been  answered  by  the  war  ?  Was  war  soon  made  again  ? 
Wiiat  war? — 2.'  What  can  you  say  of  the  eastern  Indians  ?  De- 
scribe the  assault  upon  iJeerficld.— 3.  What  happened  to  Mr. 
WiUiamri  and  hio  family  ? 


1704L. 

Indian 


134  PEACE    OF   UTRECHT. 

P'T.  II.  and,  according  to  the  Indian  custom,  was  cruelly 

FD.  II.  put  to  death. 

cu.  iL  4_  Roused  by  these  inhumanities,  the  veteran 
warrior,  Bexjamin  Chukch,  mounted  on  horseback 
and  rode  seventy  miles  to  olFer  his  services  to  Dui>- 
LEY,  now  governor  of  Massachusetts,  in  behalf  of 
his  distressed  fellow-citizens.  He  was  sent  with  five 
set-  hundred  soldiers  to  the  eastern  coast  of  New  Eng- 
destroyed. land,  to  attack  the  enemy  in  their  own  settlements; 
and,  ascending  the  Penobscot  and  St.  Croix  rivers, 
he  destroyed  several  of  their  towns,  and  took  a  con- 
siderable number  of  prisoners. 

5.  In  1705,  Vaudkeuil,  now  governor  of  Canada, 
l'J'05.  proposed  to  Governor  Dudley,  a  treaty  of  neutrahty. 
Prisoners  Arrangements  were  accordingly  made  for  an  ex- 
changed, change  of  prisoners  ;    and  thus  a  large  proportion 

of  tiiose  taken  at  Deerfield,  were  finally  released. 

Among  the  number  were  Mr.  Williams,  and  some 

of  his  children.     One   young   daughter   remained, 

married,  and   raised  a  family  in  the   tribe  which 

1710.  adopted  her. , .  In  1710,  Port  Royal  was  taken  from 

ta^e^Port^^®  French,  and  its  name,  m  honor  of  the  queen, 

Eoyai.   was  changed  to  Annapolis. 

6.  Queen  Anne's  war  was  closed  by  the  treaty  of 
1713.  Utrecht,  by  which  Acadia  was  ceded  to  the  English. 
UtrecBt.  ^°^'  more  than  ten  years,  this  war  had  exposed  the 

frontiers  to  continued  attacks  from  a  savage  foe. 
Agriculture  was  necessarily  neglected,  a  heavy  pub- 

PaiaHiies  ^'^^  debt  incuiTcd,  and  a  state  of  general  depression 

i*  inhabi-  eusued. 

thePaiati-  7.  Some  Palatines,  of  Germany,  having  been  re- 
ITW^f  *^^'^^*^^^  t,o  great  indigence,  by  the  wars  in  that  coun- 

tbe  Rhine; try,  went  to  England  to  solicit  charity  of  Queen 
^p^'e)'  -^""^'-  This  princess  having  obtained  for  them 
settle  in  grants  of  land  in  America,  about  six  or  seven  thou- 

province.  sand  ariived,   during  the  year  1710,  and  planted 

4.  Who  went  atruinst  the  Indians? — 5.  Whatwas  done  in  17051 
What  place  was  tiikcn  in  I71i'  ?— 6.  When  -was  Queen  Aune's  war 
closed?  What  weief-oine  of  it,-*  bad  etfects  ? — 7.  What  persoiiis 
were  sent  o\er.'  Ry  v\  hom  '.  At  what  time?  To  what  place  < 
Fioni  whai  jih.cv  did  tht:y  i.o,',ie?    iSee  niaijfin.) 


THE    LAST    OF    TIIK    JESUIT    inSSIOXAKIES.  135 

theniselves  in  the  provinces  of  Xew  York,  Penn-  pt.  il 
gylvania,  Virginia,  and  Carolina.     In   1714,  Queen  fd.  ii. 
Anne   dving,   George  I.  ascended   the   throne  of   ^^°- 
England.  g,JVi 

8.  After  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  by  which  France    **'^' 
ceded  to  England  the  whole  of  Acadia,  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  extended  its  jurisdiction  to     Mmsa. 
the  utmost  bounds  of  the  province  of  Maine ;  and  ,^^2«iMi 
enterpii-sing  fishennen  and  traders,  not  only  revived 

the  desolated  villages,  but  on  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  Kennebec  elected  new  foils,  and  planted  new 
settlements  around  them. 

9.  Father  Rasles,  a  Jesuit  missionaiy  of  France, 

had  for  many  years  ministered,  in  a  rude  chapel  at  F»ther 
Norridgewock,  on  the  Kennebec,  among  his  savage  ^^ 
converts  of  the  Abenakies.     The  Indians  under  his  1717 


to 


charge  began  hostilities  against  the  English,  by  «iyo« 
burning  Brunswick.  The  authorities  of  Massachu- 
setts  had  ascertained,  by  getting  possession  of  the 
papei-s  of  Father  Rasles,  that  both  he  and  the  gOT- 
emor  of  Canada  were  in  the  counsel  of  the  savages, 
and  were  the  instigators  of  their  depredations.  ARasieaand 
party  from  Xew  England,  in  August,  1T24,  destroy- ^^J^^ 
ed  Xorridgewock,  and  put  to  death  the  aged  Jesuit. 
He  was  the  last  of  that  devoted  order,  who,  in  the 
wilds  of  Araeiica,  had  labored  to  gain,  at  the  same 
time,  a  spiritual  kingdom  for  a  heavenly  Master,  and 
a  temporal  one  for  an  earthly  sovereign. 

10.  The  Indians  now  found,  that,  though  instigat- 
ed  by  the  French,  they  were  not  supported  by  them;  ^^^ 
and  their  sachems,  at  St.  John's,  concluded  a  peace  Indiu 
with  the  colonists ;  which,  as  French  missions  were  ?«•*•• 
now  at  an  end,  proved  durable.     English  trading- 
houses  flourished,  and  the  eastern  boundaiy  of  New 
England  remained  undisputed. 

7.  Who  fiucceeJed  Queen  Anne  3 — 8.  "What  was  the  condition 
and  prospects  of  Maine  ? — 9.  Give  an  account  of  Father  Easles. 
"Where  did  the  Indians,  acting  under  liis  directions,  begin  their 
warfare?  How  did  the  colonists  proceed '—10.  What  made  the 
Indians  willing  to  conclude  a  peace  ?    What  followed  tliis  peace  ? 


136  THE  JERSEYS  UNITED. 


CHAPTER  III. 

Fletcher — Piracy — The   Jerseys  united,  and   ^oiued    with   New 

York. 

PT.  II.       1.  GovERNOK  Si.ouGHTER,  of  New  York,  dying 
"p'D.  II.  i"  1691,  Colonel  Fletciieii  received  tlie  commis- 
CH.  iiL    sion  of  governor.     FletcKer  was  a  good  soldier,  and 
having  fortunately  secured  the  friendship  of  Major 
Colonel*  Schuyler,  he  was,  by  his  advice,  enabled  to  con- 
Fietcher.  duct  the  Indian  affairs  of  the  colony,  to  tlie  accept- 
ance of  the  people.  .  ,  Episcopalian  ministers  were, 
li^oda-  ^^7  ^^'^  influence  of  the  governor,  settled  in  several 
cesEpis-  parishes,  and  a  religious  order  was  thus  introduced, 
copacy.  ^^.jjjyjj^  ^^  ^^ji^g  ^^y^  forms  SO  respectable  a  portion  of 

the  population  of  the  State. 
169S.      ^-  ^'^  1698,  tlie  Earl  or  Bellamont,  succeeded 
Bella-    Govejnor  Fletcher.     During  the  late  wars,  the  seas 
^^^^    were  infested  with  English  pirates.     Bellamont  was 
particularly  insti-ucted  "  to  put  a  stop  to  the  groAvth 
of  piracy."    As  no  appropriation  of  money  had  been 
_    ,       made  by  government,  a  private  adventure  against  the 
to  stop   pirates  was  agreed  on,  and  one  William  Kidd,  un- 
;gPj^^^^{j^^  dertook  the  expedition,  and  sailed  from  New  York, 
tarns    He  soon  turned  pirate  himself   After  some  time,  he 
pirate.   ^^^.^^^  j^jg  gjjjp^  ^^^  returned  to  the  colonies.     There 
is  a  \  ague  tradition  still  existing,  that  he  bi'ought 
large  quantities  of  money,  which  he  caused  to  be 
1699.  concealed  in  the  earth.     He  was   apprehended  at 
Boston,  sent  to  England  for  his  trial,  and  there  con- 
demned and  executed. 
1703.      3.  Such  disagreements  arose  in  West  Jersey,  that 
Beys  uni-  the  jyfojyrietors  surrendered  the  right  of  government 
tell,  and  fQ  {jiQ  croicn.     Queen  Anne  united  it  with  the  east 
N^Y.    province ;  and  New  Jersey,  as  the  whole  was  nov/ 

CHAr-TER  III. — 1.  Wlioin  did  Fletcher  succeed  ?  At  wliat  time  ? 
"What  enabled  him  to  conduct  well  the  Indian  affairs?  What  w.ts 
done  by  his  influence  in  respect  to  religjion  ? — 2.  Who  succeeded 
him  ?  How  did  he  happen  to  employ  Kidd  ?  Give  an  account  of 
WilliaiM  Kidd.— 3.  What  happened  in  West  Jersey?  What  was 
.die  whole  now  called? 


CHANG K  OF  GOVKRXOUS  IN  NEW  rORK.  187 

cnlled,  was  to  bo  ruled  jointly  with  New  York,  by  a  p'i'.  ii. 
royul  governor,  having-  a  separate  council   and  as-  p'd.  ii. 
senibly  ot  representatives.     The  queen  a[)pointed,  as    ''"•  ""• 
governor  of  the  two  provinces,  the  worthless  Loud  ^^?' 
CoiiNBURY.   Ill  1708,  she  removed  him  and  appoint- con. bury. 
ed  Lord  Lovelace.  Lo'-^f  ^* 

4.  After  a  short  administration,  Lovelace  was  sue-     ^''^ 
ceeded  by  Sir  Robert  Hunter,  and  he,  in  1719,   nunter.* 
by  Peter  Schuyler,  who  so  often  acted  as  the 
mediator  between  the  whites  and  Lidians.     Com-  19' 19. 
missioners  were,  at  this  time,  appointed  to  draw  tlie  Scuyier. 
line  of  partition  between  the  provinces  of  New  York, 

New  Jersey,  and  Connecticut. 

5.  In  1720,  Mr.  Burnet  succeeded  Schuyler.  He  -..ijA 
instituted  measures  to  stop  the  trade  between  New  Burlet* 
York  and  Canada :  and  by  this  means  displeased  the  ^f'^.'vP 

T  1  ^       •^  j^  built. 

merchants.  A  tradmg-house  was  built  at  Oswego,  172a. 
which  was,  in  1 727,  converted  into  a  fortress.  Burnet  ^^[^^ 
was  superseded   in   the   government   by  Coloxel    Moft- 

MoNTGOilERY.  goinery. 

6.  On  his  death,  the  command  devolved  on  Rip       _^ 
Van  Dam,  an  eminent  merchant.     During  his  ad- 
ministration, the  French  erected  a  fort  at   Crown 
Point,   which   commanded  Lake  Champlain,    and 
which  was  within  the  acknowledged  limits  of  New  1737, 
York.  .  .  George  I.  died  in  1727,  and  was  succeeded  G*)rge li 
by  his  son,  George  II. 


CHAPTER  lY, 

Pennsylvania — Penn's  second  visit — Maryland. 

1.  After  William  Penn's  arrival  in  England,  he 
became  one  of  the  most  influential  persons  in  the 

3.  How  was  it  to  be  governed  ?  Whom  did  Queen  Anne  make 
governor?  What  did  she  do  in  1708  ? — 4.  Who  were  tlie  succes- 
sors of  Lovelace  ? — 5.  How  did  Governor  Burnet  incur  the  dis- 
pleasure of  the  merchants?  What  did  they  do?— ^.  Who  was 
Burnet's  successor?  What  did  he  permit?  What  happened  in 
England  in  1727  ? 

Chapter  IV. — 1.  How  was  it  with  Penn  after  his  return  to 
England! 


188  THE   TRIALS    OF    A    GOOD    MAN. 

P'T.  II.  kingdom.     The  influence,  which  he  possessed  with 

^D.  II.  King  James,  was  never  used  tor  selfish  purposes; 

*^"  ^^'    but  mainly  to  obtain  benefits  for  distressed  Quakers, 

,  r®"".  ,and  laws  in  favor  of  orenerai  toleration. 

ai  court.       2.   When  James  became  an  exile  m  1<  ranee,  l^enn 

was   suspected,  by  his    successor,  of  holding  with 

16®2.  \iiiji  a  treasonalsle  correspondence ;  and,  upon  vague 

oftile    chai-ges  like  this,  he  was  a  number  of  times  impris- 

menTof  oii^*^-     I"  1692,  the  government  of  Pennsylvania 

Pa.      was  taken  from  him ;  and  Fletcher,  of  New  York, 

appointed  by  the  crown,  to  be  its  governor. 

3.  After  strict  scrutiny,  the  conduct  of  Penn  was 
found  to  be  irreproachable;  and  in  1694,  he  was  re- 
stored to  the  favor  of  the  khig,  and  reinstated  in 
his  government :  but  not  immediately  returning  to 
Pennsylvania,  he  appointed  the  worthy  Thomas 
Lloyd,  his  deputy  governor. 

4.  In   1699,  Penn   visited   his   colony.     Finding 
Hu^^-*  g^^^t   complaint    and    disalFection    respecting   the 

ond visit,  government,  he  granted,  in  1701,  anew  and  liberal 
charter.     To  the   assembly,  it  gave   the   right  of 
^  originating  bills ;  to  the  governor  the  right  of  re- 

jecting laws  passed  by  the  assembly, — of  appointing 
^Q^^'  his  own  council, — and  of  exercising  the  whole  exe- 
new     cutive  powcr.     This  charter ,  was  accepted  by  the 
P"^''®^*®- assembly ;  although  it  did  not  satisfy  the  discontents 
of  the  people. 

5.  The  Territories,  afterwards  called  Delaware, 
iroi  ^"^JGcted  the  charter  altogether;  and  in  1703,  they 
ThoTer-  wcrc  allowcd  to  form  a  separate  assembly ;  Penn 
»'8e*)arate  ^^^^^  appointing  the  same  governor  over  both  prov- 
proviuce.  inces.     Having   settled  a  government,  which   has 

given  him  the  glory  of  being  one  of  the  greatest  of 
lawgivers,  Penn  went  to  England,  no  more  to  visit 
his  beloved  province.     The  executive  authority  was 

1.  Was  William  Penn  a  selfish  man? — 2.  After  the  English 
Bevolution,  by  which  James  was  made  an  exile,  what  happened 
to  Penn  I  Wliat  became,  at  tliis  time,  of  Pennsylvania  ? — 3.  Wa.s 
Penn  found  guilty?  What  happened  in  1694? — 4.  What  in  16£»9? 
What  in  170l  ?  What  powers  were  given  by  the  charier  ? — 5. 
What  is  said  of  the  Territor'cs?     What  did  Penn  then  do? 


NOKTH    CAROLINA   INCLINES   TO    INDEPENDENCE.  139 

administered   by  deputy  governors,   appointed  by  ft.  ii. 
himself.  fd.  il 

6.  In  the  year  1716,  the  government  of  Mary-    ^^•"^• 
land,    which    shice   the   accession  of  WiUiam   and  -m^^^. 
Mary,  had  been  held  by  the  cro\\Ti,  was  restored  to  Lord  Bai* 
Lord  Baltimore,  the  proprietor.    It  continued  in  his^.^*™^^ 
hands,  and  those  of  his  successors,  until  the  Ameri- 
can llevolution. 


CHAPTER  V. 

The    Huguenots  —  War  with    the    Spaniards  —  Tuscaroras  and 

Yamassees. 

1.  The  English  settlers  in  Carolina,  treated  with 
harshness  and  intolerance  the  French  Huguenots.  French  ill 
They,  on  their  part,  bore  this  ill  usage  with,  meek-  treated. 
ness  and  forbearance ;  so  that  after  a  few  years,  they 

were  admitted  to  the  privileges  of  citizens. .  .  John 
Akchdale,  one  of  the  proprietors,  was  sent,  in  1695, 
as  governor  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  with 
power  to  redress  alleged  grievances.  Having  re- 
stored order,  he  left  the  country  the  next  year. 

2.  About  this  time  a  vessel  from   Madagascar, 
touching  at  Carolina,  the  captain  presented  Governor 
Archdaie  with  a  bag  of  seed  rice,  giving  him,  at  the  *^^,n.* 
same  time,  instructions  as  to  the  manner  of  its  cul-  trodnced 
ture.   The  seed  was  divided  among  several  planters,    amm. 
From  this  accident  arose  the  cultivation  of  this  staple 
commodity  of  Carolina. 

3.  The  proprietary  governor,  invested  wdth  arbi- 
trary powers,  resided  in  the  southern  province,  and 
sroverned   the   northern  by  his  deputy.     But  the  Much  Hb- 
deputy  governor,  though  his  powers  were  ample,    sfa 
could  never  execute  them,  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
people's  will. 

6.  Wliat  happened  in  1716? 

Chaptkk  v.  — 1.  Who  were  ill  treated?  By  whom?  Howwaa 
their  ill  usage  borne?  What  was  done  by  the  proprietors? — 2. 
How  wiis  the  culture  of  rice  introduced  ? — 3.  Where  did  the  gov- 
3rnor  of  tlie  Carolinas  resile?  How  did  his  deputy  succeed  in 
governing  North  Carolina  ? 


140  SOUTHEKN    INDIANS    IIOSTTLK. 

_?"TJL-      4.  On  the  breaking  out  of  Qneon  Anne's  war,  an 

p-D.  n.  attempt  was  niade  by  Govekxou  jMoouk,  of  South 

*^"-  '^-    Carolina,  against  the  Sj>anish  province  of  St.  Augus- 

1702.  tine.    The  expedition  was  unsiiccessful,  and  so  heavy 

piper  cu^r- '^^'^is  the  cxpense,  that,  to  pay  tlie  debt  incuri-ed,  the 

rency  of  assembly,  for  the  first  time  resorted  to  the  expedient 

of  a  prq^er  citn^ency. 
1706.       ^-  '^^^^  Spaniards,  aided  by  the  French,  and  corn- 
Spanish  rnanded  by  Le  Feboure,  in  a  tieet  of  five  ships,  next 
repelled,  invadcd    Charleston.     Tlieir  attack  was  met    with 
such  spirit,  that  they  retired  with  loss. 

6.  In  1712,  the  Tuscororas^  and  other  Indians  of 
North  Carolina,  forme<l  a  horrible  plot  for  exterm- 
1712.  inating  the  entire  Avhite  population.     They  entered, 
TheTus-'by  surprise,  the  houses  of  the  poor   Palatines  of 
caroras.  Germany,  who  had  recently  settled  on  the  Roanoke, 
and  murdered  many  tamilies.     The  remaining  in- 
habitants, collecting  into  a  camp,  kept  guard  night 
and  day,  until  aid  could  be  received  from  South 
Carolina. 

V.  That  colony  sent  to  their  relief,  six  hundred 
militia,  under  Captain"  Bakxwell,    He  penetrated 
the  wilderness,  attacked  the  Indians,  killed  three 
TUSCA-  hundred,  and  took  one  hundred  prisoners.     Those 
BORAS,  who  survived,  fled  to  the  chief  town  of  the  Tusca- 
p.  loo!    I'oras ;  but  here  Barnwell's  troops  surrounded  them. 
After  great  losses,  they  sued  tor  peace.     The  Tus- 
cai'oras  soon  after  left  their  country,  and  united  with 
the  Iroquois ;  making  the  sixth  nation  of  that  con- 
federacy. 

8.  In  1715,  the  Yamassees.,  instigated  a  combi- 

1715.  nation  of  all  the  Indians  from  Florida  to  Cape  Fear 

^^J^  Ya"'' against  South  Carolina.    The  warriors  of  the  Creeks, 

inas8e«s in  Appalachians,  Cherokees,  and  other  tribes  engaged, 

exceeded  six  thousand.     The  southern  Indians  fell 

4.  WJiat  account  can  yon  give  of  the  expedition  nguinst  St. 
Augustine'  What  was  done  to  defray  the  expens^e  ? — 5.  G've  an 
account  of  the  Spainsh  invasion. — 6.  What  happened  now  to  the 
northern  province  of  Carolina  ? — 7.  Did  tiie  poirhern  province 
mak3  exertions?  V»^l)at  did  (,"apt.  Barnwell '^  Wiiar^caiiie  of  the 
Tuscnroras?— 8.  What  formidable  combination  wa^s  formed  /  Wlio 
were  the  iustigators  ?     What  was  their  force  ? 


THK    IXDIANS    CnA.STISED.  141 

suddenly  on  the  traders  settled  among  them,  and,  pt.  it. 
in  a  few   houi's,    huiety   persons   were   niassacred.  pd.  il 
Some  of  the  inhabitants  fled  precipitately  to  Charles-    °^  '^* 
ton,  and  gave  the  alarm, 

9.  Formidable  parties  were  also  penetrating  the 
northern     frontier,    and    approaching    Charleston. 
These  were  repulsed  by  the  militia,  but  their  route  ^^2:7'- 
was  marked  by  devastation.     Governor  Cravex,  catch'- 
at  the  head  of  twelve  hundred  men,  marched  to-  indmn's 
wards  the  southern  frontier,  and  overtook  the  sti'oiig-  defeated, 
est  body  of  the  enemy,  at  a  place  called  Saltcatclierr*, 
where  a  bloody  battle  was  fought,  the  Indians  were 
totally  defeated,  and  driven   from  their   territory.  TheYa- 
They  were  received  by  the  Spaniards,  and  settled  "^^'j'^^f;^ 
in  Florida.    Nearly  four  hundred  of  the  Carolinians  Florida, 
were  slain  in  this  war. 

10.  The  legislature,  in  the  distressed  condition  of 
the  colony,  applied  to  the  company  for  aid  and  pro- 
tection, which  was  denied.     For  temporary  relief, 

they  next  made  large  emissions  of  paper  money,  ^viisof 
Directions  were  given,  by  the  propi'ietors,  to  the  i-roprieta- 
governor,  to  reduce  the  quantity  in  circulation.    The  erLuent. 
assembly  then  resolved  to  appropriate  the   lands, 
from  which  the  Indians  had  been  driven ;  but  the 
proprietors  refused  to  sanction  this  necessary  pro- 
ceeding.    They  also  encouraged  their  officers  in  op- 
pressive measures, 

11.  The  people  were  determined   no   longer  to 
submit  to  such  tyranny.     The  governor,  Joiixsox, 

was  informed,  that  if  he  would  rule  under  the  king,  1719. 
he  could  retain  his  office,  but  not  otherwise.  John-  a*;,"rovou 
son  refused,  and  endeavoi-ed  to  suppress  the  spirit  ^lu 
of  revolt;  but  it  had  diffused  itself  beyond  his  con-  !„" 
trol ;  and,  at  last,  tlie  people  elected  Moore,  gover- 
nor of  the  j)rovince. 

8.  What  was  their  first  outbreak  ? — 9.  How  did  they  proceed  ? 
Where  were  tliey  defeated  ?  By  whoin  ?  How  many  Carolinians 
were  destroyed  by  these  Indians? — 10.  \Vh;it  whs  done  in  the 
distress  of  tiie  colony?  How  did  the  cornpaiiy  of  proprietors  treat 
tiie  people? — 11.  What  were  the  people  now  resolved  on  I  What 
did  tiiey  let  Gov.  Johnson  know?  What  reply  receive?  Whom 
dii  they  elect? 


cb<><)>e  a 
eriior 


142  EEVOLUTIOX    IN    CAKOLINA. 

P'T.  II.  12.  The  colonists  stated  their  situation  by  agents 
FD.  II.  in  England,  when  it  was  decided,  that  the  propri- 

CH.  Ti.  ptoi-s  had  forfeited  their  charter  ;  and  that  both  the 
1'3'20.  Carolinas  should  be  taken  under  the  royal  protection. 

cro'vn  ^^ciiOLSOX,  was  api)ointed  governoi-;  and,  early 
appoints  the  following  year,  he  uiTived  at  Charleston,  whei'e 
^Q°'"  he  was  received  with  evei-y  demonstration  of  joy. 

13.  Peace  Avas  made  between  Great  Britain  and 
jTissood  S])ain.^  Treaties  were  held  with  the  Cherokees  and 
istration.  Crceks,  in  which  boundaries  were  settled.    Governor 

Nicholson  encouraged  literary  institutions. 

14.  The  revolution  "svas  completed,  by  an  agree- 
ment between  the  crown  and  seven  of  the  pro])ri- 
etoi's ;    whereby,  for  a  valuable  consideration,  they 

1729.  surrendered  their  right  and  interest,  not  only  in  the 
Carolina'  govcmuient  of  thesc  provinces,  but  also  in  the  soil. 
•*P*^**®*^- North  and  South  Carolina  were,  at  the  same  time, 
erected  into  separate  governments.* 

*  Altliongh  fl)e  southern  boundary  of  North  Carolina  was  now  CI  "20) 
made  to  include  the  locality  of  the  Cape  Fear  colony,  yet  those  settlers 
havinsr  previously  migrated  south,  and  become  an  intesrral  pjirt  of  South 
Carolina,  they  cannot  properly  be  regarded  as  ever  having  belonged  to  North 
Carolina. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Extension  of  the  French  Empire — New  France. 

1.  Pensacola  was  settled  by  three  liundred  Span- 
1699. iards  from  Vera  Cruz.  Scarcely  Mere  they  estab- 
P«"??<'"i*  lished,  when  a  fleet,  under  Le  Moine  d'Iberville, 

a  Canadian  Frenchman,  who  had  been  distinguished 
as  a  discoverer  and  a  Avarrior,  appeared  along  their 
coast,  carrying  several  hundred  persons,  mostly  from 
Canada. 

2.  The  company  at  first  erected  their  huts  on  Ship 
Island,  near  the  entrance  of  Lake  JBorg^ie.  After 

12.  What  decision  was  made  in  Eiigrland  ?  "Who  was  sent  aa 
governor? — 13.  How  did  lie  iidminii<ter  tlie  ffovernmeut? — 14. 
How  was  tliis  revolution  in  Carolina  completed? 

Chaptkk  VI. —  1.  When  was  Pensacola  scttle<l  ?  "Wliat  fleet  soou 
appeared? — 3.  Where  did  tiie  comfiaiiy  fast  stop? 

V 


THE    TWO    BR0TirER3.  143 

thi-ee  weeks,  cT'Iberville  proceeded  with  forty  men,  ft.  ii. 

entered  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  and  sailed  up  pd.  il 

the  stfe.'im,  probably  to  Red  River.  .  On  his  return,  ^"-  '^^• 

he  passed  through  the  bay,  which  bears  his  name,  p^^  ^ 

and  the  lakes  which  he  called  3Iaurepas,  and  Pont-  D'iberl 

chartrain^  to  the  bay  of  St.  Louis.     On  the  small  enters \he 

bay  of  ^ij^^a;*"  he  erected  a  fort,  and  around  it  his  Miss, 
few  emigrants  were  planted. 

3.  Leaving  them  under  the  command  of  his  bro- 
ther, BiExviLLE,  he  went  to  France.     The  climate 
proved  fatal  to  numbers,  and  in  1702,  the  chief  for-  ij^iie* 
tress  was  transferred  to  the  western  bank  of  the  Mo-  founded, 
bile,  where  was  made  the  first  European  settlement 

in  Alabama. 

4.  In  1716,  Bienville  went  up  the  Mississippi,  and 

built  Fort  liosalie,  on   the  site  of  Natchez, — the  ^ft*®* 
oldest  European   settlement  of  the   grand  valley,  founded. 
south  of  the  Illinois.     False  ideas  of  the  wealth  of 
Louisiana  had  been  spread  in  France,  for  purposes 
of  land  speculation;  and  in  1718,  three  ships  came 
ovei\  bearinareiorht  hundred  emiijjrants,  who  founded  '^T^^' 
a  city,  and  in  honor  ot  the  regent  of  France,  named   orieam 
it  New  Okleaxs.    By  this  occupancy,  as  well  as  by  f'*""*'®*^ 
discovery,  France  laid  claim  to  Louisiana. 

5.  The  French  built  a  fort  at  Niagara.   A  colony 
of  one  hundred  was  led  to  Detroit,  as  early  as  1701, 

by  De  La  MoTTE  Cadillac,  and  another  in  1712,  -y-_ 
by  Anthony  Crozat,  who  had  obtained  from  Louis 
XIV.  a  patent  for  the  exclusive  trade  of  Louisiana. 
Since  the  discoveries  of  the  Jesuits,  the  French  had 
been  in  possession  of  the  various  western  routes  from     jjew 
the  St.  La^vrence  to  the  Mississippi.    Chicago,  Yin-  Franc* 
cennes,  aiid  J\askaskia,  were,  at  the  close  of  this 
this  period,  growing  settlements. 

2.  Where  did  d'Iberville  then  go?  Describe,  and  trace  on  the 
Map,  his  route  and  return.  Where  were  his  emigrants  planted? 
3.  With  whom  did  he  leave  the  command?  To  what  place  was 
the  settlement  transferred  ? — 4.  What  was  done  in  1716  i  To  what 
cause  was  the  settlement  of  New  Orleans  owinsr?  On  what  did 
France  foatid  her  great  claims  ? — 5.  What  other  places  wero 
touuded  by  the  trencli  soon  after  ? 


144  TiiK  81':eds  of  tiik  UK  volution. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Controversy  in   Massachusetts,    rospect.ng  a  fixed  salary  for  the 

royal  governor. 

FT.  II.       1.  The   free   institutions  of  tlie    colonies,    a^nhi 
P'D.  n.  alaniied   the   English  government.     Massacliusetts 
en.  VII.  A^ras  over  the  least  submissive  to  the  royal  Avill.     A 
_^_      controversy  between  that  colony   and  the   parent 
Mass.  a*  State  Tiow  began,  which  led  to  the  Avar  of  the  Revo- 
trcmbie-  lution.    The  main  subject  was  a  fixed  salary/  for  the 
subject  royal  governor^  which  the  English  sovereign  direct- 
ed tliat  officer  to  require  ;  but  which,  this  colony, 
for  a  series  of  years,  resolutely  refused  to  pay. 

2.  Massachusetts,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the 
war,  had  made  such  large  emissions  of  paper  money, 

rassuients.  ^^"^  Z^^^  ^^^  silver  Were  banished  from  the  province. 
The  paper  depreciated,  and  the  usual  commercial 
evils  ensued.  The  attention  of  the  colony  being 
Public  directed  to  remedy  these  evils,  o.  public  bank  was 
bank.  institi6tecl ;  in  which  the  faith  of  the  government 
was  pledged  for  the  value  of  the  notes;  and  the 
profits  accruing  fi'om  the  bank,  were  to  be  ap])lied 
for  its  support.  Fifty  thousand  pounds,  in  bills  of 
credit,  were  issued. 

3.  The  bank,  however,  failed  of  its  desired  effect. 
Governor  Shute  now  succeeded  Governor  Dud- 

1  '70fi  ^"^^ '  ^"^  ^^  ^^^^  recommendation,  another  emission 
Gov.  *  of  bills  of  credit  was  made,  to  the  amount  of  one 
^^^'j^*®^^j  hundred  thousand  pounds.    The  consequence  of  this 
worse,    was,  rather  to  heighten,  than  allay  the  existing  diffi- 
culties ;  as  it  was  found,  that  tlie  greater  the  quanti- 
ty of  this  factitious  substitute  for  money,  the  less  was 
its  value. 

Chapter  VII. —  1.   Which  of  the  colonies  was   most  prone  to 
dispute  the  royal  will?     What  did  the   English  government  in- 
struct their  governors  to  require?    How  did  the  colony  resist  this 
demand  ? — 2.  Give  an  aeeount  of  the  institution  of  a  public  bank 
3.   What  was  the  effect  (il'emitiing  no  nmcli  paper  money  ? 


GOVERNOR  BURNET  TROUBLED.  145 

4.  In  1728,  GoTERNOR  Burnet,  who  Bad  been  ft.  il 
removed  from  the  magistracy  of  New  York,  was  fd.  il" 
appointed  to  that  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp-  <^"-  "^"• 
shire.     He  was  instructed  by  his  sovereign  to  insist  ^mno 
on  a  fixed  salary.     The  general  court  resisted,  and  Bumet* 
postponed  a.decisive  answer.   They  voted  Governor  ""«^^?'^J- 
Burnet  the  unusual  sum  of  one  thousand  seven  hun-  Mass.  and 
dred  pounds ;  three  hundred  for  his  travelling  ex-    -^^  ^ 
penses,  and  fourteen  hundred  for  his  salary.     He 
accepted  the  appropriation  for  his  expenses,  but  re- 
jected that  for  his  salary. 

5.  The  people  of  Boston  took  a  lively  interest  in 
the  dispute ;  and  the  governor,  believing  that  the 
general  court  were  thus  unduly  influenced,  removed  Remores 
them  to  Salem.     Continuing  firm  to  their  purpose,  from*^Bot 
he  kept  the  court  in  session  several  months  beyond      *"" 
the  usual  time,  and  refused  to  sign  a  warrant  on  the       *  ^™' 
treasurer  for  the  amotmt  due  to  the  members. 

6.  In  April,  1729,  after  a  recess  of  about  three 
months,  the  general  court  again  convened  at  Salem, 
but  proving  refractory  on  the  subject  of  the  salary, 
the   goveraor   adjourned   them,  and  they  met  at 
Cambridge   in  August.     Unable  to  make  any  im-  1729. 
pression,  Burnet  felt  so  severely  the  difficulties  of  Bumet 
his  position,  that  he  sickened  with  a  fever,  and  died      ***^ 
on  the  1 7th  of  September. 

7.  His  successor,  Governor  Belcher,  who  ar- 
rived at  Boston  in  August,  1730,  renewed  the  con- 
troversy ;  but  the  court  after  two  or  three  sessions,  ,~«a 
succeeded  wdth  him  (and  by  the  consent  of  the  * 
crown),  in  a  pohcy  which  they  had  vainly  attempt- 
ed with  Bumet,  that  of  paying  him  a  liberal  sum 

for  present  use,  without  binding  themselves  for  the 
ftiture. 

8.  In  1719,  more  than  one  hundred  families  emi- 
grated from  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  settled  in  the 

4.  Who  was  made  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1728  ?  What 
was  done  by  the  governor,  and  the  court,  in  reference  to  a  fixed 
Fuhiry  ? — 5.  Wliat  removal  did  the  governor  make?— 6.  What  was 
done  respecting  the  salary  in  1739 '<  What  etfcct  had  these  trou- 
ble»  on  the  governor? — 7.  How  was  tlie  controversy  settled  ? 


146  VERMONT. 

PT.  II.  town  of  Londonderry,  in  New  Hampshire.     They 
FD.  II.  introduced  the  foot  spinning-wheel,  the  manufacture 
oH.vn.  of  linen,  and  the  culture  of  potatoes. 
IVlOt      9.  A  phenomenon,  singular  at  the  time,  and  not 
^deny '  jet  satisfactorily  explained,  alarmed  the  people  of 
settled.  New  England  in  1719.     This  was  the  Aurora  Jiore- 
alls,  first  noticed  in  the  country,  on  the  night  of  the 
Aurora   I7th  of  December.     Its  appearance,  according  to 
Boreaiis.  ^j^g  writers  of  the  day,  was  more  calculated  to  ex- 
cite terror  than  later  appearances  of  the  same  kind. 

10.  In  1Y23,  a  fort  was  built  on  the  Connecticut 
1  '7^1  ^^^®^'  ^^  ^^®  present  town  of  Brattleborough,  under 
First  set-  the  direction  of  Lieutenant-goveknor  Dummeb,  ol 
'■Vermont  Massachusetts,  and  hence  it  was  called  I^ort  Dummer. 

Around  this  fort  was  commenced  the  first  settle- 
ment in  Vermont, 

11.  About  this  period  a  new  colony  was  projected 
in  England,  to  settle  between  the  Savannah  and 
Altamaha  rivers.  This  tract  was  within  the  limits 
of  the   Carolina  grant,  but  unoccupied  by  Etro- 

pian  pean  settlers.  The  patriotic  deemed  it  important, 
*ooiony7  ^^^^  *^^^  region  should  be  planted  by  a  British  col- 
ony, otherwise  it  might  be  seized  by  the  Spaniards 
from  Florida,  or  the  French  from  the  Mississippi. 
At  the  same  time,  a  spirit  of  philanthropy  was 
abroad  in  England,  to  notice  the  distresses  of  the 
poor,  especially  those  shut  up  in  prisons,  and  to 
provide  for  their  relief. 

12.  Actuated  by  these  generous  motives,  a  number 
Ogle-    of  gentlemen  in  England,  of  whom  James  Ogle- 

ttiorpe.  THORPE  was  the  most  zealous,  formed  a  project  to 
settle  this  tract,  by  such  of  the  suffering  poor,  as 
might  be  willing  to  seek,  in  the  new  world,  the  means 
of  subsistence. 

13.  To  this  company,  the  territory/  between  the 

8.  What  emigrants  settled  in  New  Hampshire?  What  did  they 
introduce? — 9.  What  can  you  say  of  the  Aurora  Boreaiis  of  that 
day? — JO.  When  and  where  was  the  first  settlement  made  in 
Vermont? — 11.  What  new  colony  was  projected  in  England? 
Why  did  the  j)atriotic  in  England  favor  the  project?  What  be- 
nevolent spirit  was  abroad  ? — 12.  Who  was  to  be  the  leader  of  tha 
enterprise? 


GEORGIA.  147 

Savannah  and  Altamaha,  now,  in  honor  of  the  kmg,  ft.ii. 
denommated  Georgia,  was  granted ;  and,  with  its  fd.  il 
settlement,  was    completed    that  of  the    thirteen  ^^ 
veteran  colonies,  which  fought  the  war  of  the  Revo-  jy^g^ 
lution ;  and  whose  thirteen  emblematic  stripes,  still  Georgia' 
decorate  the  banner  of  American  Independence ;  g^t^d. 
while  the  stars  (adding  one  for  every  new  State), 
have  well  nigh  trebled  their  original  number, 

13.  What  may  be  said  of  the  colony  which  Oglethorpe  and  his 
ccmpany  settled  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  flag  or  banner  of  the 
Eepu  blic  of  America  ? 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  TEEE  CHKONOGEAPHER 

(For  Period  IL,  Part  IL) 

What  event  marks  the  beginning  of  this  period  ?  What  is 
its  date  ?  Point  it  out  on  the  chronographer.  Also  the  fol- 
lowing <iates  :  Queen  Anne's  war  began  in  1702.  Massachu- 
setts extended  its  jurisdiction  over  Maine  in  1714.  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  were  ruled  by  one  governor  in  1698.  Penn 
granted  a  new  charter  to  Pennsylvania  in  1701.  The  cultiva- 
tion of  rice  was  begun  in  Carolina,  in  1695.  Paper  money  was 
first  made  in  South  Carolina,  in  1702.  In  1729,  North  and 
South  Carolina  were  erected  into  separate  governments.  Mo- 
bile was  founded  by  the  French  in  1702,  Natchez  in  1706,  and 
New  Orleans  in  1718.  Vermont  was  first  settled  in  1723. 
What  event  terminates  this  period  ?  What  is  its  date  ?  Point 
out  its  place  on  the  chronographer. 


Oglethorpe's  Council  with  the  Indian  Chiefs. 


PERIOD   III. 


rROH 
THK  FIB8T  SBTTUtinOIT  OF  I  I'J'gg  |  SSOEQIA  BT  0«LBTH01tP«, 

TO 


THE  PXACK  OF  FABIS,  WHICH 


1763.-J 


CLOSES    THE    FBENCH    WAB. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Georgia  and  Carolina  enoraged  in  war  with  the  Spaniards  of  Flor- 
ida—The  Slave  Trade — War  of  the  French  with  the  ChickaBaws. 

1.  Oglethorpe  prepared  for   the   settlement  of 
Georgia,  by  the  assistance  of  a  corporation,  consisting  pt.  il 
of  twenty-one  persons,  who  were  called  "  Trustees  p-p.  iii 
for  settling  and  establishing  the  Colony  of  Georgia."     *^"- ^ 
He  embarked  in  November,  1732,  with  one  hundred  1732. 
and  sixteen  emigrants  for  America.  tmsL* 

2.  Large   sums  of  money   had   been   stibscribcd, 
which  were  applied  to  the  purchase  of  clothing,  food, 
arms,  agricultural  utensils,  and  also  for  the  transpor-  Supplies, 
tation  of  such  indigent  persons  as  should  be  A\illing  furnished 
to  cross  the  Atlantic,  and  begin  a  new  settlement. 

3.  The  company  arrived  at  Yamacraw  Bluft',  atler- 

CiiAPTKK  I. —  1.  Whose  assistance  had  Ogletliorpc?  At  wliat 
time  did  lie  embark  ?  With  how  many  ? — 3.  For  what  purposes 
wji^  uioiicy  raised  ? 

149  . 


150  FIKST    SETTLEMENTS    IN    GEORGIA. 

FT.  II.   wards    Smmnnah,  on  the  first  of  February,  1733 
1"D.  IIL  Here  Oglethorpe  built  a  foit.     His  next  care  was 

°°-'-     to  have  a  good  understanding  with  his  neighbors, 
\^'l'i  *^^  poAverful  chiefs  of  the  Creeks,  Cherokees,  Choc- 

Osie-  *  taws,  and  Chickasaws.     Ogletliorpe  invited  thera  to 
thorpe    ij^get  him  in  a  general  council  at  Savannah.  By  means 

&rriv6S.  ~ 

„     ^    of  an  interpreter,  he  made  them  the  most  friendly 
^tj,  thePi'o^sssions',  which    they   reciprocated;    and    these 
Chiefs,  amicable  dispositions  passed  into  a  solemn  treaty. 

4.  Georgia  was  soon  increased  by  five  or  six  hun 
dred  emigrants ;  but  most  were  idle,  and  many  vi- 
cious.    In  order  to  pi'ocure  a  more  efficient  popula- 
tion, eleven  townships  of  20,000  acres  each,  were 

50  acres  \2^\^  q-^^  q^  w^q  Savannah,  Ogeechee,  and  Altamaha 
to  each  nvcrs,  and  divided  into  lots  of  fifty  acres  each.  One 
Betuer.   ^^  tlicsc  was  to  be  given  to  every  actual  settler. 

5.  This  arrangement  proved  so  attractive,  that  a 
Scotch   large  number  of  emigrants  soon  arrived,     Highland- 

and  ers  from  Scotland,  build  the  town  of  Inverness,  after- 
wards Darien,  on  the  Altamaha ;  and  Germans,  a 
town  Avhich  they  called  Ebenezer^  on  the  Savannah. 

6.  The  charter  granted  to  the  trustees  of  Georgia, 
vested  in  them  powers  of  legislation  for  twenty-one 

CMi  *  y^ars  ;  and  they  now  proceeded  to  establish  regula- 
govern-  tiODS  for  the  government  of  the  province,  in  which 
™*°     the  interests  of  humanity  were  regarded,  more  than 
those  of  trade. 

7.  In  1736,  Oglethorpe  erected  three  forts :  one  on 
the  Savannah,  at  Augusta  /  another  called  Freder- 

Og.  bniid8«c<^5  in  t,he  vicinity  of  the  Scotch  settlement  on  the 

sfortB.  island   of  St.    Simons  ;  and   a  third,    named   Fort 

William^    on   Cumberland  island.     The   Spaniards 

remonstrated,  and  insisted  on  the  evacuation  of  the 

3.  Where  and  when  did  the  company  arrive?  "What  was  first 
done?  What  was  Oglethorpe's  next  care?  What  powerful 
nations  sent  their  chiefs  to  the  council?  What  was  done  at  the 
council  ? — 4.  How  was  the  settlement  increased  ?  What  was  done 
to  procure  a  more  efficient  population? — 5.  What  effect  had  this 
arrangement?  What  town  was  built  by  Scotch  Highlanders? 
What  by  (icrmans? — G.  Wjiat  was  done  in  relation  to  govern- 
iiient?— 7.  W'liiit  three  forts  did  Oglethorpe  next  build?  What 
ilid  the  Spaniards  ? 


OGLETHORPE.  151 

conntrv,  as  far  as  the  thiitv-tliird  cIoctoc  of  north  pt.  ii. 
latitude.  pi).  ui. 

8.  Oglethorpe  about  this  time  returned  to  Eno^-    *^"-  ^ 
land.     lie  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  ^^m^^ 
British  forces  in  Carolina  and  Georgia,  andsentback 
with  a  regiment  of  six  hundred  men. 

9.  England   having  deehucd    war  against  Spain, 
Oglethorpe  twice  invaded  Florida.      His  second  ex-  og.  isnn 
pedition  proved  wholly  unsuccessful,  and  produced  *°<=<*^^'"'' 
the  imfortunate  results  of  an  increase  of  the  public 

debt,  and  a  temporary  distrust  between  the  people 
and  their  general.     The  same  year,  Charleston,  in  ,^   , 
South  Carolina,  was  destroyed  by  tii-e.     To  relieve     ton 
the  sufferers,  the  British  parliament  generously  voted  ^^^^'^^ 
£20,000. 

10.  In  May,  1742,  a  fleet  was  sent  from  Havana, 
from  which  debarked  a  Spanish  army  at  St.  Simons,  -m^mn 
Oglethorpe  had  collected  troops  and  posted  himself    june.  * 
at  Frederica.     He  was  not  in  sufticient  force  openlv  .<^e»';?'? 
to  attack  the  enemy;  but  was  himself  attacked  by    by tt.e 
a  party  of  Spaniards.     His  troops,  particularly  the  Spaniards. 
Highlanders,    under    Captaik   McLstosh,    fought  ^Loonj 
bravely — repulsed,  and   slew  two   hundred  of  the  marsh. 
enemy  at  "  the  Bloody  Marsh."  _  ^p-  ^  '''""• 

11.  Oglethorpe  next   attempted   to  siarprise  the 
invaders,  by  marching  to  attack  their  camp  in  the 
night.     A  traitor,  who  discharged  his  gun,  and  then 
ran  into  the  Spanish  hues,   defeated  his  plan.     But 
Oglethorpe  made  the  Spaniards  believe,  by  a  strat- 
agem, that  the  soldier  was  sent  to  them  by  him,  to 
advise  them  to  remain.     Some  ships  from  South  Car-  a.  strau- 
olina  appearing  in  sight,  the  Spaniards  thought  they     gem 
were  going  to  fall  into  a  trap ;  and  they  embarked  in      the 
such  haste  that  their  artillery,   provisions,  and  niili- ^1*^^!^^^* 
tai'y  stores,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Georgians. 

12.  Georgia,  in  its  early  settlement   was  distin- 

8.  What  appointment  had  Oglethorpe? — 9.   What  two  expedi- 
tions did    lie  uiidertnke?     What    bad  results   occurred?     What 
nistortune  happened  to  Charleston  ?     What  peuerous  act  is  ro- 
>rded   here? — 10.    Give  an  account  of  the   Spanish   invasion. 
Who  repulsed  the  Spaniards? — 11.  By  wliat  stratagem  were  they 
induced  to  retire  ? 


153 


THE  OLD  FRENCH  WAR. 


r'T.  11^  jx'iislied  by  the  peculiar  liunianity  in  wliich  it  ^v,•w^ 

P'D.  III.  fbundetl.    Ogletlioi-{)e,  "sought  riol  liiiuseir,  but  otn- 

CH.  II.    ^j.j,  .„  jiini  fo,.  ten  yeafs,  lie  gave  his  disinterest efl  ser- 

'^'i.'^J^'"!'^'''"  vices,  witliont  chiiniinof  so  much  as  a  cottaye  or  at"ai-ni. 

tbor^pe.        13.  The     eloquent    WiirrKKiKLD,   with    the    two 

"Wksi.eys,  the  three  founders  of  the  sect  of  JMctho 

dists,  syni])athized   with  Oglethorpe  in   liis  bene\c). 

fllhl'ami  '<^'"^*<3  ;  3"*^^  each  spent  some  time  in  America,  assist- 

the  rwo  ing  him  in  his  enterprise.     Whitefield  founded  near 

"'"^'''  Savannah,  a  house  for  orphans.  ...  In  1752,  tlie  tiais- 

tees,  wearied  with  a  troublesome  and  profithess  charge, 

Trustees  resigned  their  office,  and  Georgia  became  a  royal 

„  "f  .    province. 

14.  Louisiana,  after  liaving  been  for  fourteen  years, 

under  a  company  of  avaricious  speculators  formed 

at   Paris,    reverted   to   the  French   monarch ;  and 

Bienville  was    appointed  governar.     He  found  the 

Chickasaws  very  troublesome,  as  they  favored  the 

English,   rather   than    the  French.     The    Natchez, 

imder  their  inlluence,  had  committed  murders,  tor 

1732.  which  the  whites  had  wholly  destroyed  them.     Bien- 

The     ville  ascended  the  Tombecbee  to  attack  the  Chicka- 

destroyed.  saws.  IIc  M'as  to  liavc  been  aided  by  a  French  army 

Chicka-  ^^'^^^  ^hc  Illinois,  but  the  Chickasaws  had  waylaid  and 

8»ws     destroyed  them.     When  Bienville  arrived  he  found 

^FrMiTh*  the  Indians  more  than  a  match  for  liis  force ;  and 

"■my-    he  immediately  retired  down  the  stream. 


CHAPTER  II. 

Old  French  War — Capture  of  Loiiisbur^ — French    and  English 
claims  to  the  Basin  of  the  Mississippi. 

1.  In   1744,  war  was  again  proclaimed  between 
England  and  France.     Louisburg^  the  capital  of  the 

12.  What  was  the  conduct  of  OiSrlethorpe? — 13.  What  eminent 
mini.'^ters  of  the  trospel  were  with  him?  What  ehang-e  wai  ma<le 
in  17oy  ? — 14.  Under  whom  had  Louisiana  been  ?  To  whom  did 
it  revert  ?  Wliom  did  he  appoint  ?  Give  an  account  of  tlie  attack 
upon  tiie  Ciiickasaws,  and  its  result. 

Chaptkr  11. — 1.  In  what  year  was  the  "  Old  French  War?" 


PEACE  OF  AIX  LA  CHAPELLE.  153 

islaiul  of  Cape  Breton,  had  been  fortified  with  great  ft.  ii. 
cart'  and  expense,  and  was  called,  from  its  strength,  p'd.  hl 
tlie  Dunkirk  of  America;  while,  from  its  position,  it    *^'^^'- 
couiinunded  the  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
the  tishfries  of  the  adjoining  seas. 

2.  (iovERNOK  Siinu.KY,  of  Massachnsctts,  now 
meditated  an  attack  on  this  fortress.  He  laid  open  his 
desi«''ns  to  tlie  ij-cneral  court  of  the  colonv,  under  an 
oath  of  secrecy.  The  j>lun  being  thought  too  great, 
too  hazaidous,  and  too  e\i)ensive,  it  was  apparently 
abandoned  ;  but  an  honest  membi'i',  who  pertbrmed 

the  family  devotions  at  his  lodgings,  inadvertently  betrayed, 
discovered  the   secret,   by  praying  for   the  divine 
blessing  on  the  attempt. 

3.  The  people  approvmg  the  project,  with  which 
they  became  thus  accidently  acquainted,  were  clamo- 
rous in  its  support.     It  was  revived  by  the  court,  and 
after  a  long  deliberation,  the  vote  in   its  favor  was 
carried  by  a  single  voice.     Troops  were  immediately 
raised    by    Connecticut,   Rhode   Island,    and   New  *J?''*'^ 
Hampshire,  to  aid  those  of  Massachusetts.  The  com-     com- 
mand of  tlicse  forces  was  given  to  Colonel  Wil-  ^y"(^ 
LiAM  Peppkrell,  a  merchant  of  Maine,  who  sailed Peppereil. 
on  the  25th  of  March,  and  arrived  at  Casco  on  the 

4th  of  April. 

4.  A  British  naval  force,  under  Admiral  WAREE?f, 
having  been  applied  to,  joined  the  armament;  and  louts- 
the  whole  ariived  at  Chapeau  Rouge  Bay,  on  the    From' 
30th  of  April.     By  a  series  of  the  most  unprece--^P"''^^*to 
dented  good  luck,  and  by  almost  incredible  exer-  AgreaT 
tions,  the  fortress  was  taken^  and  with  it  the  whole     ^^*'' 
island  of  Cape  Breton. 

5.  Peace  was  proclaimed  in  1748,  and  a  treaty  *'''**• 
signed  at  Aix  la   Oha.pelle^  by  commissioners  from   ^j^  |j, 
England,  France,  yji\  Spain,  the  basis  of  which  wasciiapeiki 

1.  What  can  yci  pw  of  Louisburg? — 2.  What  plan  was  formed 
oy  Governor  St".irl<"/  ?  What  did  he  in  reference  to  it  ?  How  did 
the  general  eour*^  re.-eii-e  \li  How  did  it  come  to  tlie  knowied^re 
of  the  people  '. — 3.  What  did  they  think  of  it  i  What  was  finally 
ione  hy  the  c-cnrt  ?  From  what  States  was  an  army  raised  i  Wlio 
•♦onimaiuled  ? — 4.  What  naval  force  joined  thein  ?  What  was  the 
*«ault  of  the  combined  etibrt  i 

-7* 


154  CONFLICTING    CLATOS. 

PT.  II.  the  mutnal  restoration  of  all  places  taken  durinsfthe 

FD.  TIL  war:  and  Louisburg^  to  the  grief  and  niortilicalion 

*"'•  "•    of  the  colonies,  reverted  to  the  French.     Its  capture, 

had,  however,  done  credit  to  their  militai'v  prowess  ; 

as  it  had  been,  by  far,  the  most  brilliant  exploit  of 

the  entire  war. 

6.  The  blood  and  treasure  of  the  many,  had  again 

Did  not  ^^^^  spent  "\Adthout  result,  and  peace  wasconclude<i 

settle  (lif-  without  a  propcr  Settlement  of  diifercn CCS.  This  was 

ferences.  egpggjally  the  casc  in  regard  to  the  American  claims 

of  the  contracting  powers. 

v.  The  French  laid  claim  to  all  the  lands  watered 
^^]^"^°^by  streams  flowing  into  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the 
France,  Lakcs  ;  and  all  watered  by  the  Mississippi,  the  Mo- 
by Fr^ench  ^^^^5  ^^^  their  branches ;  and,  in  the  west,  and  on 
?eog-    the  north,  they  were  erecting  fortresses,  with  an  in- 
tent to  unite  and  command  the  whole  of  this  vast 
territory. 
British       8.  The  British,  on  the  other  hand,  asserted  a  right 
claim  the  ^q  ^]^q  entire  countrv,  as  may  be  seen  by  their  early 
territory,  patents,  to  which  they  gave  an  extension  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.     These  conflicting  claims, 
it  was  clearly  foreseen,  must  soon  lead  to  another 
war. 

9.  A  number  of  gentlemen,  mostly  in  Virginia,  of 

whom  Lawrence  Washington  was  one,  procured 

^oh^^*  ^^  I'^'^O?  ^^  act  of  the  British  parliament,  constituting 

Company  them  "  the  Ohio  Company,"  and  granting  them  six 

formed,  h^mdred  thousand  acres  of  land,  on,  or  near,  the 

Ohio  river.     They  caused  the  tract  to  be  surveyed, 

and  opened  a  trade  with  the  Indians  in  the  vicinity. 

Hostile        ]^o_  This  becoming  known  to  the  French,  the  go V- 

of  the    ernor  of  Canada  complained   to  the  authorities  of 

Fmnch.  j.j'g^y  York  and  Pennsylvania,  threatening  to  seize 

5.  On  -^hat  basis  was  peace  made  at  Aix  la  Chapelle  ? — 6.  Were 
subjects  of  difference  properly  settled? — 7.  What  part  of  Americf 
was  claimed  by  France?  What  were  they  doing  to  unite  and 
command  this-  territory? — 8.  What  was  claimed  by  the  British? 
Was  there  any  prospect  of  a  peaceable  settlement  of  these  differ 
ences  ? — 9.  W  ho  were  the  Ohio  Company  ?  What  grant  had  they  ? 
What  did  they  do  in  reference  to  it? — 10.  What  course  did  the 
French  take  i 


THE    GUILD    WASniXGTON.  ^ y  155 

tlioir  traders,  if  they  did  not  quit  the  territory.  »g^  pt.  il 
era!  oftlieir  number  Avere  accordingly  taken,  and  p'd.  iil 
carried  to  the  French  fort  at  Presque  Isle.  ^^  "•• 

11.  DiNwiDDiE,  the  governor  of  Yirginia,  alanned 

at  these  mo^'ements  on  the  part  of  the  French,  had  ^^^  ^j^^^ 
sent  a  trader  among  them  as  a  spy,  who  returning,   -widdie 
increased  his  fears,  by  vague  accounts  of  the  French  *'*''"<^<^ 
posts  near  Lake  Erie,  without  gratifying  his  curios- 
ity as  to  the  number  or  object  of  their  forces. 

12.  Dinwiddle  determined,  although  the  season 
was  advanced,  to  send  immediately  a  trusty  person, 
to  require  the  French  commandant  to  quit  the  ter- 
ritory ;  and  also  to  bring  such    an   account  of  his 
strength  and  position,  that  if  he  refused  peaceably  to  \^k^ 
retreat,  some  feasible  method  of  ejectment  by  force  He  selects 
might  be  adopted.     A  young  man  of  twenty-two,  in^o'n''foi 
an  officer  of  the  militia,  was  chosen.     His  figure  was  a  difficult 
commanding,  his  air  inspired  respect  and  confidence.      °*^' 
His  name  was  GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 


CHAPTER  HI. 

George  Washington — His  birth,  parentage,  and  education — His 
conduct  in  places  of  trust,  private,  and  public. 

I.  Lawrkkce  Washington,  the  grandfather  of 
George,  and  Augustike  Washington  his  father,  had 
continued  the  family  residence  in  Westmoreland    John, 
county,  Virginia,  where  his  great  grandfather  John,  ^^^^^^ 
already  mentioned,  had  fixed  his  seat ;  and  there  he  tine,  and 
who  is  now  regarded  as  the  father  of  his  country,  ^^If 
was  born  on  the  22d  of  February,  1732.     In  1734,  KfoxoN. 
his  father  removed  to  Stafford  county,    opposite  to  -"^  •*»'^* 
Fredericksburg  on  the  Rappahannock ;  little  think- 

I I.  Who  was  governor  of  Virginia?  What  report  wa3  brought 
to  him? — 12.  What  plan  did  he  adopt  ?     Who  was  cliosen? 

Chapter  III. — 1.  What  was  the  name  of  George  Washington's 
father?  IJis  grandfather?  HLi  great-grandfather?  When  and 
where  was  he  born  '■ 


156  TIIF,    T5f)Y TO    BOYS    AN    KXAMT'LE. 

jP'T.n.   inc.-  that  his  playful  hoy,  then  huttn'o  yoav^  oM,  was 
P'D.  111.  niai-krd  hy  rrovideiice  for  a  career  so  elevated. 
CH.  ui.      ,2.   in  1743,  Augustine  Washino-ton  die<h   an;ileft 
i^-.>   to  each  of  his  sons  \aluahle  landed  estates.  To  Jjaw- 
Li.wmue  i^KXCE  his  eldest,  he  hequeathed  the  heautifnl  tract  on 
ol.tiiiiis    the  bank  oftlie  Potomac;  and  to  George,  the  lands 
Vernon,  and  mansion  where  he  died.     George  was  the  oldest 
oti'spring  of  a  second  marriage ;  and  hfs  excellent 
mother,  Mary  Washington  was,  by  his  father's  will, 
his  solo  guardian.     It  was  under  her  maternal  guid- 
ance, and  in  the  common  school,  that  Washington 
developed  those  physical,  intellectual,  and  moral  ele- 
ments, which  formed  his  greatness. 

3.  AVhen  in  school  he  was  pains-taking,  and  exact 
His  early  i"  the  performance  of  his  exercises  ;  and  he  w^as,  at 

moral    ^.lie  samc  time,  so  true  in  his  words,  so  riijhteous  in 
'his  actions,  and  so  just  m  his  judgments,  that  his 
school-mates  were  wont  to  bring  their  ditferences  be- 
fore him  for  decision.  Superior  also  in  bodily  health 
His      and  Yigor,  he  excelled  in  athletic  sports,  and  adven- 
mctivity.  ^  m.Q,jg  exploits.     He  loved  the  military  ;  and  tradi- 
tion reports,  that  the  lirst  battles  in  which  he  com- 
manded, were   the   mimic  engagements  which  he 
taught  to  his  school-fellows. 

4.  He  learned  to  read  and  write  well ;  and  he  tho- 
roughly mastered  arithmetic.  This  was  all  which 
the  school  helped  him  to  acquire.  Of  himself  he  prac- 

Liniited  tiscd  composition ;  and  he  hapi)ily  formed  a  style 

•dvan-   suited  to  the  lofty  tone  of  his  moral  sentiments,  and 

^v-    the  directness   and   energy   of  his  character.     The 

^b'^seif^  l^^ig^<3^  mathematics,  he  learned  with  pleasure  and 

fexertion.  mental  profit,  his  object  being  to  prepare  himself  for 

the  occupation  of  surveyor.  He  set  carefully  down  in 

his  books,  his  diagrams,  his  observations  on  man- 

1.  How  old  was  he  wlien  his  father  removed  to  Stafford  county  ? 

2.  Wiiat  occurred  on  the  death  of  his  father?  How  old  was 
George?     Who  was  his  guardian?     What  were  liis  advanta^^es? 

3.  What  was  his  character  as  a  schooi-boy  ?— 4.  What  did  he 
learn  in  school?  What  important  exercif<e  did  he  practise  by 
liiraself  ?  Did  he  early  fix  upon  sotnethinsr  which  lie  could  follow, 
to  obtain  an  honorable  support  ?  What  did  he  learn,  iu  order  to 
prepare  himself  for  his  chosen  occupation  ? 


GOOD    COXDUOT   GAINS    COXFIDENXE. '  l57 

nors,  and  his  rules  of  behavior.     Nothing  was  too  ft.  ii. 
laborious,  or  too  tedious  for  his  determined  inind.    pd.  iil 
5.  To  survey  the  great  estates  of  Lonn  Fahifax,    ^h.  m. 
tlien  residing  in  Virginia,  he  fir>;t  began  liis  career  ^•■•q 
of  active  life.     Though  a  boy  of  just  sixteen,  he  was  a  snrve/- 
iritrusted  with  what  would  have  been  an  arduous  and  ">■»"">"? 

1     T/v.       ,        T  1  T     1  1  «  themonn- 

and  diihcult  dutv  to  a  sound  and  able  man.  Anions:     tains. 


» 


honor. 


1751. 


the  forest  wilds  of  the  Alleghanies.  the  young  sur- 
veyor fiequently  ranged  alone ;  but  an  the  summits 
he  i-ejoiced  in  the  beauty  of  the  earth  and  sky  ;  and 
in  the  valleys  he  examined  well,  all  rare  and  curious 
thinofs. 

6.  He  had  often  no  bed  to  lodge  in,  and  no  roof 
to  shelter  him.  With  his  own  hands  he  dressed  the 
game,  which  his  musket  had  procured.  Sometimes, 
however,  he  shared  the  wigwam,  and  the  unpalata- 
ble fare  of  the  native.  But  these  hardships  were 
an  important  preparation  for  the  severe  services  he 
had  afterwards  to  encounter.  His  employment  also  pro^rty 
was  lucrative;  and  he  discharged  its  duties  in  a  ^and 
manner,  that  made  men  regard  him  as  a  youth  of  ex- 
traordinary promise. 

v.  He  was  only  nineteen^  when  he  was  made  ad-  _ 
jutant-general  of  tlie  Virginia  militia,  with  the  rank  Made  Ad. 
of  major.     About  this  time  he  accompanied  to  the  ^^^'^'^tfti* 
West  Indies,  his  brother  Lawrence,  now  declining  of  M^or. 
with  a  pulmonary  disease.     His  voyage  was  advan- 
tageous to  himself,  from  his  great  observation  and 
industry ;  but  his  brother's  disease  remained,  and  he 
died  during  the  next  year.  By  his  vnW.  he  left  George  vemon 
his  executor ;  and  gave  him  the  Mount  Vernon  es-    *®**^ 
tate. 

8.  Maj.  Washington  was  next  placed  over  one  of 
the  four  divisions  into  which  Dinwiddle  had  portion- 

4.  "What  did  he  do,  that  he  might  retain,  and  be  the  wiser  for 
whut  lie  had  learned?  Did  he  no*;  find  such  labor  too  tedious? 
5.  Was  he  trusted  with  important  business  when  youne  ?  By 
whom?  What  business  was  it?  Where  did  he  practise  his  pro- 
fession ?  Throuorli  what  scenes  did  it  lead  liim  ?— 6.  What  hard- 
ships did  he  encounter?  Were  these  on  the  whole  to  liis  advan- 
tage? In  what  way? — 7.  Wliat  promotion  had  he  at  the  age  of 
Hinet«en  ?     What  happened  in  reference  to  his  brother  ? 


158 


PKRII.OUS   JOURNEY. 


P'T.  II.  ed  the  militia  of  "the  Dominion,"  the  style  then 

P'D.  HI.  given  to  Virginia.     It   was  at  this  period,  that  he 

CH.  iiL    ^yas  chosen  by  the  governor,   as  his  envoy  to  the 

„  French.     The  seat  of  government  for  Virginia  waa 

out  to     WilUamshtirg.     Thither  Washington  repaired,  and 

"•iWer-^  was  funiished  with  a  letter  from  Dinwiddie,  to  St, 

ness.     Pierre,  the  French  commandant,  requiring  him  with 

1753.  threats,  to  withdraw  from  the  tei-ritory  belonging  to 

the  French  sovereign. 

9.  Washington  departed  on  the  31st  of  October  to 
traverse  more  than  five  hundred  miles,  much  of  the 
way,  a  pathless,  as  well  as  a  wintry  desert.  His  route 

Nov.  14.  lay  through  Fredeiicksburg,  Alexandria,  and  Win- 
^"land!"^  Chester,  to  Will's  creek,  since  Cumberland.  Here, 
taking  leave  of  every  vestige  of  civilization,  and 
having  procured  Mr.  Gist,  agent  of  the  Ohio  com- 
pany, as  interpreter  and  guide,  his  party  of  eight 
plunged  into  the  recesses  of  the  wilderness. 

10.  They  passed  through  snow  and  storms,  over 
mountains,  and  then  down  among   thickets,   into 

From    flooded  valleys.     Coming  upon  the   Youghiogeny 

ca^t)or-  t]iey  followed  it  to  the  Monongahela,  and  that  to  its 

the  Fork,  junction  with  the  Alleghany.     "  The  Fork,"  as  the 

site  of  Pittsburg  was  called,  was  then  a  desert ;  but 

Washington  noticed,  and  afterwards  reported  it,  aa 

a  suitable  place  for  a  fort. 

11.  From  the  Fork,  he  went  down  the  river 
twenty  miles,  to  Logstown,  where  he  was  to  deliver 

At*Lo^  friendly  greetings  from  Dinwiddie,  to  the  great  chief 

town  he  of  the  southcm  Hurons,  Tanachabison,  or  the  Half- 

Haff^ing!  king  ;  whose  friendship  was  courted  J|[)oth  by  French 

and  English.     The  chief  asserted  that  the  land  in 

question  belonged  neither  to  the  English  nor  the 

8.  What  was  Virginia  called  at  that  time?  Into  how  many 
divisions  was  it  portioned  in  regard  to  the  military?  What  waa 
Washington's  public  position,  when  Dinwiddie  selected  him  aa 
envoy?  What  his  first  step  after  accepting  the  appointment? 
What  was  the  purport  of  the  governor's  letter? — 9.  What  time  in 
the  year  did  Washington  set  out?  To  go  how  far?  Trace  and 
de.xoribe  the  first  part  of  his  route. — 10.  Describe  his  journey  to 
the  "Fork." — 11.  Describe  his  progress  and  adventures,  till  he 
reached  the  French  camp. 


THE    FEENCII    WAR   BEGINS.  159 

French ;  but  the  Great  Spirit  had  given  it  to  the  pt.  ii. 
Indians,  and  allowed  them  to  make  it  their  residence,  fd.  iil 
After  a  friendly  council,  Tanacharison  and  three  of  *"•  ^ 
his  principal  men,  accompanied  Washington  a  hun- 
dred miles,  to  the  encampment  at  French  Creek. 

12.  Here  St.  Pieebb,  who  had  been  but  a  few  days 

in  command  of  the  post,  received  him  with  the  cour-gj^^.^ 
teous  bearing  and  hospitable  attentions  of  the  French    tion  at 
gentleman.     But  to  Dinwiddle's  request,    that   he  French 
would  leave  the  territory  which  belonged  to  the  Brit-    c*™p- 
ish,  he  replied,  that  it  did  not  become  him  to  discuss 
treaties  ;  such  questions  should  rather  be  addressed  to 
the  governor-general  of  Canada,  the  Marquis  du 
QuESXE ;  he  acted  under  his  orders,  and  those  he 
should  be  careful  to  obey. 

13.  The  return  of  Washington  in  the  dead  of  win- 
ter, was  full  of  startling  and  perilous  adventure.  Once 
a  treacherous  guide  aimed  his  musket  at  him,  but  it 
missed  fire ;  and  once,  on  the  Alleghany  rivar,  he  and 

his  guide,  having  made  in  a  day,  with  one  poor  orVMh- 
hatchet,  a  miserable  jraft,  they,  at  sunset,  trusted  ^J'^^" 
themselves  upon  it,  to  cross  the  swollen  river,  amidst 
large  masses  of  floating  ice,  which  came  down  upon 
them,  and  threw  Ihem  from  their  raft  into  ten  feet 
of  water.  But  they  saved  themselves  by  swimming 
to  an  island. 

14.  Major  Washington  arrived  at  Williamsburg, 

on  the  16th  of  Januaiy,  ha\'ing  been  absent  only  Returns 
eleven  weeks.  The  energy  and  prudence,  with  which  £^54, 
he  had  met  and  overcome  dangers,  and  the  ability   Absent* 
which  he  had,^  manifested  in  the  discharge   of  his  ^^  '^*o** 
trust,  sunk  deep  into  the  minds  of  his  countrymen. 
His  written  reports  were  published  with  applause, 
Tiot  only  through  the  colonies,  but  in  England. 

15.  Troops  were  now  raised  in  Virginia;  and 
Washington  was  made  lieutenant-colonel,  and  in- 

13.  How  was  he  received  by  St.  Pierre  ?  "What  reply  was  given 
to  the  governor's  letter  ?— 13.  Wliat  adventures  did  Washiafrton 
meet  with  on  his  return  ? — 14.  IIow  long  was  he  absent?  What 
qualities  had  he  nianifehted,  which  made  a  deep  improssioqf 
What  was  thought  of  his  written  reports? 


160  A    PRKLUDE   TO    UNION. 

P'T.  II.  trust 0(1  with  tlie  command.  In  April,  1754,  he 
P'D  ihT marched  into  the  disputed  territory,  and  encamped 

<:h  IV.  at  the  Great  Meadows.  He  there  learned  that  the 
1'754.  French  had  disijossessed  the  Virffinians  of  a  fort, 
again  sent'^vhich,  iu  cousequence  of  his  recommendation,  they 

vviUi  a    were  erecting  at  the  Fork,  and  which  the  French 

i(trcp  ' 

French  finished,  and  named  Fort  du  Quesne. 
**'"'dir°'^'     16.  He  was  also  informed  that  a  detachment  oi 
Quesne.  French  troops,  had  been  sent  against  him,  and  were 
encamped  but  a  few  miles  west  of  the  Great  Mead- 
ows.    Surrounding  their  encam})ment,  he  surjjrised, 
w.  defeats  ^^^^  defeated  them.  The  conimander  De  Jujioxvili-e 
lorn^d  ^^^^  killed,  Avith  ten  of  his  i>a)ty.     On  his  return  to 
22  prison-  the  G  reat  Meadows,  he  erected  a  small  stockade, 
*"      called  fort  Necessity. 

1*7.  With  less  than  four  hundred  men,  Washington 
marched  to  dislodge  the  enemy  from  P^'ort  du  Quesne ; 
French  ^^^  after  proceeding  thirteen  miles  he  learned  that 
reinforced  they  had  been  reinforced  from  Canada,  when  he  re- 
tired.    Unable  to  continue  his  retreat,  from  a  failure 
of  expected  munitions,  he  intrenched  his  little  army 
within  Fort  Necessity.     A  party  of  fifteen  hundred 
French,  soon  followed  and  assaulted  the  intrench- 
^juf^f  *  ^^<2^ts.     After  a  brave  resistance,  Washington  sur- 
rendered the  fort ;  receiving  for  himself  and  the  gar- 
rison the  honors  of  war. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

CoNGEEss  AT  ALBANY — Convention  of  Governors  in  Virginia — 

Braddock. 

Attempt       1.   The  J3ritish  government,  in  prospect  of  loar, 
to  unite,  proposed  to  tJieiT  American  colonies,   to  form   a 

15.  Under  what  circumstances  did  lie  march  into  the  pame 
country  ngain  ?  Where  encamp?  "VVliat  did  lie  licar? — 16.  Give 
an  acc'iiint  of  a  Frencli  party,  headed  by  De  JumonvilJe.  What 
did  Washington  build  at  Great  Meadows?— 17.  What  did  he  set 
out  to  do  ?  Wliy  did  lie  desist,  and  turn  back  ?  Why  did- lie  stop 
at  Fort  Necessity?    Wluit  luippeiied  at  the  fort? 

Chaiteb  IV.— 1.  What  proposal  was  made  by  the  British  gov- 
ernment? 


FOUR  KXPi-.T 'rrioN-s.  161 

TJnion.     Delegates  from  each  of  the  Xew  England  p't  il 
provinces,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Marylnnd,  fij.  niT 
accordingly    met  at  Albany.     After   deliberating,    ^n.  iv. 
they  accepted  a  plan  of  confedej-ation,  which  was       ^ 
drawn  lip  by  Benjamin  Fkanklin,  on  the  4th  of  1754. 
July,  1754.     This  was  just  twenty-two  years  before    ' 
that  great  statesman  signed  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. 

2.  But  the  plan  was  disliked  in  England,  because 

it  gave   too   much  power   to   the   people  ;  and  in  p,^jj  ^^^^ 
America,  because  it  gave  too  much  power  to  the  nekuer 
king.     Thus  was  shown  how  widely  different,  even    ''*'^'^' 
at  that  period,  were  the  views  of  the  British  and  the 
Americans.     It  was  this  difference  of  opinion,  which 
finally  led  to  the  American  Revolution. 

3.  General  Braddock  was  dispatched  from  Eng- 
land with  1500  men.     On  his  arrival  in  America,  hegrmidock 
requested  a  convention  of  the  colonial  governors  to   assem- 
assemble  in  Virginia,,  to  concert  with  him  a  plan  ofgovTmora. 
military  operations.     Four  expeditions  were  here 
resolved  upon,  the  first,  against  Nova  Scotia,  the 
second,  against  Fort  du  Quesne,  the  third,  against 
Crown  Point,  and  the  fourth,  against  Niagara. 

4.  The  expedition  against  Nova  Scotia  was  com- 
manded by  generals  Monckton  and  Winslow.  The 
fleet  which  conveyed  the  troops,  sailed  from  Boston. 
The  army  distinguished  themselves  by  bravery  and 
good  conduct,  and  with  the  loss  of  only  three  men, 
put  the  British  in  full  possession  of  Nova  Scotia. 

5.  General  Beaddock   commanded  the  expedi-  lygs, 
tion  against  Fort  du  Quesne,     On  his  arrival,  he  en-  >'""'' ,^"' 
gaged  Washington,  now  a  colonel,  to  become  his  aid.    do4's 
By  his  advice,  Braddock,  in  marching  his  army  across  ^'j'tlTheLr 

. mwob. 

1.  What  was  done  in  consequence  I  What  plan  did  the  dele- 
gates accept  ? — 2.  How  was  it  received  in  England  ?  How  in 
America  ?  What  did  this  show  ?  What  did  it  lead  to  ? — 3.  How 
many  men  were  now  sent  over?  Under  whom  ?  What  did  he  re- 
quest ?  What  expeditions  did  this  convention  agree  on  ? — 4. 
Give  an  account  of  that  against  Nova  Scotia. — 5.  Who  com- 
manded the  second  expedition?  In  what  capacity  did  Wasliing- 
ton  accompanj  him  ?  What  measures  did  he  take  by  Washing- 
ton's advice ! 


162  brai^dock's  hash  conduct. 

FT.  II.  the  wilderness,  left  his  heavy  baggage  behind,  under 

PD.  III.  the  care  of  Colonel  Dunbar,   witli   an  escort  of  six 

CH.  IV.    iiundred  men  ;  and  at  the  head  of  twelve  hundred 

select  troops  the  general  proceeded  by  more  rapid 

marches,  towards  Fort  du  Quesne. 

6.  Braddock  was  not  deficient  in  courage,  or  mil> 
„    ,,   ,  itary  skill ;  but  he  was  wholly  ignorant  of  the  mode 
eontenins  of  conducting  warfare  in  American  woods:  and  he 
reffards  ^^Id  the  opinions  of  the   colonial  officers    in  con- 
advice,   tempt.      Washington   had,  however,   ventured   to 
suggest  the  expediency  of  employing  the  Indians, 
— who,  under  the  Halt-king  had  offered  their  servi- 
ces, as  scouting,  and  advanced  parties.     Braddock 
not  only  disdained   the  advice,  but   offended   the 
Indians  by  the  rudeness  of  his  manner.     Thus  he 
rashly  pushed   on,  without  knowing   the  dangers 
near. 

v.  It  was  noon,  on  the  9th  of  July,  when  from  the 
height  above  the  right  bank  of  the  Monongahela, 
FinJap-  Washington  looked  back  upon  the  ascending  array, 
^f  Brad-  ^hich,  ten  miles  from  Fort  du  Quesne,  had  just 
dock's    crossed  the  stream  for  the  second  time.  Everything 
army.    jQQJ^gjj  more  bright  and  beautiful  than  aught  he  had 
witnessed  before.     The  companies,  in  their  crimison 
uniform,  with  burnished  arms  and  floating  banners, 
were  marching  gayly  to  cheerful  music,  as  they  en- 
tered the  forest, 
rhey  fall      ^-  Suddenly  there  burst  upon  them  the  Indian  war- 
into  aa  whoop,  and  a  deadly  fire,  fi-om  opposite  quarters,  and 
■Biims-  from  unseen  foes.     Many  fell.     Panic-stricken,  their 
cade,     i-anks  bi'oke,  and  they  would  have  fled,  but  Braddock 
rallied  them  ;  and,  a  bigot  to  the  rules  of  European 
warfare,  he  constantly  sought  to  preserve  a  regular 
order  of  battle.     Thus  he  kept  his  men,  like  sheep 
penned  in  a  fold,  fair  marks  for  a  foe,  beyond  their 
reach,  and,  in  the  only  spot,  where  the  Indians,  far 
inferior    in  numbers,   could   have  destro^'ed  them. 

6.  What  can  you  say  of  Braddock  ?  W)iat  wholesome  advice 
had  he,  vifliich  he  despised? — 7.  How  did  Bniddock's  iir my  ap- 
pear to  Wasliington,  on  the  inornincr  of  .luly  9tli  ? — 8.  How  was 
the  scene  reversed?     ^^'llat  was  Braddock's  ccwiduel? 


rROVIDKNTIAL    PRESERVATION.  163 

They  lay  on  each  side  of  the  way,  concealed  in  two  ft.  ii. 
ravines.  P'd.  iil 

9.  The  Indians,  singling  out  the  officers,  shot  down   ^^  ^^• 
eveiy  one  on  horseback — Washington  alone  exce]>ted, 

lie,  as  the  sole  remaining  aid  of  the  general,  rode  by 
turns  over  every  part  of  the  field,  to  carry  his  orders,  -vvashing- 
The  Indians  afterwards  asserted,  that  they  had  spe-    ton's 
cially  noticed  his  bearing,  and  conspicuous  figure,  and  p^serva^- 
repeatedly  shot  at  him  ;  but  at  length  they  became     '*<"»• 
convinced  that  he  was  protected  by  an    Invisible 
Power,  and  that  no  bullet  could  harm  him.  After  the 
battle  was  ovei",  four  balls  were  found  lodged  in  his 
coat,    and  two  horses  had  been  killed  under  him ; 
but  the  appointed  guardian  of  his  country,  escaped 
without  a  wound. 

10.  Braddock,  who  had  been  undismayed  amidst 
continued  showers  of  bullets,  at  length  received  a 
mortal  wound.     Upon  his  fall,   the  regular  troops  dock's 
fled  in  confusion.     Washington  formed,  and  covered  ^{^„^ 
their  retreat  with  the  provincials,  whom  Bi'addock,    k.664. 
in  his  contempt,  had  kept  in  the  rear.     The  defeat 

was  total ;  sixty-four  ofiicers  out  of  eighty-five,  and 
nearly  half  the  privates,  were  killed  or  wounded. 

11.  The  army  made  no  halt  till  it  met  the  division 
under  Dunbai",  forty  miles  in  the  rear.  There  Brad- 
dock  died.     The  whole  army  contiruied  to  retreat  till^*^^Yni 
it  reached  Fort  Cumberland,  one  hundred  and  twenty 

miles  from  the  place  of  actioji.  Colonel  Dunbar,  with- 
drew the  regulars  to  Philadelphia,  leaving  the  whole 
frontier  of  Virginia  open  to  the  depredations  of  the 
French  and  Indians. 

8.  Where  were  the  Indians  concealed? — 9.  "What  is  very 
remarkable  eoncerninis:  Washington  during  this  battle? — 10. 
What  was  the  fate  of  iJraddock  ?  Wha'j  was  the  condition  of  the 
army  ?     What  the  loss  ? — 1 1.  Describe  "ihe  retreat  of  the  army. 


164  — ' 


DIESKAU  S    KEVKRSE. 


CPTAPTEU  V. 

Remainder  of  the  Campitigiiof  1755 — Campaign  of  1756. 

PT.  II.  1.  The  troops  destined  for  the  expedition  against, 
P'D.  HI.  Crown  Point,   amounted   to    more  than   four  thou- 

<^n-  ^-  sand.  They  arrived  at  Albany  the  last  of  June,  under 
ivT'i  ^^^  command  of  Geneual  William  Joiinsox,  and 
Johnson'  General  Lyman.  Here  they  were  joined  by  a  body 

and     of  Mohawks,  under  their  sacliem,  PIendrick. 

2.  Lyman  advanced  with  the  main  body  of  the 
Erect  Ft  army,  and  erected  I^l:>rt  Echoard^  on  the  Hudson, 
Edward,  f^j^.  ^^  security  of  the  batteaux,  provisions,  and  ar- 
tillery ;  which  were  forwarded  from  Albany,  by 
Johnson.  Towards  the  last  of  August,  Johnson  re- 
moved his  force,  and  encamped  at  the  south  end  of 
Lake  George.  Plere  he  was  engaged  in  preparing 
to  cross  the  lakes. 

3.  In  the  mean  time,  the  Baron  Dieskau  led 
8.  end  of  ^ga^^'^st  this  force,  an  army  from  Montreal.  He 
GEORGE  <3i^countered  the  Americans  near  their  camp,  and 

was  at  first  successful ;  but  the  fortune  of  the  day 
Pr  „j,(jgr changed.     His  army    was    defeated  and  fled;  and 
Dieskau  himself j  pale,  and  bleeding  with  mortal  wounds,  was 
^'^°'^  •  found,  sitting  against  a  tree  in  the  woods. 

4.  Johnson,  in  representing  this  affair  to  the  Brit- 
johnson"s  ish,  made  no  mention  of  General  Lyman ;  but  ob- 

hon"".  tained  for  himself  £5,000,  and  u  baronetcy.  The  pub- 
character,  lie  impression  was,  that  the  reward  belonged,  at  least, 
equally  to  Lyman. 

5.  The  poor  dispirited  remains  of  Dieskau's  army 
mains    halted  at  French  mountain,  where  they  were,  the 

French  ^^^^  ^^^i  ^"^  ®^  ^^  ^  detachment  from  Fort  Ed- 
dostroyed.  ward.     Their  dead  bodies  were  thrown  into  a  small 

Chapter  V. — 1.  What  was  the  third  expedition  of  tlie  cam- 
paign? How  many  troops?  Where  were  they  on  the  hist  of 
June  ?  Under  wliose  command  \  Who  joined  them  ? — 3.  In 
what  direction  did  the  two  divisions  of  the  army  move? — 3. 
Who  commanded  tlie  Frcnc!\  army?  Give  an  aiocount  of  liis 
operations. — 4  Who  gained  money  and  a  title,  but  lost  characters 
5.  What  became  of  the  remains  of  the  French  army? 


WASHINGTON    DEFF,NI!S   TIIE    FKONTIEKS.  165 

lalce,  since  called  "the  Bloodv  Pond."  May  the  time  ft.  ii. 
soon  come,  when  the  pure  waters  of  our  mother  fd.  iil 
earth,  shall  no  longer  be  dyed  by  the  blood  of  her 
children,  barbarously  shed  by  each  other's  hands  ! 
6.  The  success  at  Lake  George  revived  the  spirits 
\   of  the  colonists.    Sir  William  Johnson,  however,  did 
not  follow  up  his  success,  by  proceeding  to  reduce  g.^.  ^^^ 


CH.  TL 


Crown  Point ;  but  he  erected  at  the  scene  of  his  ex-  johnsou 

wastes  th 
campaign. 


ploit,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  George,  a  fort, ''^'^^  "* 


which  he  called,  William  Henry.  Leaving  six  hun- 
dred men,  to  garrison  the  forts,  the  remainder  of  the 
troops  returned  to  their  respective  colonies, 

7.  The  enterprise  against  Niagara  was  undertaken 
by  Governor  Shirley  in  person.     He  did  not  arrive 

at  Oswego  until  the  21st  of  August,  and  he  there  I'J'SS. 
waited  for  supplies,  until  the  season  was  too  far  ad-  shfriey' 
vanced  for  crossing  Lake  Ontario.     Leaving  seven '"*'®**^.^* 
hundred  men,  under  Colonel  Mercer,  to  garrison 
the  fort,  he  returned  to  Albany  ;  and  so  ended  the 
fourth  expedition. 

8.  By  the  destruction  of  Braddock's  array,  the 
frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  Avere  left  to  i?.'S6 
the  mercy  of  the  savages.    Washington,  at  the  head  in-iians 
of  his  regiment,  did  his  utmost  to  defend  them ;  and  Va.  an„ 
he  strenuously  urged  that  oflensive  measures  should     ^*" 
be  again  adopted,   and  especially  against  Fort  du 
Quesne,  which  he  knew  was  the  place  of  gathering 

for  the  Indians. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Campaigns  of  1757  and  1758. 

_1.  Thus  in  the  campaign  of  1756,  little  was  done. 
That  of  1757  is  only  memorable  in  our  annals,  for 
the    dreadful    massacre    at  Fort    WiHiam    Henry. 

6.  Did  Sir  William  Johnson  follow  up  his  success?  What  dis- 
position was  made  of  the  army? — 7.  What  happened  in  regard  to 
tho  fourth  expedition? — 8.  What,  after  these  failures,  was  the 
ortndition  of  the  frontier  St^Ues  ? 

Chapter  VI. —  1.  For  what  is  the  campaign  of  1757  memorable? 


166  MASSACRE    AT    FOIIT    WILLIAM    HENRY. 

PI',  n.  MoxTCAT.^vr,  avIio  succe<>-flcrl  Dioskau,  had  early  cort- 
FD.  in.  centrated   his    for(X's,   amounting  to  9000  regulars, 
CH.  VI.    Canadians,  and  Indians,  on  the  shores  of  the  Cham- 
I'J'.'S'S'.  phiin,   at  Ticonderoga.     Passing  up   Lake  George, 
besil'"ses"  he  laid  siege  to  Fort  William  Henry,  which  was 
Ft.  Win   coinmandeci  by  Colonkl  Monroe,  a  British  officer, 
(inry.    Qji,^,p,j,  .^^j^  Wkrh  was  at  the  time  lying  at  Fort  Ed- 
ward, with  the  main  British  army,  four  or  five  thou- 
i'  sand  stronor. 

2.  Monroe,  being  vigorously  pressed,  while  he  de- 
fended himself  with  spirit,  earnestly  entreated  Gen- 
eral Webb  for  aid.     But  he  entreated  in  vain,  and 

A-ag.  2.  necessity  compelled  him,  on  the  2d  of  August,  to  sur- 

^pitn-  render.  By  the  articles  of  capitulation,  Montcalm  en- 

lates.    gaged  that  the  English  should  be  allowed  to  leave 

the  fort  with  the  honors  of  war ;  and,  in  order  to 

protect  them  from  the  Indians,  that  an  escort  should 

be  provided  to  conduct  them  to  Fort  Edward. 

3.  But  the  Indians,  who  served  for  plunder,  at- 
Ang.  8.  tacked  the  British  in  the  camp  ;  and  the  French  com- 

Tacrrof'  ^^"cl6i'  either  could  not,  or  would  not,  protect  them. 
I'T.  TTJ/They  rushed  forth,  and  were  pursued.  They  threw 
nENRY.  g^ij  ^j^gjj.  money  and  clothes  to  the  Indians.  Not  sat- 
isfied, the  savages  pursued  them,  naked  and  flying, 
with  tomahawk  and  scalping-knife.  A  few  reached 
the  camp  of  Webb,  and  some  were  found  bleeding 
in  the  woods.  But  of  these,  many  in  their  agony, 
had  lost  their  reason, 

4.  The  manner  in  which  the  v/ar  had  been  con- 
ducted, dissatisfied  the  peo]>le  both  of  England  and 
America  ;  and  brought  forwai'd  as  pi'ime  minister, 

The  elder  the  greatest  statesman  of  the  British  annals,  William 

Win.  Pitt  Put,  afterwards  Earl  of  Chatham.    So  powerful  was 

his  eloquence  and  so  austere  his  patriotism,  that  ho 


1.  Give  an  account  of  Montcalm,  and  his  army.  Wliat  was  the 
condition  of  tlie  British  forces,  and  who  were  commanders  ?- -2. 
What  was  the  situation  and  conduct  of  Monroe  ?  What  of  Webb  ? 
Wliat  was  stipulated  by  Mcintcalm  ? — 3.  Did  he  keep  his  enfrafco- 
ment  ?  Mention  some  of  the  circumstances  of  the  massacre. — 4. 
What  was  the  stale  of  t!ie  public  mind  in  regard  to  the  war? 
Wluit  statesman  was  brouglit  forward  ?    What  was  his  eharactar 


prrr  and  wolfe.  167 

controlled  at  lenpfth  the  energies  of  the  government,  pt.il 
and  the  spirit  of  the  people.  fd.  iil 

5,  In  a  circular  letter,  which  he  addressed  to  the   ^^-  "^ 
governors  of  the  provinces,  he  promised  them,  that 

an  effectual  force  should  be  sent  against  the  French,  ■-•.-a 
and  he  exhorted  them  to  use  theii*  utmost  exertions  pittcaiis* 
to  raise  men  in  their  respective  colonies.     Animat-    ""  ".'* 
ed  by  this  call,  the  colonists  renewed  their  efforts, 
and  increased  their  army  to  twenty  thousand.     A 
large  force  Avas  also  sent   from   England;  so   that 
there  was  now  on  foot,  an  army  far  greater  than  had  An  army 
ever  before  existed  in  America.  These  troops,  amount-  °'^^'^^ 
ing  in  all  to  50,000  men,  were  in  readiness  for  action  America, 
early  in  the  spring.  Three  expeditions  were  resolved 
on,  against  Louisburg,  Crown  Point,   and  Fort  du 
Quesne. 

6.  A  regular  siege,  the  best  conducted  of  any 
which  had  ever  been  laid  in  America,  placed,  on  theixmilbni^ 
26th  of  July,  the  fortress  of  Louisburg  again  in  the  s""en- 
hands  of  the   British.     It  was  by  gallant  conduct, 
during  this  siege,  that  James  Wolfe  began  his  career    (6ooo 
of  military  renown.     With  Louisburg,  the  whole  isl-  ^^^^t^ 
and  of  Cape  Breton,  and  that  of  St.  John's,  fell  under  across  th« 
the  power  of  the  British.  "*^^ 

1.  Gener.il  Abercrombie,  at  the  head  of  sixteen 
thouspud  men,  proceeded  against  Ticonderoga  and    aw-* 
CroAVn  Point.     He  crossed  Lake  George,  and  de-  ""^g 
barking  at  its  northern  extremity,  he  attempted  with   against 
unskilml  guides,  to  pass  the  three  miles  of  dense   derora. 
woods,  Avidch  lay  between  his  army  and  Ticonderoga. 
As  he  ai)m'oached  that  fort,  a  detachment  of  the  ^^^s^^ 
Fienc'h  fell  iipon   him,  and  an  engagement  ensued,  Br.  L.  t, 
in  which  theWssailants  lost  three  hundred  men,  and     ^''• 
among  othersj  the  amiable  Lord  Howe. 

8.  Abercrouibie,  learning  that  reinforcements  were 

5.  What  circulaV  did  he  send  to  America  ?  What  was  done  in 
consequence?  What  was  the  number  of  the  army?  What  expe- 
ditions were  resolve\l  on  ? — 6.  liow  did  the  attack  on  Loni-sburg 
succeed  ?  What  canVon  say  of  James  Wolfe? — 7.  Describe  the 
moveineut'-  of  GencralW.bcrcrorabie.  What  was  the  fate  of  Lord 
lie  we  { 


168 


FROXTKNAC    AND    DU    Ql'I^SNK    TAKKN. 


PD.  III. 

CU.  VI. 

TICON- 
iJERO- 

GA. 
Ur.  loss 

2000. 


\US.  27. 
Ciilonel 
Brad- 
street 
«kes  Ft. 
Fronte- 
nao. 


FT.  II  daily  expected  by  tlie  French,  -vvitliont  waiting  for 
his  artillery,  made  a  bi-ave  hut  imprudent  assault 
upon  the  fort,  and  was  repulsed  with  the  heavy  loss 
of  nearly  two  thousand  killed  and  wounded.  He  then 
retired  to  his  former  quarters,  on  the  south  side  of 
Lake  George. 

9.  Here  he  consented,  at  the  solicitation  of  Colo- 
nel Bradstkeet,  to  detach  him  with  3000  men 
against  Fort  Frontenac.  AVith  these  troops,  who 
were  mostly  provincials,  he  marched  to  Oswego, 
embarked  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  landed  on  the  25th 
of  August,  within  a  mile  of  the  fort ;  and  in  two 
days  forced  the  important  fortress  of  Frontenac,  to 
surrender.  As  this  fort,  afterwards  named  Kings- 
ton^ contained  the  military  stores  which  were  in- 
tended for  the  Indians,  and  for  the  supply  of  the 
southwestern  troops,  its  destruction  contributed  to 
the  success  of  the  expedition  against  Fort  du  Quesne. 

10.  To  General  Forbes,  with  eight  thousand 
men,  was  assigned  the  capture  of  Fort  du  Quesne. 
He  committed  a  great  error.  Against  the  exjDostu- 
lations  and  enti'eaties  of  Washington,  he  made  anew 
road  by  Raystown,  instead  of  taking  that  already 
made  by  Cumberland.  The  consequence  of  this  was, 
that  it  was  so  late  before  the  army  arrived  near  du 
Quesne,  that  the  men  suifered  incredible  hardships. 
The  fort  was,  however,  reached,  and  found  deserted. 
General  Forbes  died,  on  his  return,  in  consequence 
of  fatigue  and  exposure.  The  fort  was  repaired,  and 
named  Fort  Pitt.  The  neighborinar  Indians  were 
now  glad  to  make  peace. 

8.  What  was  the  result  of  Abercrombie's  operations? — 9.  What 
detachment  was  sent  out?  Trace  and  describe  Brudstreet's  route. 
What  did  he  effect? — 10.  What  army  had  General  Forbes  ?  What 
was  his  destination  ?  What  error  did  he  commit?  What  was  the 
consequence?  What  can  you  say  respectinjr  the  fort?  What  re- 
specting General  Forbes  ?     What  of  the  Indians  3 


General 
Forbes 
makes  a 
new  road 
by  Rays- 
town. 


Ftdu 
Quesne 
amed  Ft. 
Pitt 


Pitt's  geeat  plan.  169 


CHAPTER  VII. 

The  Campaign  of  1759. 

1.  The  successes  of  the  preceding  campaign  em-  pt.  ii. 
boldened  Mr.  Pitt  to  form  for  this,  the  great  design  p'd.  hi. 
of  dispossessing  the  French  of  their  American  terri-  <==•  ^'^ 
tory.     The  campaign  of  1759,  had  for  its  object,  ^^-^v 
nothing  less  than  the  entire  reduction  of  Canada,  pitt's  pUn 
The  army  was  divided  into  three  parts.     The  first  embraces 
division,  under  Wolfe,  was  to  make  a  direct  attempt  objects, 
upon  Quebec.      The  second  under  Amherst,  was 
ordered  to  take  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  and 

then  proceed  northerly ;  and  the  third,  under  Pei- 
DEAUX,  consisting  of  Provincials  and  Indians,  was 
to  reduce  Niagara,  then  to  go  down  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and,  with  the  second  detachment,  conquer 
Montreal ;  then  join,  and  aid  Wolfe,  at  Quebec. 

2.  Prideaux  besieged  Niagara  on  the  6th  of  July. 

He  Avas  killed  by  the  bursting  of  a  shell,  and  the  ^°^^^ 
command  devolved  upon  Sir  William  Johnson,  who    taken, 
took  the  fort  with  six  hundred  prisoners.     All  com- 
munication between  the  northera  and  southern  pos- 
sessions of  the  French  was  thus  barred,  and  the  quiet 
behavior  of  the  Indians  secured. 

3.  Pitt  had  discerned  the  extraordinary  qualities     put 
of  Wolfe,  while  he  was  yet  obscure  ;  and  to  him  he  *^^^* 
now  confided  the  command  against  Quebec.  His  sub- 
ordinate  ofiicers  were  carefully  chosen.  He  was  pro-    h?m  a^ 
vided  with  a  choice  armv  of  8000  men,  and  a  heavy   choice 

,      •         f?       --n  "  -^      army. 

train  oi  artillery. 

4.  His  army  debarked,  late  in  June,  upon  the  isl-  He^ands 
and  of  Orleans.   Here  Wolfe  reconnoitered  the  posi-   °i^^^ 
tion  of  his  enemy,  and  saw  the  difliculties  which  sur-  of  Orieai* 

CuAPTErt  VII.—  I .  What  bold  design  had  Mr.  Pitt  formed  ? 
How  was  tlie  army  divided,  and  what  was  each  division  expected 
to  do  ? — 2.  What  was  the  fate  of  General  Prideaux  ?  Who  effected 
P-vdeaux's  part  of  the  great  plqn':! — 3.  What  preparations  did  Pitt 
L.rike  to  insure  Wolfe's  Kucoesa? — 1.  Where  did  Wolfe's  army 
debark  ? 


CH.  TIL 


1759. 


170  WOLFIi's    POSITION    AND    EFFORTS. 

P'T.  II.  rounded  him.  Quebec  rose  before  him,  upon  the  north 
FD.  III.  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Its  upper  town  and  stronjx 
fortifications  Avere  situated  on  a  rock,  whose  bold 
and  steep  front  continued  far  westward,  parallel  with 
the  river,  and  presented  a  wall,  which  it  seemed 
impossible  to  scale. 

5.  From  the  northwest  came  down  the  river  St. 
Charles — entering  the  St.  Lawrence  just  below  the 
town,  its  banks,  high  and  uneven,  and.  cut  by  deep 

Difficni-  ravines.  Armed  vessels  were  bonie  upon  its  waters, 
ties  of  his  and  floating  batteries  obstructed  its  entrance.  A  few 

^'  °°'  miles  below,  the  Montmorenci  leaped  down  its  cat- 
aract into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Strongly  posted  along 
the  sloping  bank  of  that  majestic  river,  and  between 
its  two  tributaries,  the  French  army,  commanded  by 
Montcalm,  displayed  its  formidable  lines. 

6.  Wolfe  took  possession  of  Point  Le\n,  erected 
jniy  9.  and  opened  heavy  batteries,  which  swept  the  lower 

toA^-n ;  but  the  fortifications  of  Quebec  remained  im- 
injured. 

1.  The  English  general  next  landed  his  anny  be- 

MOREV  ^^^  ^^®  Montmorenci ;  but  Montcalm  would  not 

CJ.  ^   leave  his  intrenchments.     Wolfe  then  crossed  that 

^^'^•'^^- stream,  and  attacked  him  in  his  camp.     But  he  was 

400.     obliged  to  retire  with  the  loss  of  four  hundred  of  his 

men.     He  then  recrossed  the  Montmorenci. 

8.  Here  he  was  informed  thai  the  expected  succors 

French  at""'^^®  likely  to  fail.     Amherst  had  found  Ticonde- 

Montreai  roga  and  Crown  Point  vacated,  and  was  preparing 

•uSori  to  attack  the  French  forces,  on  the  Isle  au  Noix. 

Prideaux  having  lost  his  life,  his  plans  had  been  car- 
ried out  by  Sir  William  Johnson.  But  the  enemy 
were  in  full  fof  ce  at  Montreal ;  and  from  neither  di- 
vision of  the  British  anny,  could  the  commander  at 
Quebec,  now  hope  for  any  assistance. 

9.  Wolfe  was  severelv  tried.     His  mind  was  un- 


4.  Wlifit  was  the  appearance  of  Quebec  from  this  place? — 5. 
"Where  was  the  French  army  posted  ? — 6.  From  what  place  did 
Wolfe  open  batteries  upon  Quebec?  With  what  effect? — 7.  Where 
did  Wolfe  attack  Montcalm?  What  was  he  forced  to  do? — SI 
What  intelligence  did  he  now  obtain? 


THE   HEIGHTS    OF   ABRAHAM.  171 

broken,  but  his  bodily  health,  for  a  time,  failed,  ft.  il 
When,  however,  he  was  again  able  to  mingle  with  pd.  iil 
the  army,  every  eye  was  raised  to  him  with  affection  '^  ^^ 
and  hope  ;  and  he  formed  yet  another  and  a  bolder  i^kq 
plan. 

10.  Pursuant  to  this,  Wolfe  broke  up  his  camp  at    sept. 
Montmorenci,  and  returned  to  Orleans,      Then  em-  ^^^^ 
barking  with  his  army,  he  sailed  up  the  river  several  Orleans, 
miles  higher  than  his  intended  point  of  debarkation. 

By  this  movement  he  deceived  his  enemy,  and  gained 
the  advantage  of  the  current  and  tide,  to  float  his 
boats  silently  down  to  the  foot  of  the  rock,  which  he 
intended  to  scale, 

11.  Wolfe  was  the  first  man  who  leaped  on  shore. 

The  rapidity  of  the  stream  was  hurrying  along  their  ^^^  ^^ 
boats,  and  some  had  already  gone  beyond  the  nar-  of  Abrar 
row  landing-place.     The  shore  was  so  shelving,  that  septia. 
it  was  almost  impossible  to  ascend ;  snd  it  was  lined 
with  French  sentinels. 

12,  Escaping  these  dangers  at  the  water's  edge, 
they  proceeded  to  scale  the  precipice.     The  first 
party  who  reached  the  heights,  secured  a  small  bat- 
tery, which  crowned  them ;  and  thus  the  remainder    ^^ 
of  the  armv  ascended  in  safetv ;  and  there,  on  this  AB'2f. 
lofty  plain,  which  commands  one  of  the  most  mag-  ^  ^wa 
nificent  prospects  which  nature   has  formed, — ^the  ^r:  t  and 
British  army,  drawn  up  in  a  highly  advantageous 
position,  were,  in  the  morning,  discovered  by  the 
French. 

13,  Montcalm,  learning  with  surprise  and  deep 
regret,  the  advantage  gained  by  his  opponent,  left 
his  strong  position,  crossed  the  St.  Charles,  and  in- 
trepidly led  on  the  attack.     Being  on  the  left  of  the  crder  of 
French,  he  was  opposed  to  Wolfe,  who  was  on  the    ^***'*- 
right  of  the  British.    In  the  heat  of  the  engagement, 

both  commanders  were  mortally  wounded, 

9.  How  did  it  affect  him  ?— 10.  "What  were  his  first  movements 
lu  reference  to  his  new  plan? — 11.  Who  was  first"  on  shore? 
What  difficulties  were  there  met? — 12.  What  others  occnrred  in 
pealing  the  heiffhts? — 13.  What  were  the  arrangements  of  Mont- 
calm I    Degcri&e  the  condition  of  Wolfe. 


172  ENGLAND    CONQUERS    CANADA. 

FT.  II.        14.  The  wound,  with  which  "Wolfe  fell,  was  the 

P'D.  III.  third,  which  he  had  received  in  the  battle.     He  was 

OH. vn.   removed  from  the  field;  but  he  watclied  it  with 

intense  anxiety,  as  faint  with  the  loss  of  blood,  he 

reclined  his  languid  head  upon  the  supporting  arm 

of  an  officer.    A  cry  was  heard,  "  they  fly,  they  fly ! " 

"Who  fly?"  he  exclaimed.    "The  enemy,"  was  the 

Wolfe?  reply.     "Then,"  said  he,  "I  die  content,"  and  ex 

pired.     Not  less  heroic  was  the  death  of  Montcalm. 

He  rejoiced  when  told  that  his  wound  was  mortal; 

^Mont-"*^  "  For,"  said  he,  "  I  shall  not  live  to  see  the  surrender 

calm,    of  Quebec ! " 

15.  After  the  battle,  the  affairs  of  the  English 
were  conducted  with  great  discretion  by  General 

\9,o'  ToAVNSHEND ;  whcreas,  the  French,  appear  to  have 

Sept  .18.      .    -  -     -  '  ,     . '  .  ,^  '     ^'^     ...  - 

Qiiebeo  yielded  at  once  to  their  panic.     Ihe  capitulation  ot 
"dera!'  Quebec  was  signed  September  18th,  1759,  five  days 
after  the  battle. 

16.  General  Townshend  returning  to  England, 
General  Murray  was  left  in  command  with  a  gar- 
rison of  50Q0  men.  The  French  army  retired  to 
Montreal;    and  M.  de  Levi,  who  had   succeeded 

1760.  Montcalm,  being,  in  the  course  of  the  winter,  rein- 
.Jj^"';'l„  forced  by  Canadians  and  Indians,  returned  the  fol- 

Attetnptto  .  •'      .  .  ,  ^  ^   '  /^      1 

regain    lowing   spi'ing,  With  a  lorce  oi    6000  to   Quebec. 
Quebec  (General  Murray  left  the  fortress,  and  the  Heights  of 
Abraham  became  the  scene  of  another  battle  more 
bloody,  though  not  equally  important  in  its  conse- 
quences with  the  first. 
Second       ^^-  The  armies  on  each  side  sustained  the  loss  of 
^^'T"?'  ^^00  men.      The  battle  was  not  decisive,  but  the 
OF     advantage  was  on  the  side  of  the  French,  who  main- 
j^^^^'^^jjtained  their  ground,  while  the  English  retired  within 
side  1000.  the  fortress.      Here  they  were  closely  invested  until 
they  received  reinforcements,  when  M.  de  Levi,  aban- 

14.  How  was  it  with  Wolfe,  when  he  was  told  of  the  flight  of 
iiis  enemy  ?     How  was  it  at  the  same  time  with  Montcalm? — 15 
Did  tlie  French  give  up  Quebec  immediately  after  the  baitle 
16.  What  was  the  position  of  the  contending  armies  during  the 
'  winter?     What  was  done  in  the  spring? — 17.   W^liat  was  the  loss 

!  in  the  second  battle  of  the  Heights  of  Abraham  I    What  militarj 

operations  foUowc'  ^t  ? 


CHEROKKK    WAR.  173 

doning  all  thoughts  of  obtaining  possession  of  Que-  ^^-^i- 
bee,  returned  to  Montreal,  where  Vaudreuil,  the  ^'^-  m- 
governor,  assembled  all  the  force  of  Canada,  ^^  ^^ 

18.  In  the  mean  time.  General  Amherst  had  made 
arrangements  for  assembling  before  this  place  all 
the  Bi-itish  forces,  from  Lake  Ontario,  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  and  Quebec.     Here  they  fortunately  arrived 
■watliin  two  days  of  each  other,  and  immediately  in- 
vested the  place.      Vaudreuil   found  the  force  too   sept  a 
strong  to  be  i-esisted  ;  and  on  the  8th  of  September,   gjf"re'- 
he  surreiulered  Montreal,  Detroit,  Mackinaw,  and     dcrs. 
all  the  French  possessions  in  Canada. 


CHAPTER  Vm. 

Wars  with   the   Indians. 

1.  The  French  had  stirred  up  the  Cherokees  to 

war.  Colonel  Montgomert,  at  the  head  of  an  176O. 
army,  went  to  their  country  to  chastise  them.     He 
was  at  first  successful;  but  the  Indians  afterwards 
attacked  him  in  a  thicket  near  Etchoc,  and  so  cut  up  etceoo 
his  army,  that  he  was  obliged  to  return.     The  next 
year,  an  army  under  Coloi^et.  GRAirr,  fought  and  defSte^ 
conquered  the  Cherokees  on  the  same  spot.      He 
pursued  them  to  Etchoc,  burned  their  huts  and  laid    ^^* 
waste  their  country.     The  Indians,  thus  put  in  fear,     their 
ceased  their  midnight  fires  and  murders,  and  made   ^^^^ 
peace. 

2.  Interesting  events,  closely  connected  with  the 
cession  of  the  French  territory,  were  already  in 
progress  among  the  savages  of  the  northwest.     The  EiKriish ' 
missionaries,  and  traders  of  that  nation,  had  wisely  less  popu- 
won  the  hearts  of  the  Indians.     Said  one  of  their   ^'the^ 
orators,  "  when  the  French  arrived,  they  came  and  y"'*'"?' 
kissed  us.     They  called  us  their  children,  and  we  French. 

18.  How  and  when  did  the  capture  of  Montreal  take  place? 
What  other  posts  were  surrendered? 

<  iiAPTER  VIII. -^1.  Give  an  account  of  the  war  with  the  Cher- 
okees. f 


174  PONTIAC'S    WAR. 

FT.  IT.  found  them  fathers."    When  tlie  more  haughty,  and 

P'D.  III.  less  attentive  English,  were  pi-eparing  to  take  pos- 

OH.  vin.  session  of  the  western  ports,  Pontiac,  the  highly 

gifted  chief  of  the  Ottaioas^  who  sought,  like  Philip, 

to   regain  the   primitive  independence  of  his  race, 

made   use   of  the  attaclnnent  of  the   red  men  to 

the  French,  to  unite  them  in  a  general  conspiracy 

•.  against  their  conquerors. 

3.  Pontiac  thought  that,  as  the  English  had  ex* 
pelled  the  French,  if  the  Indians  could  expel  them 
before  they  were  fully  establislied,  they  would  again 

ITe**  ^®  lords  of  the  forest.  The  plan  of  Pontiac  was  not 
Pontiac  inferior  in  boldness  to  that  formed  by  Pitt  for  the 

T darin^^  final  couqucst  of  Canada.  It  was  no  less  than  a  si- 
scheme!  niultaneous  attack  upon  all  the  British  posts  near  the 
lakes.  Pontiac,  by  his  inventive  genius,  his  elo- 
quence, and  his  energy,  had  acquired  such  power 
July  T  over  the  northwestern  tribes,  that  all  was  arranged 
Nine  of  Avltliout  discovery.      On  the  1th  of  July ^  1763,  nine 

ish  po^sts  of  tf^^  JBritish  forts  were  actually  surprised  and 

captured,  captured  by  the  Indians. 

4.  Maumee  and  Mackinaw  were  among  the  places 
which  were  thus  taken,  and  the  garrisons  surprised 

,  and  slaughtered.  Detroit  Avas  attempted,  but  the 
Btratagem  Stratagem  of  Pontiac  was  there  betrayed  by  a  com- 
Detrolt  passionate  squaw.     For  some  time,  however,  he  held 

the  place  in  siege.     But  his  allies  grew  weary  of  the 

war,  and  peace  was  concluded. 

5.  During  this  period,  pious  Moravians  having 
been  expelled  from  Germany,  came  over  to  America, 
with  the  design  of  devoting  themselves  to  the  con- 
version of  the  native  Indians.  Their  principal  seat 
was  in  Pennsylvania ;  and  their  most  important  vil- 
lages were  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth.      Their  mis- 

2.  What  difference  did  the  Indians  find  between,  the  manners 
of  the  French  and  the  English?  Who  was  Pontiac? — 3.  What 
were  his  views?  What  his  plan  of  operation?  How  far  did  he 
succeed? — 4.  What  two  places  are  mentioned,  which  were  taken 
by  surprise?  Where  was  Pontiac's  plan  revealed,  by  the  compas- 
sion of  a  woman  ? — 5.  What  was  the  object  of  the  Moravians,  in 
coming  to  this  country  ?  Where  was  their  principal  seat?  Their 
villages  ? 


PEACE    OF    PARIS.  175 

sionaries,  male  and  female,  went  forth  to  the  west    ft.  ii. 
ern  part  of  Connecticut,  to  central  New  York,  and  pd.  hi. 
through  Pennsylvania  to  Ohio.     They  lived  among  ^^-  ^"t- 
the  savages,  calling  them  their  brethren  and  sisters.  1746. 
Thus  they  won  their  confidence,  and  several  hun-j^^JJ^^^^^ 
dreds  of  them,  manifested  the  ti-ansforming  power    among 
of  the  gospel,  by  the  change  of  their  barbarous  dis-faithfaroi 
positions  and  practices,  for  such  as  were  pious,  kind,  mission- 
and  gentle. 

6.  George  III.  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Eng-      ^^^ 
land  soon  after  the  capture  of  Quebec ;  and  Mr.  Pitt,  lyeil 
resigning  in  October,  1701,  the  Earl  of  Bute  was     ^}^ 
the  following  year  made  prime  minister.     The  first     * " 
object  of  the  new  administration  was   to   restore    Lord 
peace.     Scarcely  was  this  accomplished,  when  Lord     B"^- 
Bute  resigned  his  place,  which  was  given  to  Mr. 
George  Grexville. 

7.  The  definitive  treaty  was  signed  at  Paris,  in 
February,  1763,  by  which  England  obtained  from  -^«„ 
France  all  her  possessions  in  America,  east  of  thop^jj^^^p 
Mississippi,  excepting  the  island  of  New  Orleans;    paris. 
the  navigation  of  that  river  being  left  open  to  both 
nations.     From  Spain  she  obtained  Florida,  in  ex- 
change for  Havana,  which  had  been  captured  during 

the  Avar.     France^  at  the  same  time^  gave  to  /Spain 

the  territory/  of  Louisiana.     In  1800,  Spain  recon-  1§00 

veyed  it  to  Frai%ce. 

5.  Where  did  their  missionaries  cjo  ?  IIow  did  they  treat  the 
natives  ?  How  was  it  with  those  Indians  who  received  the  gos- 
pel ? — 6.  Who  became  king:  of  England  ?  What  can  you  say  of 
Mr.  Pitt  ?  Who  succeeded  him  ?  Who  next  was  prime  minister? 
7.  When  was  the  treaty  of  peace  sisrned  ?  What  did  England 
obtain  from  France!  What  from  Spain?  Which  party  received 
Louisiana? 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  TEER  CHRONOGRAPHER. 
(For  Perio<i  HI.,  Pan  II.) 
What  event  marks  the  beginning  of  this  period?  What  is  it*  date? 
Point  it  out  on  the  (  hronocraiiher.  Al^o  the  places  of  the  foUowini:  dales: 
Oeoriria  was  invaded  by  the  Spaniards  in  174-2.  Tlie  Uliio  Company  was 
formed  in  17511.  Governor  Din\«iddie  sent  George  Wasliingion  on  an  em- 
bK.s,-^v  to  the  Freiich  commandant  in  1753.  Bradilook  was  defta'ed  in  1755. 
The"ma■^sac^e  at  Fort  V\iiliam  Henry,  1757.  In  175S.  L^uisburg.  Fort 
Froiiteii.ic.  and  Fort  l)u  Quesnc,  were  taken  from  tlie  Freio  h.  General 
Wolfe  took  Quebec  in  1759  Canada  surrendered  in  17(W.  Show  the  epoch 
at  which  this  period  terminates. 


176 


OFFICERS    IN    THE    FKENCH    WAR> 


OFFICERS  IN  THE  FRENCH  WAR. 


On  account  of  the  liability  of  young  persons  to  become  con 
fused  in  the  history  of  wars,  concerning  the  side  to  which 
officers  mentioneil  belong,  we  shall,  in  the  principal  wars,  viz., 
the  French,  the  Revolutionary,  and  the  War  of  1812,  give 
separate  lists  of  the  most  distinguished  officers  of  each  bel- 
ligerent. 

FEENCH  WAE  FKOM  1754  TO  1763.* 


American  Officers. 

George    Wasiiing- 

TOX, 

"Win  slow, 

Sir  William  John- 
son,! 
Lyman, 
Shirley, 
Mercer, 
Bradstreet, 
Forbes. 


British  Officer  a. 

Bkaddook, 

Monckton, 

Dunbar, 

Monroe, 

WOLFE, 

Abeuckombie, 

Lord  Howe, 

AMIfERST, 

Prideaux, 

ToWNSnEND, 

Murray. 


French  Officer 
Mahqijis  DU 

QUESNE, 

St.  Pierre, 

De  Jmnonville, 

DlESKAtJ, 
MoNTOALM, 

De  Levi, 
Vaudreuil. 


•  The  British  and  Americans  were  in  this  war  nnited,  and  both  against 
j!ia  French. 

t  Bir  William  Johnson  was  born  in  Ireland,  bat  e&me  to  America  in 
iwrly  lifa 


Williums'oii 
Lon^ude  If '".from  1Vaski7igU:>7t 

^2  ^ 


Note. — Places  i)iaik(.-il  thus  -  repvjseut  Moiavian  Missionary  Stations. 


PART  ITT. 


F  R  0  i\I     17  6  8     TO     17  8  9, 


Death  of  General  Wolfe, 


PEHIOD    I. 


THE  PKACK   I     1763     {•  OP  PARIS, 
TO 
THK  DECLA.BATION   i    ].776«    >  OF  IKDEPENDKITOB. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Causes  of  the  Eevolutionary  War. 

1.  Wk  come  now  to  trace  tlie  causes  by  which  P'T.  iil 
England  lost  her  colonies,  and  America  gained  her   fd.  l 
indejjendence.     We  shoi^ld  always  remember  that    ^^  ^ 
there  is  a  Great  First  Cause, — even  God  o^r  Cre-rpj^g^j.^ . 
ator  and  Ruler.     We  should  observe  with  thankful-     First 
noss,  by  what  steps  He  led  our  forefathers, — and 
how  He  made  them  a  way  across  the  deep,  and  gave 
them  a  place  wherein  to  plant  a  great  nation.     In 

Chapter  I. — 1.  In  tracing  the  causes  of  thines,  what  should 
we  alwajiB  remember?  What  should  we  observe  with  thank- 
ful nesa  ? 

1V9 


Cause. 


180 


CAUSES   OF   THE   REVOLUTION. 


P'T.  III.  Plis  providence,  the  time  was  approaching,  when  the 
P'D.  I.  bonds  were  to  be  severed  which  bound  this  country 
°^  ^    to  the  parent  land. 

2.  But  the  First  Cause  uses,  as  His  agents,  the 
opinions  and  wills  of  men,  which  guide  their  con- 

Becond   duct.     The  men  in  Great  Britain,  who  took  at  this 

causes,  time  the  lead  in  the  government,  had  haughty  and 

wrong  ideas  of  the  power  which  England  had   a 

right  to  exercise  over  her  distant  colonies.    They 

forgot  that  the  American  people  were  children  of 

the  same  forefathers  with  themselves,  and  heirs  of 

the  same  political  rights.    They  held  the  Americans 

tooUsh-  in  comparative  contempt,  as  those  whose  labors  and 

onfside.  "^<^^®y  D^ust,  if  they  demanded,  be  given  to  them, 

without,  or  against,  their  owner's  consent. 

3.  Had  the  rulers  in  England  undertaken  to  op- 
press the  people  there  in  the  same  manner,  they 
would  have  rebelled ;  much  more  the  Americans, — 
who,  as  we  have  seen,  had  grown  up  in  their  new  set- 
tlements, with  a  deep  sense  of  the  rights  of  the  peo- 

On  the   pie.     Toil  and  danger  had  made  them  strong  and 
manly  de- ^^^^^-     When  they  saw,  that  the  rulers  in  Great 
termina-  Britain  had  determined  on  making  them  submit  to 
*"'■     their  unrighteous  will,  they  became  alarmed.    They 
resolved,  that  they  would  first  endeavor,  by  peti- 
tions, to  bring  them  to  a  better  mind ;  but  if  after 
that,  they  persisted  in  their  oppressions,  they  would 
refuse  to  submit;  and  if  force  was  employed  against 
them,  repel  it  by  force ; — trusting,  that  a  righteous 
God  Avould  aid  their  cause. 

4.  During  the  French  war,  the  English  wanted 
the  services  of  the  Americans ;  and,  besides,  those 
were  then  in  power,  who  opposed  the  high  govern- 

1.  What  in  reference  to  the  Great  First  Cause,  can  we  say  of 
the  separation  of  our  country  from  England  ? — 2.  Wliat  does  tho 
First  Cause  use  as  his  agents,  or  as  second  causes?  What  opin- 
ions were  held  by  the  leading  men  in  Great  Brit-ain  ?  What  did 
they  forget?  What  did  they  hold  concerning  the  Americans? 
3.  Of  what  had  the  Americans  o  deep  sense?  What  liad  made 
them  strong  and  brave  ?  When  did  they  become  alarmed  ?  What 
did  they  resolve  ? — 4.  Why  did  the  British  opprass  the  Amerioana 
less,  during  the  Freneh  war  ? 


DEBATES   IN    PARLIAMENT.  181 

Tnont  party.     But  the  war  was  no  sooner  at  an  end,  ft.  hi. 
than  this   party  again  took  the  lead,  with  Lord   ^d  ^ 
Gkenville  at  its  head.  cu.  i. 

5.  In   1764-,  Lord  Grenville  gave  notice  to  the    Lord 
American  agents  in  London,  that  it  was  his  inten-    ''"'^'  ^ 
tiqn  to  draw  a  revenue  from  the  colonies ;  and  that  p,^^* 
he  should,  in  the  ensuing  session  of  parliament,  pro-     the 
pose  a  duty  on  stamps.  compact 

6.  The  colonial  agents  in  London,  informed  their 
respective  colonies  of  the  intended  system  of  taxa- 
tion.    Massachusetts  instructed  her  agents,  to  deny 

the  right  of  parliament  to  impose  taxes  upon  those  Mass..  Va., 
who  were  not  represented  in  the  house  of  commons.  *"'^^/T; 
The  house  of  burgesses,  in  Virginia,  appointed  a  com-  ground, 
mittee,  who  prepared  an  able  address  to  the  king 
and  parliament.     The  assembly  of  New  York  also 
sent  petitions,  which,  in  a  spirit  more  bold  and  de- 
cided than  those  from  any  other  colony,  asserted 
their  own  rights,  and   the   limitations   of   British 
power. 

7.  Associations  were  formed  in  all  the  colonies  to 
encourage  home  manufactures,  and  prohibit,  as  much 

as  possible,  the  use  of  British  goods.     The  tendency  j^^^JJl"^^ 
of  this  judicious  measure,  was  to  make  the  colonists   British 
less  dependent,  and,  by  operating  injuriously  on  the    *'*^*' 
British  merchants,  to  make  them  a  party  against  the 
ministry. 

8.  Notwithstanding  the  opposition,  which,  in  truth, 

was  not  unexpected.  Lord  Grenville  introduced  into  jyes, 
the  British  parliament  his  plan  for  taxing  -4mer- stamp  Ac* 
ica^  to  commence  toith  duties  on  stamps.     In  the  **pp'*^ 
house  of  commons,  the  project,  though  ably  sup- 
ported, met  with  ardent  and  animated  opposition. 

9.  " Children,  planted  by  your  care!"  exclaimed 
Colonel  Barre,  in  answer  to  one  who  spoke  against 

4.  What  happened  as  soon  as  it  was  ended  ? — 5.  What  notice 
was  given  by  Lord  Grenville? — 6.  What  was  done  by  Massachu- 
Betts,  on  being  informed  of  the  intention  of  Lord  Grenville? 
What  by  Vir^rinia  ?  What  by  New  York  ? — 7.  What  were  formed  ? 
What  was  the  tendency  of  the  measure? — 8.  How,  in  the  first 
place,  was  Lord  Grenville's  project  received? — 9.  Kepeat  a  part 
of  Col.  Barre's  speech. 


1S2  MEA&L'KKS    OF    OFrKNCE. 

P'T.  III.  the  Americans.     "  No !     Yoar  oppi-essions  planted 

P'D.  I.   them  in  America !     They  fled  from  your  tyranny  to 

cH- 1-     an  uncultivated  land,  where  they  were  exposed  to 

Colonel  all  the  hai"dships  to  which  human  nature  is  liablej"* 

.lifence^of     10-  " They  nourished  by  your  indulgence!     No! 

tiie Ainer-They  grcw  by  your  neglect!     When  you  began  to 

care  about  them,  that  care  was  exercised  in  sending 

Recounts  pcrsous  to  rulc  ovcr  them,  whose  character  and  con- 

^  their     (Juct  has  causcd  the  blood  of  these  sons  of  liberty  to 

and  suffer- recoil  Avithin  them.     They  protected  by  your  arms! 

lugs-     They  have  nobly  taken  up  arms  in  your  defence ! 

The  people   of  America  are   loyal — but   a  people 

jealous   of  their  liberties,  and  they  will  vindicate 

them." 

11.  Neither  the  eloquence  of  Colonel  Barre  and 
others,  nor  the  remonstrances  of  the  colonists,  could 

1765.  P^'Gvent  the  passage  of  the  stamp  act.      Of  three 

March  22.  hundred,  who  voted  in  the  house  of  commons,  only 

^  Act^    fifty  were  against  it ;  in  the  house  of  lords,  there  was 

passed,   not  a  single  dissenting  voice ;  and  the  royal  assent 

was  readily  obtained. 

12.  By  this  act,  no  written  instrument  could  be 

All  law  legal,  unless  the  paper  was  stamped  on  which  it  was 

must  be  drawn ;  and  this  stamped  paper  was  to  be  purchased 

stamped.  })j  ^]^q  Americans,  at  an  exorbitant  price,  of  the 

agents  of  the  British  government. 

13.  Provision  was  made  for  the  recovery  of  pen- 
alties  for  the  breach  of  this  act,  as  of  all  others  re- 

•dmiraity.  latin g  to  trade  and  revenue,  in  any  admiralty,  or 
king's  marine  court,  throughout  the  colonies ;  and 
these  courts  proceeded  in  trials,  without  the  inter- 

^"y'sus-  vention  of  a  jury.  This  act,  suspending  trial  by  jury, 
pended.  and  making  the  colonists  liable  to  be  called  to  trial, 
for  real  or  supposed  offences,  to  distant  provinces, 
was  highly  displeasing  to  the  Americans. 

10.  Relate  the  succeeding  part. — 11.  Did  the  Stamp  Act  pass? 
At  what  time?  With  what  majority? — 13.  What  was  this 
stamped  paper  to  be  used  for?  Of  whom  was  it  to  be  bought  by 
the  Americans?  At  what  kind  of  price? — 13.  If  tlie  law  was 
violated,  before  what  courts  were  otienders  to  be  tried  ?  How 
did  these  courts  proceed  in  trials  ?  Why  were  these  laws  otfeu 
Bive  to  the  people  ? 


THE    UNION    BEGINS.  183 

14,  Anticipating  opposition  to  these  measures,  par-  ft.  til 
liamient  passed  laws  for  sending  troops  to  America,    fd.  i. 
and  obliging  the  inhabitants  of  those  colonies  to    *'^"- 
which  they  should  be  sent,  to  furnish  them  with    a^  for 

t     n  T  quartariLg 

quarters,  and  all  necessary  supplies,  treopa. 

15.  Great  was  the  grief  and  indignation  caused  in 
America  by  the  news  of  the  stamp  act.     The  Vir- 
ginia legislature, — the  house  of  burgesses,  was  in 
Bession.     The  eloquent  Patrick-  Henky  introduced  |*„'^*'^ 
the  five  celebrated  resolutions,  which  constituted  the   resoia- 
first  public  opposition  to  the  odious  act.    The  last  of    ^'^^ 
these  declared  in  express  terms  that  they  were  not 
bound  to  obey  any  law  imposing  taxes,  unless  made 

by  their  representatives. 


CHAPTER  n. 

First  Geneeal  Congeess  at  New  York — called  the  Continental 
Congress. — Eepeal  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

1.  Before  the  proceedings  in  Virginia  had  be-  -,y^« 
come  known  in  Massachusetts,  the  general  court  of 

that  colony  had  assembled,  and  adopted  measures  to 
produce  a  combined  opposition  to  the  oppressive 
measures  of  parliament.     Letters  were  addressed  to 
assemblies  of  the  other  colonies,  proposing  that  a 
congress,  composed  of  deputies  from  each,  shovdd 
meet  to  consult  on  their  common  interest.    Dele-Dgj^atag 
gates  were  accordingly  elected  from  Massachusetts,  fr^  nine 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,         ** 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  South  Car- 
olina. 

2.  On  the  first  Tuesday  in  October,  the  delegates   oct  t. 
met  at  New  York.    They  drew  up  a  "  Bill  of  Rights,"  ^rstc^ 

I'll  ,Ti  t  ^       •  ts      ">     Uneniul 

m  which  they  asserted  that  the  colonists  were  en-  congrt**.. 

14.  What  other  act  offensive  to  them  was  passed? — 15.  What 
legislature  was  in  session  when  news  of  the  Stamp  Act  arrived  ? 
What  was  the  first  public  opposition  to  the  Stamp  Act  ? 

Chapter  II. — 1.  What  was  proposed  in  the  legislature  of  Mas- 
Bachusetts  ?  What  letters  sent  ?  What  colonies  elected  delegates  I 
2.  Wlien  and  where  did  the  first  continental  congress  meet? 


184  OPPOSITION    TO   THE    STAMP    ACT. 

FT.  in.  tilled  to  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  natural-born 

FD.  I.    siihjecLs  of  Great   Britain;  es])ecially  tliat  of  an  ox- 

cii.n.     eiusivi'  right  to  tax   tlieniseives,  — and  to  the  privi- 

■a<y.^'.<-    ^^'^^  oftrial  by  jui-y;  -.unl  that  the  late  acts  of  jsarlia- 

I'ciiUon*  I'leuL  h;;(J  a  I'laniiest  tendency  to  subvert  these  rights 

u>  tiie    and  hbeilies.    The  eonuiess  then  i)ie!)ai-ed  petitions 

i-.wn-    to  tlie  king,  and  to  botii  houses  of  ])arliaraent. 

""^^^'-        3.  .\s  the  day  approached  on  which  the  stamp  act 

was  to  take   etfect^  the  popuhir  feeling  against   it 

Odious   iiicrcased.     This  law  was  so  framed,  that  the  evil 

features  intended  as  a  penalty  for  disobedience-,  was  no  less 

stamp  as^.  than  the  susj)ension  of  the  whole  machinery  of  the 

social  order,  and  the  creation  of  a  state  of  anaix-hy. 

Neither   trade   jior   navigation   coukl    proceed ;    no 

contract  could  be  k'gahy  made;  no  process  againsi 

an  Ou\  ixler  could  be  instituted  ;  no  apprentice  cordd 

be  hidented;  no  student  could  receive  a  diploma, 

nor  e\  en  could  the  estates  of  the  dead  be  legally 

settle(i, — until  the  stamp  duty  was  paid. 

4.  Measures  were  taken  to  make  the  situation  of 
all  concerned  in  its  collection,  so  unj)leasant,  tliat  no 
Lnw.sl-  *^'^'-'  ^"'o'^^  ^^  found  hardy  enougli  to  engage  as  an 
bieforany  oflicej".     At  Boston,  the  populace  broke  the  win- 
cUstrUmte  dows  and  destroyed  the  fui-niture  of  Andrew  Oli- 
Btaiups.   VER,  the  proposed  disti-ibutor  of  stamps,  M-ho  tlien 
formally  pledged  himself  to  have  no  concern  in  the 
execution  of  the  obnoxious  statute.    In  New  Haven, 
Mr.  Ingeesoll  was  obliged  to  declare  the  same 
resolution,   not  to   become  a  distributor.      Similar 
scenes  occurred  in  other  places.    Governor  Hutch- 
inson, of  Boston,  suffered  heavy  losses  by  the  vio- 
-T-     ,    fence  of  the  mob. 

A  niotbod     5.  The  first  of  November,  the  day  on  which  tlie 
2^n /'their  ^^^  was  to  take  effect,  was  ushered  in  by  the  tolling 
use.     of  bells,  as  for  a  funeral   procession,  and  signs  of 

2.  Wliat  account  can  you  give  of  the  "  Bill  of  Kights  ?"  Wliat 
petitions  did  the  congress  prepare  ? — 3.  What  evils  did  tlie  Brif 
ish  intend  to  bring  upon  the  country,  if  the  people  refused  to  buy 
the  stamped  paper  ?— -4.  Whiit  measures  were  taken  to  prevent 
the  law  from  going  into  operation  ? — 5.  How  was  the  day  observed 
on  which  it  was  to  take  elfect? 


rcn 


CH    U. 


iiiiry 
ri  la- 
ment's 
L'l-iiira- 
tion. 


NKW    TAXKS.  185 

inonrnino^  anl  sorrow  Mpp'.ireil  in  all  ths  coionies.  pt.  in. 
TliH  j)r()ocyi}i!m".s  oT  th?  c«);i-rs  oi' jiistiee  were  s!is-  p-u.  i. 
jn'iided,  in  order  that  no  stamps  jiiiglit  be  used; 
and  those  encriiixed  in  disputes,  were  earnestly  and 
etlectuallv  extiortcd,  1)V  the  leading  men,  to  terini- 
nate  them  by  reference. 

6.  The  autliorities  in  England  were  at  a  loss  l)ow 
lo   proceed ;  for  they  saw  that  measures  must  he 
taken,  either  to    re])eal    the   obnoxious    statute,    or 
oblige  the  Americans  to   submit  to  it,  by  force  of , Tan"'" 
arms.     In  January,  1766,  the  petitions  of  conirress,    P"' 
were  laid  before  the  house  of  commons.     After  their  .<is^i 
examination,  a  reso]uti<»n  was  introduced  by  Gex- 
EiiAL  Conway,  now  prime  minister,  declaring  that 
parliament  "  had   lull   ])Ower  to   bind  the  colonies, 

and   people   of  Americ.-x,  in   all   cases  Avhatsoe\'er," 
which,  after  an  animated  debate,  was  adopted. 

7.  The  next  day,  the  new  ministry  bent  on  a  re-  jiy/>^ 
peal  of  the  stamp  act,  examined  Dr.  Franklin  before  Feb.  lo.* 
the  house  of  commons.     He  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  pra'^'J;|i„ 
that  the  acts  of  parliament  for  taxing  America,  had  examised. 
alienated  the  affections  of  the  people  from  the  mother 
country,  and  that  they  would  never  submit  to  the 
stamp  duty,  unless  comjielled. 

8.  The  resolution  to  repeal  that  act,  was  opposed 

by  Lord    Grenville   and  his    adherents,    who  were    Ecpeai 
answered  by  Mr.  Pitt,  now  Lord  Chatham.      That  "^^^^fj^ 
great  statesman  maintained,  tliat  taxation  Avas  no     JPitt. 
part  of  the  governing  or  legislative  power,  which 
parliament  had  a  right  to  exert  over  the  colonies ; 
and  concluded  with  a  motion,  "  that  the  Stamp  Act 
be  re])ealed,  totally,  absolutely,  and  immediately." 

9.  The  bill  for  its  repeal,  at  length  passed  the 
commons,  and  was  sent  to  the  house  of  lords,  where  ^o^^f,*„'^ 
it   met  Avith  much  opposition.      But  the  cause,  of 

5.  Wliat  was  done  in  respect  to  courts  and  disputes? — 0.  ^Vhat 
did  the  British  authorities  now  perceive  ?  What  resohitiou  was 
udopLed  ? — 7.  W!io  was  examined  before  the  house  of  commons  ? 
Wliat  opinion  did  he  give  ? — 8.  Wlio  opposed  the  repeal  of  the 
Btanii)  Act?  Who  advocated  it?  What  motion  did  he  make' 
9.  Was  the  repeal  opposed  in  the  house  of  lords  f 


186  TUK    RIGHT    TO    OIM'KKSS     ASSKRTKD. 

P'T.  Ill,  tlie   colonies   was    ably  advocated    by  Lord    Cam- 

P'i>.  I.   DEN-.     "  Taxation  and  reprcsiMitation,"  lie  said,  "are 

*'"■  "*■    inseparable — it  is  an  eternal  law  of  nature  ;  for  wliat- 

1?<>6.  *^^'*^^*  i'^  '^  man's  own,  is  absolutely  his  own  ;  no  man 

Lord  '  has  a  i-ight  to  take  it  from  him  without  his  consent. 

Camden.  wiiQj^.y^ji-  attempts  to   do   it,   attempts  an  injury; 

March  18  wlioevcr  docs  it,  commits  a  robbery,"     The  bill  for 

Passes  thore|)eal   at  length   passed  the    house  of  lords, — but 

lords!'    with  it,  was  another,  in  which  the  declaration  was 

re])eated,  that  "  parliament  had  a  right  to  bind  the 

colonies  in  all  cases  whatsoever." 


CHAPTER  III. 

Second  Attempt  to  Tax  America. — Opposition. 

1706.      1,  Although  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act  gave 

joy  to  the  colonists,  yet,  while  a  principle  was  at  the 

jeaKms*  Same  time  asserted,  upon  which  any  future  ministry, 

watchfiiL  '^^'^^^  ^^^^  sanction  of  parliamentary  authority,  might 

oppress  them,  they  continued  a  jealous  watch  over 

the  British  government. 

2.  General  Conway  recommended  to  the  colonies 
March  31.  to  make  compensation  to  those  who  had  suffered  in 

payffor  attempting  to  enforce  the  Stamp  Act.    This  referred 
the  riot,  particularly  to  the  Boston  affair.     The  assembly  of 
dons'The  Massachusetts  at  first  refused  to  make  any  comjDcn- 
rioters.    gation  to  the  sufferers ;  but  they  finally  consented, 
though  in  a  manner  highly  displeasing  to  the  British 
government ;  for  the  same  act  which  made  the  ap- 
propriation for  the  damage,  gave  a  pardon  to  those 
jn]y.    by  whom  it  was  done. 

3.  In  July,  another  change  took  place  in  the  Brit- 


Pitt  in 
power. 


9.  Wlio  advocated  it?  On  what  principle ?  What  was  finally 
done  in  the  liouse  ot'lords? 

Chaptek  III. — 1.  IIow  did  the  news  from  England  affect  the 
colonies? — 2.  What  did  General  Gonway  recommend?  Vliat 
was  done  in  Massachusetts? — 3.  What  change  occurred  in  Mi« 
British  ministry  ? 


1HE    UNION    OPPOSED    BY    THE    BKITISE.  187 

ish  ministry;  and  a  cabinet  was  formed  under  the  ft.  m. 
direction  of  Mr.  Pitt,  ncT  Earl  of  Chatham.     The   fd.  l 
proceedings  of  the  Americans  had  given  great  of-  *^'  ™* 
fence  to  tlie  British ;  and  they  were  condemned  by 
many,  who  had  heretofore  espoused  their  cause. 

4.  In  May,  1767,  Charles  Townshend,  then  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer,  influenced  by  Lord  Gren-  1767. 
ville,  brought  into  parliament  a  second  plan  for  tax-  mem  rm- 
ing  America,  by  imposing  duties  on  all  tea,  glass,  P^^e  new 
])aper,   and  painters'    colors,  which  should  be  im- 
ported into  the  colonies.      This   bill   passed   both 
houses  of  parliament  without  much  opposition.    An- 
other was  passed,  appointing  the  ofiicers  of  the  navy, 

as  custom-house  officers,  to  enforce  the  acts  of  trade 
and  navigation. 

5.  These  acts  revived  the  feelings  which  the  Stamp  -»^g 
Act  had  produced.    In  Massachusetts,  the  assembly     *"*• 
sent  a  petition  to  the  king.     They  also  addressed 
circulars  to  the  other  colonial  assemblies,  entreating 

their  co-operation,  in  obtaining  the  redress  of  their 


common  grievances. 


6.  The  British  ministry  viewed  this  measure  as  an 
attempt  to  convene  another  congress ;  and  they  had 
always  dreaded  the  effects  of  voluntary  colonial  union,  ^h^  ^^ygj 
independent  of  the  crown.     Governor  Bernard  re-  governor 
quii'ed  the  assembly  to  rescind  the  vote  by  which  the    '  the 
circulars  were  sent  to  the  other  colonies.    The  assera-  "sembiy 
bly  refused  to  rescind,  and  the  governor  dissolved  it. 

But,  instead  of  intimidating,  this  measure  did  but  ex- 
asperate the  people. 

7.  In  June,  the  custom-house  officers  seized  a  sloop 
belonging  to  John  Hancock,  a  merchant  of  emi-  ^^^  ^^ 
nence,  and  a  patriot  much  beloved  by  the  people  of  Seizure  oi 
Boston.     They  assembled  in  crowds,  insulted  and^g"^J^'* 

4.  What  new  plan  was  proposed  for  taxing  America?  "What 
was  done  in  parliament  in  reference  to  it  ?  What  other  act 
passed? — 5.  What  measures  were  taken  in  Massachusetts? — 6. 
What  was  the  view  of  the  British  concerning  the  Union  ?  What 
did  Governor  Bernard  require  ?  What  ground  was  taken  by  the 
atisembh'  ?  What  was  the  consequence  ? — 7.  Where,  and  on  what 
occasion,  were  the  custom-house  officers  insulted  and  beaten  ? 


ISS  "  MEASUKES    ilUTUALT.Y    IToSTTLF.. 

P'T.  III.  bent  the  officers,  and  compelled  tliein  to  leave  the 

P'D.  irtowii. 

cu.  HI.  8.  Tlie  assembly  of  ]M:issachusetts  Imd  not  con- 
vened since  its  dissolution  bv  Governor  Bernai'd.  A 
report  was  circuhited  tliat  troojis  were  ordered  to 
march  into  Boston.  A  town-mcetiiiij^  was  called,  and 
the  governor  was  earnestly  entreatecl  to  convoke  the 

governor  a.ssembly.     Ilis  reply  was,  ''tiiat  lie  conld  not  call 

rrfiiscs    jiiiother  assembly   this  vear,   withont   further   corn- 
to  call  an  •,      r-  i        i  •  4  ■  •      1  1 

asM-inbiy.  mands  from  the  knig."  A  convention  of  the  pcojne 
xoas  then  proposed^  and  riccordbu/hj  held^  on.  the  lid 

A^clm von- <5/"  September.     The  members  noain   petitioned  tho 

tion.     o^overnor,  that  an  assembly  might  be  convened  ;  but 

lie  I'elused — callimj^  them  relx^ls. — Thev  transmitted 

to  the  king  a  res[)ect,ful  aceonnt  of  their  proceedings, 

and  dissolved,  after  a  s^'ssion  of  live  days. 

9.  Orders  were  sent  to  Gi::xi;itAi>  GA<iE,  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  liritish  troo'ts  in  the  colonies, 
to  station  a  force  in  lioston^  to  ocenace  the  citizens, 
and p7'otect  the  custont-honse  officers  in  the  ilischargo 

Sept- 2=i.  of  their    duty.     Two    reuiments    were    accordingi}'" 
ineiiis'   ordered  from  Ilalitax,  and  escorted  by  seven  armed 
^i',;;;^^;.";'^  vessels ;  they  arrived  at  lioston  on  the  28th  of  Sep- 
Bosion.  teniber,  and  took  a  station  wiiicli   ccjinmr.nded  the 
town.     The  troops  then  mareheil  into  IJ(jston.    The 
select-men  refusing  to  provit'e  them  with  quarters, 
the    governor    commanded   the    state-house    t(j    be 
opened  for  their  reception.     Thoiigh  outward  vio- 
lence was  restrained  by  this  measure,   yet  hostile 
dis})ositions  were  increased. 

10.  The  proceedings  in  jMassachusetts  were  de- 

*[|^^^j^*_clared  by  the    Britisli   parliament  to    be    "illegal, 

insfttii-  unconstitutional,  and  derogatory  to  the  rights  of  the 

"^G^t-at    crown  and  to  parliament."     Both  houses,  in  a  joint 

Briuiii.  address  to  the  king,  recommended  vigorous  meas- 

iires,  and  besought  htm  to  direct  the  governor  of 

8.  What  did  a  town-nicetinnr  in  Boston  request  of  the  governor  ? 
"What  wart  liis  rejily?  Wliat  was  then  proposel  and  donu  ?-  i). 
Wliat  orders  were  given  to  General  Gatre  ?  What  forces  wera 
broiiirlit  to  B'^ston,  and  whore  phiced  ^ — 10.  What  news  was 
received  from  England  ? 


"  AFFKAV""    iX    D'-ySTOS^  ISO 

Massac'iiisctts  B;iy,  to  lu.iko  >tricL  inquiries  as  to  all  ft.  iil 
tri'asows  coiiii/HtU'il  iil  ihui  j)ruviiice  since  the  year    p-o.  i. ' 
1707,  in  order  tiiut^tlie  persons  nii.)st  active  in  com-    ch.  ul 
mittiiiti  Iheni,  huijht  he  seat  to  Eadland for  trial. 

11.  TiiC  iiouse  jot"  burgesses  in  Virginia  met  a  tew 
days  al'ter  tliis  adtlress  was  received  in  the  colonies,  jj^twith 
Tiiev  i>assed  resolutions,  in  wiiicli  thev  boldiv  defied   ■='>ir-  in 
the  right  of  the  kinij:  to  remove  an  oifender  out  of  ^i""^""*- 
the  colony  for  tri;i!.     Wlien  the  intelligence  of  the<e 
proceedings  reached  tlie  governor,  he  stiddenly  dis 
solved  the  assembly.      Tiie  members  assemb'ed  at  a  Thpimr- 
pi'ivate  house;  elected  their  speaker,  Peyton  Kax-    g«f-s 
DoLi'H,  moderator,  and  procee<led  to  jjass  some  de-    ti;",,,- 
cided  resolut!<jns,  against  importing  British  goods,  flj,';.',";,:'; 
These  were  introduced  by  Colonkl  Yv'ASiiiXGToy, 


n- 


Hii; 


who   had   been   a   member   of  the   house   since    his     ^j, 

resignation.    The  exanij.'le  was  extensively  toiiowed. 

12.  'J'he  assemblv  of  Massachusetts  v\"as  convened. 


They   refused   to  proceed    with    business  while   the  1770. 
state-house  was  surrounded  by  an  ai'med  force.    Tlie  ^.i!ll.*-^^'n;„ 
goveriior  would  not  remove  it,  but  adjourned  them  "'  m---*--- 
to  Camoriuge.     Lonsidermg  tr.e  establistiineut  ol  a  ,,,    a.-.i. 
standing  ;irmy  in  time  of  peace,  as  an  invasion  of  their   ^""'s^ 
natural  riglits,  tliey  refused  to  make  any  of  the  aj> 
propriati(,)ns  of  money  which  the  governor  jiroposed  ; 
ajid  lie  again  jjrorogued  them.     In  August,  Governor 
Bernard  was  recalled,  and  the  government  left  in  the 
hands  of  Lieutenant-governor  Hutchinson'. 

13.  Some  of  the  inhabitants  of  Boston  insulted 
the  military,  while  under  arms;  and  an  affi-ay  took 
place,  in  which  four  persons  wei'e  killed.     The  l>ells  'Affray' 
were  instantly  rung;   the  people   rushed  from  the  ^rijish* 
country  to  liu»  aid  of  the  citizens ;  an<l  the  swhliers    tro<4.3. 
"svere  obliged  to  retire  to  Castle  William,  in  order 
to  avoid  the  fury  of  the  enra'j:ed  multitude.     The 


11.  Wlint  \v;l<  June  by  the  lci:i.--!aturc  uf  Vinriiiia?  Ila.l  W:i>h- 
inirtDn  bi-en  in  siny  public  ciipiicity  >iiK'e  liis  resio-iialion  ?  What 
was  HOW  aolie  by  !,im  ? — 12.  VVeic  the  Criti.-h  able,  by  their 
artne,l  I'orce,  to  tViirbteii  tlie  as^em!ny  <ir'  Mas>aohii#ctls,  to  i:iaka 
laws  lo  p'.iMse  them?  Wl)y  liij  tlicv  retii>c  to  iimke  approj'ria- 
tioiis  ot'  iiior.ey  ?  What  chaiiu'e  occiirre.i  re.-peetiiiiT  govcriK>rs* 
13.  Gi\  ■?  .--Liiiie  iiocouat  uf  the;  adray  wiui  ihe  uiilitarv. 


190  THE    BOSTON    TEA    PARIT. 

FT  III,  soldiers  were  tried,  and  their  just  cause  was  nobly 
P'D.  I.   plead  by  the  leading  patriots — Jonx  Adaims   and 
°^  ^''-    JosiAii  QuiNCY.     However  wrong  were  their  mas- 
ters, the  soldiers  were  not  in  this  case  to  blame; 
and  they  were  acquitted. 
i'5"yi        ^'^'  ^^  Knglnnd  Lord  North  was  appointed  to 
January!  the  ministry.     He  introduced  a  bill  into  parliament, 
North    '^^^'c'^  passed  on  the  12th  of  April,  removing  the 
tempo    duties  which  liad  been  laid  in  1767,  excepting  those 
nzes.     ^^  ^gj^_     gjjj.  ^j^^.y  ^^-jj  claimed  the  riffht  of  taxing 

lyya   ^^^  colonies.     In  Rhode  Island  the  people  rose  and 
June.*  destroyed  the   Gaspee,  an  armed  British  schooner, 
Gaspee   '^^'hich  had  been  stationed  in  that  colony  for  the  pur- 
destroyed,  pose  of  enforcing  the  acts  of  trade. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Seizure  of  Tea. — Boston  Port  Bill. — Arrival  of  British  Troope. 

1.  The  non-importation   agreements  which   bad 
been  made  and  rigidly  observed,  in  respect  to  the 


iyiay_  '  article  of  tea,  now  began  to  affect  the  commercial 

Law  made  interest  of  Great  Britain.    Parliament  passed  an  act, 

land"    allowing   the   East   India   Company  to   export   to 

'■^^P^"''^  Am  erica  its  teas,  free  of  all  duties  in  England;  thus 

enabling  them  to  reduce  its  price  in  the  colonies. 

Tea  was  accordingly  shipped  from  England  in  large 

quantities.      Resolutions  were  extensi^^ely  adopted 

that  the  tea  should  not  be  received  on  shore,  but 

sent  back  to  England. 

Boston       2.  In  Boston,  several  men  disguised  as  Indians, 

jy  «  went  on  board  the  ships  during  the  night,  and  threw 

their  cargoes  into  the  water.     Three  hundred  and 

14.  What  now  occurred  in  England  ?  Did  the  Americans  re- 
fuse to  obey  the  British,  to  save  the  money  to  be  paid  in  these 
taxes,  or  to  maintain  their  rights?     What  vessel  was  destroyed  ? 

Chapter  IV.  —  1.  What  agreements  had  been  made  in  regard  to 
tea?  Were  they  observed?  ^\'hat  did  they  affect?  What  act 
did  parliament  pass?  What  was  accordingly  sent  from  England? 
What  resolutions  adopted? -2.  What  daring  exploit  was  per- 
formed at  Boston  ? 


BOSTON    POKT    BILL.  191 

forty-two  chests  of  tea  were  thus  broken  open,  and  P't.  in. 
their  contents  tlirown  overboard.  fd.  l 

3.  The  parUaraent  of  England,  in  order  to  punish    ^'*-  ^'^• 
the  inhabitants  of  Boston,  and  oblige  them  to  re-  jiyy^ 
store  the  value  of  the  tea,  passed  a  bill  in  March,     The 
1774,  "  interdicting  all  commercial  intercourse  '^i^f^ ywITsoj^ 
the  port  of  Boston^  and  prohibiting  the  landing  and 
Bhi])ping  of  any  goods  to  that  place,"  until  these 

ends  should  be  accomplished. 

4.  General  Gage  was  made  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, in  the  place  of  Hutchinson,  who  had  been 
removed  from  his  office  in  consequence  of  unpopu-  Exposnr* 
larity  occasioned  by  the  exposure  of  letters,  which  "ins^n^s " 
had  been  written  by  him,  during  the  years   1767    letters, 
and  1768,  to  the  leading  men  of  Great  Britain,  and 
which  had  tended  greatly  to  increase  the  prejudice 

of  parliament  against  the  colonies. 

5.  On  the  arrival  of  the  port  hill  in  Boston,  a 
meeting  of  the  inhabitants  was  held,  who  declared  „    ,„ 
that  the  "impolicy,  injustice,  and  inhumanity  ot  the    Boston 
act  exceeded  their  powers  of  expression !"     The  as-  ^"^^^^ 
sembly  convened  at  this  place,  but  was  removed  by   excite- 


ment. 


the  governor  to  Salem,  It  was  here  resolved  that  a 
congress^  comjyosed  of  delegates  from,  all  the  colo- 
nies, ought  to  be  elected,  to  take  their  affairs  into  the 
most  serious  consideration.  They  nominated  five  ^  general 
eminent  men,  as  their  representatives  to  such  a  con-  congress, 
gress,  and  directed  the  speaker  of  the  house  to  in- 
form the  other  colonies  of  their  resolution. 

6.  The  governor  sent  an  officer  to  dissolve  the 
assembly,  in  the  king's  name,  but  as  the  members  Assembly 
would  not  permit  him  to  enter  the  hall,  he  read  the  ^rr^^ 
order  aloud  on  the  staircase ;  but  it  was  not  obeyed  autJwrity. 
until  the  members  had  finished  their  most  important 
business. 

7.  Governor  Gage  had  believed  that  the  advanta- 

3.  Wlia'u  was  done  by  the  Britisli  to  retaliate  ? — 4.  What  change 
was  made  in  Massachusetts? — 5.  What  was  done  on  the  arrival  of 
the  port  bill?  What  important  resolution  was  passed  at  Salem: 
and  what  consequent  measures  taken  ? — 6.  In  what  manner  did 
tiie  assembly  treat  the  royal  authority  ? 


192  PAI.K.M    TYU'V.    TO    i;-)ST(;N'. 

FT.  III.  gos  nfisiiig  to  tli(.>  tnuii.-  oi'Saleii),  fVoiii  s)mttin<x  '^P 
P^).  1.  the  porl  of  IJostoii,  would  iviider  its  iniiabilants 
cu.  V.    ^l(J,.^>  tjivoi-able  to   the   royai   n(nt!riiiiu'iit ;  but  the 

.-^  -  peojile  of  that  town  declared,  "'•that  nature,  in  tbnn- 
Nobio '  i'lii,"  their  harbor,  iiad  prevented  their  becoming  ri- 

condiictofy;^!^  in   trade;  and  that  even  if  it  wove  otherwise, 

the  peojile    ,  ,         ,  ,  i      ,  ,  ,  .  i  >■ 

ofSaieui.  they  should  regard  theuiselves  lost  to  every  idea  or 
justice,  and  all  feenngs  of  humanity,  could  they 
indidge  cue  thought  of  raising  tlieir  Ibrtunes  upon 
tlie  iTiins  of  their  countrymen." 

The  Bns-      S-  '^^^^  cause  of  the  j)eopie  of  Boston  whs  espoused 
tonians  by  all  the  colonies,  and  tlieir  wants  were  supplied  by 

the  whole  Contributions.      The   people   of  Marblehead  gener- 

country.  ously  offered  them  the  use  of  their  harbor,  their 
wharves  and  warehouses. 

9.  When,  in  May,  1774,  the  house  of  burgesses 
in  Virginia,  received  the  news  of  the  Ijoston  poi't 
bill,  they  proclaimed  a  fast.  Lord  DuxiroiiE,  the 
governor,  at  once  pi-orogued  them.  They,  how- 
ever, formed  an  association,  and  voted  to  recom- 
tnend  to  the  colofiies  a  (/enteral  co7igress.     The  first 

_,  _.  of  June,  the  day  on  which  tiie  port  bill  was  to  take 
ginians  cffect,  was  devoutly  observed,  in  Virginia,  as  a  day 
^fesL*  of  fasting,  humiliation,  and  prayer,  to  implore  that 
God  would  avert  the  evils  which  threatened  them, 
and  '■'give  them  one  heart  and  one  tnind^  firmly  to 
oppose,  by  all  just  and  proper  means,  every  injury  to 
the  American  rights." 


CHAPTER  V. 

1'J"7<1,  Congress  at  Philadelphia. 

Sept  4. 
Fir'itcon-      1.  On-  the  4th  of  Se})tcml)er,  1774,  the  proposed 

^^ngVess.  coiigress  Convened  at  Phi]adel])hia.     In  this  body, 

7.  What  generoua  part  did  the  inhahitauts  of  Salem  take? — 8. 
"What  tliose  of  Marblehead  ?— 9.  What  was  done  by  the  Virgin- 
iatis  respectine  the  troubles  in  Bostou  ?  What  petition  did  they 
atl'er  to  the  Almia:hty? 

Chaptei!  V. — 1.  When  and  wlicre  did  the  continental  congress 
COD  Vine  'i 


FIRST    COXGIIESS AT   PHILADELPHIA.  193 

the  most  angust  and  important  which  had  ever  as-  pt.  iil 
sembled  npo7i  the  American  shores^  all  the  colonies,  "jp-uTiT 
except  Georgia,  were  represented ;  and  all  parties,    c«-  '^• 
struck  with  its  array  of  splendid  talents  and  stern 
patriotism,  looked  forward  to  results  with  deep  in-  nfes  rep- 
terest  and  great  expectation.  resented. 

2.  Their  first  measure  was  to  choose,  by  a  unani- 
mous vote,  Peyton  Randolph,  Esq.,  of  Virginia,  asg^:,p,,^jj 
president.     They  decided  that  each  colony  should  president. 
have  one  vote.     They  chose  a  committee  of  two 

from  each  province,  to  draw  up  a  "  Bill  of  Rights." 
They  approved  of  the  conduct  of  Massachusetts,  and 
exhorted  all  to  perseverance  in  the  cause  of  freedom,  ^the^^ 
They  addressed  a  letter  to  General  Gage,  entreating^vjactof 
him  to  desist  from  military  operations;  lest  a  differ- 
ence, altogether  irreconcilable,  should  arise  between 
the  colonies  and  the  parent  state. 

3.  By  a  non-importation  com,pact  they  agreed^  and 
associated   for   themselves   and    their   constituents, 
"  under  the  sacred  ties  of  virtue,  honor,  and  love  of 
liberty,"  not  to  import^  or  use  any  British  goods  f^^ 
after  the  first  of  Becemher,  1774.     They  resolved  non-im- 
to   encourage  agriculture,  arts,  and    manufactures  ^"ac",^"" 
in  America.     Committees  were  to  be  appointed  in 
every  place,  to  see  that  this  agreement  was  observed. 

4.  Finally  they  determined  to  continue  the  coiv- 
gressional  union,  until  the  repeal  by  parliament,  of  cmuinlxe* 
oppressive  duties — of  the  laws  restricting  their  rights     }^^.  , 
of  trial  by  jury,  and  of  the  acts  against  the  people  of  union. 
Massachusetts. 

5.  In  the  several  addresses  Avhich  were  drawn  up 
by  their  committees  and  accepted,  congress  fully  met 

the  high  expectations  which   were  entertained   of  ^^^^^^^^ 
that  body  of  men,  of  whom  Lord  Chatham  declared,    otam 
"  that  though  he  had  studied  and  admired  the  free 
states  of  antiquity,  the  master  spirits  of  the  world, 

1.  How  many  colonies  were  represented? — 2.  What  was  their 
first  measure?  What  did  they  decide?  Wliom  choose?  What 
approve?  Wh:it  exhort?  What  entreat? — 3.  What  was  agreed 
in  tiie  non-iinportiition  oonipact? — 4.  They  detcruiined  to  con- 
tinue the  uniou  till  the  repeal  of  what  acts  ? 

9 


congress. 


194:  "WISDOM,    TALENT,    AND    CONFIDENCE. 

FT.  III.  yet,  for  solidity  of  reasoning,  force  of  sagacity,  and  ^ 
~P'D.  I.   wisdom  of  conclusion,  no  body  of  men  could  stand 

on.  T.     jj^    PREFERENCE   TO    THIS    CONGRESS." 

6.  The  petition  to  the  king  entreated  him,  in  lan- 
*  guage  the  most  respectful  and  affectionate,  to  re- 

They    store  their  violated  rights.     Their  grievances,  they 
make  an  gaid,  were  the  more  intolerable,  as  they  Avere  born 
appeal  to  heirs  of  freedom,  and  had  enjoyed  it  under  the  aus- 
the  king,  piges  of  his  royal  ancestors.     "  The  apprehension," 
say  they,  "  of  being  degraded  into  a  state  of  servi- 
tude, from  the  pre-eminent  rank  of  English  freemen, 
while  our  minds  retain  the  strongest  love  of  liberty, 
and  clearly  foresee  the  miseries  preparing  for  us  and 
our  posterity,  excites  emotions  in  our  breasts  which 
we  cannot  describe." 

7.  They  express  a  hope,  that  the  royal  indigna- 
tion will  fall  upon  those  designing  and  dangerous 

pe^on  men,  who,  by  their  misrepresentations  of  his  Ameri- 
^'^"g^^^'i  can  subjects,  had,  at  length,  compelled  them,  by  the 
Dicken-  force  of  accumulated  injuries,  too  severe  to  be  longer 
"""■^    borne,  thus  to  disturb  his  majesty's  repose ;  a  con- 
duct extorted  from  those  "  who  would  much  more 
willingly  bleed  in  his  service." 

8.  Not  less  moving  was  the  appeal  to  their  fel- 
1774.  low-subjects  of  England.     "  Can  any  reason,"  they 

ask,  "  be  given,  why  English  subjects,  who  live  three 
•^^aWe"*' thousand  miles  from  the  royal  palace,  should  enjoy 
appeal,  less  liberty  than  those  who  are  three  hundred  miles 
from  it  ?" 

9.  In  the  memorial  to  their  constituents,  they  pre- 
Memoriai  sented  an  account  of  the  oppressive  measures  of  par- 
TOMtuu-  liament,  since  1763.     They  applaud  the  spirit  which 

«nts.  they  had  shown  in  defence  of  their  rights,  and  en- 
courage them  to  persevere,  and  be  prepared  for 
all  contingencies ; — hinting  that  those  might  occur, 
which  would  put  their  constancy  severely  to  the  test. 

5.  Wliat  was  Lord  Chatham's  opinion  of  this  congresa?— 6. 
Give  BOine  account  of  their  petition  to  the  king. — 7.  With  what 
language  did  thi.**  petition  close  i — 8.  What  question  did  they  put 
to  their  fellow-subjects  in  England  ? — 9.  What  was  their  memo- 
rii»l  to  their  constituents  ? 


THE    CRISIS    APPROACHES.  195 

10.  The  congress  rose  on  the  6th  of  October.    Al-  pt.  iil 
though  iJieir  powers  were  merely  advisory^  yet  their  fd.  l 
decisions  received  the  approbation  of  the  colonial   ^^-  ^^ 
assemblies,  and  carried  with  them  the  force  of  laws.  ^^^^ 

Oct  6. 
Their  pro» 

♦  ceedings 

spprored. 

CHAPTER  YI. 

War  approaches. — Massachusetts. — British  Parliament. 

1.  There  were,  however,  a  few  persons  who  fa- 
vored the  cause  of  Great  Britain.    They  were  called   whigs 
tories,  and  were  regarded  as  traitors  by  the  great  *°*^  ^"** 
body  of  the  people ;  who,  in  opposition  to  tories, 

were  called  whigs.    These  party  names  were  derived 
from  England. 

2.  The  magazines  of  gunpowder  and  other  mHi-  Maitary 
tary  stores  at  Charlestown  and  Cambridge,  were    *^^ 
seized  by  order  of  Gen.  Gage.  .  .  .  An  assembly  was 
called  in  Massachusetts ;  but  its  sittings  were  coun-  q^^' 
termanded  by  the  governor.     The  representatives     The  ' 
then  met  at  Salem,  resolved  themselves  into  "  a  pro-  ^nSai 
vincial  congress,"  adjourned  to  Concord,  and  chose 
John  Hancock  their  president. 

3.  They  then  resolved,  that,  for  the  defence  of  the 
province,  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  should  be  en-  lonnte 
listed,  to  stand  ready  to  march  at  a  minute's  warn-  ™en. 
ing.  In  November,  they  sent  persons  to  New  Hamp- 
shire, Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut,  to  request 
their  co-operation,  in  order  to  raise  an  army  of 
20,000  men,  to  act  in  any  emergency. 

4.  The  British  parliament  convened.    The  king,  in 

his  speech,  informed  the  members,  that  a  most  dar-  ThTking 
ing  resistance  to  the  laws  still  prevailed  in  Massa-  ^^'^ 
chiisetts,  which  was  encouraged  by  unlawftil  combi-  inflexible 
nations  in  the  other  colonies;  and  finally,  he  ex- 

10.  When  did  Congress  rise  ?  What  were  their  powers  ?  What 
weight  had  their  decisions  ? 

Chapter  VI. — 1 .  What  description  of  persons  favored  the  cause 
of  Great' Britain? — 3.  What  was  done  by  the  assembly  of  Massa- 
chusetts!— 3.  What  did  they  resolve  ?    To  what  States  send? 


196  TRUTH    SrOKICN    IN    TATN. 

FT.  in.  pressed  liis  firm  duteniiination  to  witlistand  any 
FD.  I.  attempt  to  weaken  or  impair  tlie  royal  authority; 
*'^-  '^'-    and  in  these  sentiments  the  two  liouses  e.vpressed,  in 

_  their  answer,  a  decided  concuri-ence. 

5.  Wlien  the  British  ministry  bront^lit  the  Amer- 
ican papers  before  parliament,  Lord  Chatham  rose. 
"  The  way,"  he  said,  "  must  be  immediately  opened 

.,  .  for  reconciliation.  It  will  soon  be  too  late.  Theysav 
Chatham  you  have  no  right  to  tax  them,  without  their  con 
America!^ ^®"^-  They  say  truly.  Representation  and  taxa- 
tion must  go  together — they  are  inseparable.  This 
wise  people  speak  out.  They  do  not  hold  the  lan- 
guage of  slaves.  They  do  not  ask  you  to  repeal 
your  laws,  as  a  favor ;  they  claim  it  as  a  riglit. 
They  tell  you,  they  will  not  submit  to  them ;  and  I 
tell  you,  the  acts  must  be  repealed,  and  you  must 
go  through  the  work ;  you  must  declare  you  have  no 
right  to  ta.x — then  they  may  trust  you." 

6.  But  his  plan  for  conciliatory  measures,  was 
Measures  negatived  by  a  large  majority.  Petitions  from  the 
proposed  nierchants  of  London,  and  other  commercial  places, 
Chatham  in  favor  of  America,  were  referred,  not  to  the  regular 
rejec  e  .  (.Q^^j^^j^^^gg^  j^^j^  ^q  q^c,  Called  by  the  friends  of  the 

colonies,  "  the  committee  of  oblivion."  Dr.  Frank- 
Coionies  Hn,  and  the  other  colonial  agents  were  refused  a 
'h'^^^^n  *  lic^i'i"o  before  parliament,  on  the  plea  that  they 
were  appointed  by  an  illegal  assembly ;  and  thus 
was  put  to  sile?ice,  the  voice  of  three  millions  of  peo- 
ple^ yet  in  the  attitude  of  humble  suppliants. 

v.  Both    houses    of  parhament   concurred,  by  a 

large  majority,  in  an  address  to  the  king,  in  which 

Blindness  they  declare,  "•  that  the  Americans  had  long  wished 

ruior^    to  become  independent,  and  only  waited  for  ability 

and  opportunity,  to  accomplish  their  design.     To 

prevent  this,"  they  said,  "  and  to  crush  the  monster 

4.  What  was  the  tone  of  the  king's  speech  ?  Wliat  of  parlia- 
ment's reply? — 5.  Give  some  account  of  Lord  Chatham's  speech, 
6.  Did  his  speecli  produce  any  effect?  What  petitions  were 
offered?  How  treate<l?  Vv'ho  was  refused  a  hearing?  What 
may  be  said  of  all  this  ? — 7.  What  address  was  made  by  parlia- 
ment? 


THTS    AVAR   BEGINS.  197 

in  its  birth,  was  the  fluty  of  every  Englishman  ;  and  pt^ii. 
that  this  must  be  done,  at  any  price,  and  at  every    pn.  i. 
hazard."  *=«-  ^"■ 

8.  On  the  10th  of  February,  a  bill  was  passed,  by 
which   the  colonics  of  Massachusetts,  Connefiticut,  .yiy/s 
New  IIam]>shirc',  nnd  Rhode  Island,  were  restricted  Feb.  lo* 
in  their  trade  to  (xi-eat  Britain  and  its  \Yest  India    '*'""''»- 
possessions,  and  were  also  prohibited  troni  fishing  on  atiemptto 
the  banks  of  Newfoundland.     The  same  restrictions  coiouiea." 
were  soon  after  extended  to  all  the  colonies,  excej^t- 
ing  New  York  and  North  Carolina.    It  was  expected 
that  these  prohibitions  would  prove  particularly  dis- 
tressing to  the  iriliabitants  of  New  England,  as  an 
idea  prevailed,  that  they  depended  on  the  fisheries 
for  tlieir  subsistence,  and  must,  if  deprived  of  them, 
be  starved  into  obedience. 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

Battle  of  Lexington. 

1.  A  SECOND  ^^ provincial  co7i(/ress,"  *  having  as-  (*i-e^ 
(Sembled  in  Massachusetts,  ordered  military  stores  to  ""eais- 
be  collected,  and  encouraged  tlie  militia  and  minute-  Mature.) 
men  to  improve  themselves  in  the  use  of  arms. 

2.  General  Gage,  having  learned  that  a  number 

of  field-pieces  were  collected  at  Salem,  dispatched  j-eb.  26.' 
a  party  of  soldiers  to  take  possession  of  them  in  the^"^**'''?* 
name  of  the  king.     The  people  of  Salem  assembled  storeiaf 
in  great  numbers,  and,  by  pulling  up  a  drawbridge,   Saiem. 
prevented  their  entering  the  town,  and  thus  defeated    . 
their  object. 

3.  A  large  quantity  of  ammunition  and  stores  was  April  is. 
also  deposited  at  Concord,  about  twenty  miles  from  ^^,°'^^ 
Boston.     These  General  Gatje  resolved  to  seize  or  Concord 

8.  What  acts  did  tlicy  pass?  What  was  expected  from  these 
acts'? 

Chapter  VU. —  1.  What  did  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts 
order  To  be  collected? — 2.  Where  and  for  what  iid  Gen.  Giige 
send  out  a  party  of  soldiers  ?     Did  thev  succeed  ? 


198  BLOOD  IS  SHKD  AT  LEXINGTON. 

FT.  IIL  destroy ;  and,  with  that  -siew,  lie  sent  a  detachment 
P'D.  I.  of  800  men,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Saiitu 
°^  "^"-  and  Major  Pitcairn, 

t'Wi       ^'  W^6"  ^^^  British  troops  arrived  at  Lexington^ 
'  withiri  five  miles  of  Concord,  the  miHtia  of  the  place 
were  drawn  up.     The  advanced  body  of  the  regu- 
lars  approached  within   musket-shot,  when   Major 
April  IS.  Pitcairn,  riding  forward,  exclaimed,  "  Disperse,  you 
-.^^^    rebels ! — throw  down  your  arms  and  disperse."    Not 
Am.  l.  8.  being  obeyed,  he  discharged  his  pistol,  and  ordered 
his  men  to  fire.     They  fired,  and  killed  eight  men. 
The  militia  dispersed,  but  the  firing  continued.    The 
detachment  then  proceeded  to  Concord,  and   de- 
stroyed or  took  possession  of  a  part  of  the  stores. 

5.  They  then  began  their  retreat.  The  colonists 
pressed  upon  them  on  all  sides.  They  went  to  Lex- 
ington, where  they  met  Lord  Percy,  with  a  rein- 
forcement of  900  men.  They,  however,  continued 
their  retreat ;  but  from  every  place  of  concealment 

The  — a  stone  fence,  a  cluster  of  bushes,  or  a  barn — the 
Br  L.*273.  concealed  provincials  poured  upon  them  a  destruc- 
Am.  L.  8s!  tive  fire.  At  sunset,  the  regulars,  almost  overcome 
with  fatigue,  passed  Charlestown  Neck,  and  found, 
on  Bunker's  Hill,  a  resting  place  for  the  night ;  and 
the  next  morning,  under  the  protection  of  a  man-of- 
war,  they  entered  Boston. 

6.  Blood  had  now  flowed,  and  no  language  can 
dtement  P^^^^'^y  the  feelings  which  the  event  excited.     Cou- 
riers were  dispatched  in  every  direction,  who  gave, 

Special  as  they  rode  at  full  speed,  their  news,  to  be  taken 

•preadThoUP  ^^nd  carried  in  like  manner  to  other  places;  and 

news,    thus,  in  an  increasing  circle,  it  spread  like  electric 

fluid  throughout  the  land.     The  messenger,  if  he 

arrived  on  Sunday,  at  once  entered  the  church,  and 

proclaimed  to  the  breathless  assembly — war  has  be- 

3.  To  what  other  place  did  he  send  a  detachment?  For  what 
purpose? — 4.  How  did  the  battle  of  Lexington  commence?  Did 
the  British  take  the  stores? — 5.  Describe  their  retreat.  What 
numbers  were  killed  of  each  side?  (See  the  margin.) — 6.  Describe 
the  state  of  the  public  mind,  and  the  manner  of  spreading  tho 
news 


THE   SPmiT-STIRKING   TIME.  199 

gun !    Every wliere  the  cry  vras  repeated,  "  War  has  pt.  hi. 
begun !"  and  the  universal  response  was,  "To  arms,    p'd. i. 
then — liberty  or  death  !"  ^^  ^n. 

7.  The  legislatures  of  the  several  colonies  con-  -^^- 
vened,  appointed  officers,  and  gave  orders  to  raise 
troops.     Everywhere  fathers  were  leaving  their  chil- 
dren, and  mothers  sendinar  their  sons  to  the  field  : 

and  an  army  of  20,000  men  was  soon  collected  in  British 
the  neighborhood  of  Boston.  .  .  General  Gage  was. 'besieged 
now  so  closely  besieged  in  Boston,  that  although  the       °*  *" 
British  had  the  command  of  the  sea,  his  provisions 
became  scarce. 

8.  To  gain  possession  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  pians  for 
Point,  individuals  in  Connecticut  borrowed  of  the^^|.J^' 
legislature  of  that  colony  eighteen  hundred  dollars,     and 
They  then  proceeded  to  Bennington,  to  secure  the    ^^^ 
co-operation  of  "  the  Green  Mountain  Boys." 

9.  This  was  an  appellation  given  to  the  hardy  free- 
men who  had  settled  in  that  vicinity  by  the  author- 
ity of  New  Hampshire,  and  who  had   manifested  jfonntein 
their  resolution  in  defence  of  their  lands  from  the    Boys, 
sheriffs  of  New  York ;  that  State  claiming  over  them 

a  jurisdiction,  which  they  would  not  allow.     At  the 
head  of  this  detennined  band,  were  CoLoisrELS  Ethan  Alien  ^wid 
Allen",  and  Seth  Warner.     They  gladly  engaged  ^^^^^ 
in  the  enterprise.    Troops  wei'e  soon  raised,  and  the 
command  was  entrusted  to  Allen. 

10.  In  the  mean  time,  Benedict  Arnold,  with  the  BeDedict 
intrepid  boldness  of  his  character,  had,  in  Boston,  -^""''^ 
formed  and  matured  the  same  design,  and  was  ou  xicdir- 
the  march  to  execute  it,  when  he  was  surprised  to  ^^P' 
find  that  he  had  been  anticipated.  Becoming  second  Br.  l. 
in  command  to  Allen,  they  marched  together  from^"*/"*.^ 
Castleton  at  the  head  of  three  hundred  men,  and  prisoners. 

7.  What  was  done  in  the  several  States  ?  What  was  the  situa- 
tion of  Gen.  Gage? — 8.  What  enterprise  was  set  on  foot  in  Con- 
necticut? What  steps  taken  ? — 9.  Who  were  the  Green  Mountain 
Boys?  Where  had  they  settled?  Under  what  State?  What 
other  State  claimed  jurisdiction  over  them?  Would  they  allow 
it?  Whom  did  they  defend  their  lands  against?  Who  was  the 
commander  of  the  force  sent  against  Ticonderoga? — 10.  What 
other  person  had  formed  the  same  design  ? 


200  NORTinajN  forts  taken. 

P'T.nj^ reached  Tieonderoira  on  tlie  lOtii  of  ?>ray.  Tliey 
P'D.  I.  fTiri^rised  an<i  captured  that,  fortress,  and  took  j)eace- 
cn.  VII.  j^ijjg  2)os.session  of  Ci"o\vii  Point. 

,»y*.-        11.  Arnold    liaviiiiz-  Tuanned   and   armed   a   small 

ArnciV  schooner   found   in   South   Bay,  captured  a  sloop-of- 

.'eiz^sa    war  lyinGT  at  St.  Johns.    The  jiass  of  Skeensborouo-h, 

'w:ir.'    now  Whitehall,  was  seized  at  the  same  time,  hy  a 

detachment  of  volunteers  from  Connecticut.     One 

hundred   pieces  of  camion,  and  other  m'.niitior.s  oi 

war,  were  o1)tained  in  tliis  fortmiate  expedition. 

12.  Tlie  conti.nental  con(/re--\'<  ar/aiu  u>isemh'ed  at 
Philadelphia  on  the  10th  of  May^  and  Joiix  ILvx- 

r^^fLl"'-  COCK  was  chosen  President,     l^ills  of  credit  to  the 

issue     amount  ot  three  millions  of  dollars  were  issued  tor 

luooey.  defraying:  the  ex'oenses  of  the  war.;  and  the  fiith 

of  the  "Twelve  United  Colonies"  pledged  for  their 

redemption. 

13.  LoKD  DuxMOKK,  the  governor  of  Yiru^inia, 
showed  his  distrust  of  the  people  by  seizing  and  con- 
veying to  an  armed  vessel  in  James'  lliver,  some 
powder  belonging  to  the  colony.  Pati'ii'k  Heniy 
attempting  to  retake  it,  Loi'd  Dunmore  paid  him  its 
value  in  money.  He  then  proclaimed  Henry  and 
his  party  rebels.    Letters  of  Lord  Dunmore  to  Kng- 

LoM  land,  were  intercepted.  The  people  became  so  in- 
and".'.ther  flensed,  tliat  Dunniore,  fearing  for  his  safety,  fled  tc 
governors  a  mau-of-war  named  the  Fowey,  Ivinir  at  Yorktown. 
The  governors  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  alsc 
abandoned  their  provinces.  In  N.  Carolina,  the 
people  of  Mecklenburgh  county,  having  on  the  20tl; 
of  May,  assembled  at  Charlotte,  passed  resolutions, 
embodvino;  the  boi,d  declaratiox  op  indefen 
DEXCE — the  FiKST  made  in  America. 

10.  Did  they  capture  the  forts?  At  what  time?— II.  "Whni 
other  feat  was  performed  by  Arnold  ?— 13.  Wlieii  and  wh<^r( 
did  conirress  next  assemble?  Wiiat  b:I!«  of  credit  issue? — 13 
What  was  the  atfair  hi  Virtrinia  respeciiuj,  li:e  powder?  W'-w 
did  Lord  Dinimore  dispose  of  himself?  How  was  '•♦■  with  otliei 
royal  governors  ? 


BOSTON  Df  A  CKinCAL  PosmoN.  20J 


CHAPTER   Vin. 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill. — Washington. 

1.  In  iMay  tlie  British  army  in  Boston  received  a  pt.  til 
powerful  reinrorcement  from  .England,  under  Gen-  p'd.  i.^ 
erals  Howe,  Clixton",  and  BuitGOYXji:.  Genei-al  ^°-  "'''"• 
Gage  now  proclaimed  martial  law  throughout  JNIas-  1775. 
saciiusetts.  He  iiowever  oftered  ])ardon  to  a!i  rebels  ^^-[^^p' 
who  would  I'eturn  to  tlieir  ailegianee,  except  Sam-  CHnton, 
TJEL  Adams  and  Joiix  Haxcock.  He  agreed  to  Burgoyno 
permit  tlie  people  of  Boston  to  depart;  hut  after  a  j„j,ei2 
portion  had  gone,  lie  changed  his  policy  and  kept  Case's 
the  remanuler.  ^  tion. 

2.  Leaining  that  the  British  threatened  to  pene- 
trate into  tlie  country,   congress  recommended  to 
the  council  of  war  to  take  such   measures  as  would 
put  tliem  on  the  defensive,  and  for  this  purpose,  a 
detachment  of  one  thousand  men,  under  Colonkl  Niirhtof 
Pkesco'it,  was  ordered,  on  the  night  of  the  IGth  of  Jw.r  ic. 
June,  to  throw  up  a  breastwork  on  Bunker's  Hill,     cans' 
near  Charlestown.      By  some  mistake,  the  troops  g)"^^T 
entrenched  themselves  on  Breed's  Hill,  nearer  to     mil. 
Boston.     They  labored  with  such  silence  and  activ- 
ity, that  by  return  of  light  they  had  nearly  com- 
pleted a  strong  redoubt,  without  being  obsei'ved. 

3.  xVt  dawn,  however,  the  British,  discovering  the 
advance  of  the  Americans,  commenced  a  severe  can- 
nonade from  the  ships  in  the  river ;  but  this  not  in- 
terrupting them,  General  Gage  sent  a  body  of  three 
thousand  men,  under  Generals  Howe  and  Pigot.  "'^British 
They  left  Boston  in  boats,  and  landed  under  the  cross  from 
protection  of  the  shipping  in  Charlestown,  at  the  ex-     ***''°°* 

Chapter  VIII. — 1.  What  arrival  was  there  in  Boston?  What 
did  Gen.  Gajre  now  proclaim?  What  agree  to  do?  How  violate 
his  promise? — 'Z.  What  did  coiigre'^s  recommend?  What  was 
accordiiigly  ordered  ?  What  was  done  in  regard  to  entrench- 
ments ?— 3.  What  measures  were  taken  bj  the  British  to  dislodge 
tlio  Americans  ?  =■ 

9* 


202  THE    COlVniANDEE-IN-CHIEF. 

PT.  Ill,  treme  point  of  the  peninsula,  then  advanced  against 
PD.  I.   the  Americans. 

en  vni.       4_  They  set  fire  to  Charlestown,  and  amidst  the 

l'5"5"5   gl'ire  of  its  flames   glittering  upon   their  burnished 

Br.  burn  arms,    advanced   to   the    attack.      The   Amei-icans 

Charles-  await  their  approach  in  silence,  until  they  are  within 

ten  rods  of  the  redoubt — then,  taking  a  steady  aim, 

and  having  advantage  of  the  ground,  they   pour 

BU27^-    upon  the  British  a  deadly  fire.     They  are  thrown 

fiiu.    ^"^°  confusion,  and  many  of  their  ofiicers  fall.    They 

Br. Joss  are  thus  twice  repulsed.     Clinton  now  arrives; — his 

Am.  loss  iiien  again  rally, — advance  toward  the  fortifications, 

*^-     and  attack  the  redoubt  on  three  sides  at  once, 

5.  The  ammunition  of  the  colonists  failed.  Cour- 
age was  no  longer  of  any  avail,  and  Colonel  Pres- 
cott,  who  commanded,  ordered  a  retreat.  The 
Americans  were  obliged  to  pass  Charlestown  Neck, 
where  they  were  exposed  to  a  galling  fire  from  the 
ships  in  the  harbor.  Here  fell  General  Joseph 
Warrek,  whose  death  was  a  severe  blow  to  his 
mourning  country. 

6.  On  the  fifteenth  of  June,  congress  elected,  by 
Washing- a  unanimous  vote,  George  Washington^,  who  was 

I'Td  P^^sent,  and  who  had,  from  their  first  meeting  at 
comtnan-  Philadelphia,  been  a  delegate  from  Virginia, — to  the 
*ch7e?.'   high  office  of  general  and  cominander-in-chief  of  the 
army  of  the  United  Colonies.     When  his  appoint- 
ment was  signified  to  him  by  the  president  of  con- 
"Washmg- gress,  he  was  deeply  penetrated  with  a  mingled  sense 
modesV  of  the  high  honor  which  he  had  received,  and  the 
responsibility  of  the  station  to  which  he  was  raised. 

7.  He  declined  all  compensation  for  his  services ; 
His  disin-  f^y  ^s  money  could  not  buy  him  from  his  endeared 

nese.    home,  and  as  he  served  his  country  for  justice  and 
the  love  he  bore  to  her  cause,  he  would  not  allow  his 

4.  Give  pome  further  description  of  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill. 
5.  Give  some  account  of  the  retreat  of  the  Americans.     What 

feneral  was  killed  ?  Learn  from  the  side  note  the  number  of 
illed  and  wounded  on  each  side. — fi.  Wliat  important  oflB.ce  was 
now  created  ?  How  was  it  filled? — 7.  How  was  it  respecting  com- 
pensation for  his  services  \ 


CONDITION    OF   THE    AKMY.  203 

motives  to  be  misconstrued.  He  stated  that  he  ft.  iil 
should  keep  an  exact  account  of  his  expenses  ;  and  fb.  i. 
those,  congress,  he  doubted  not,  would  discharge,        ^^-  ^ 

8.  Soon  after  his  election,  Washington  set  out  for  i*.*,- 
the  camp  at  Cambridge.      He  found  the  British  He  joins 
army  strongly  posted  on  Bunker's  and  Breed's  hill,  ^^^^l^^ 
and   Boston  Neck.     The  American,  consisting  of  bridge. 
14,000  men,  were  entrenched  on  the  heights  around 
Boston,  forming  a  line  which  extended  from  Rox- 

bury  on  the  right,  to  the  river  Mystic  on  the  left,  a 
distance  of  twelve  miles. 

9.  Washington  perceived,  that  although  the  peo- 
ple were  ardent  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  ready  to 
engage  in  the  most  desperate  enterprises,  yet  there 
was  a  total  want  of  discipline  and  military  subordi- 
nation among  the  troops.  The  array  was  scantily 
supplied  with  arms  and  ammunition,  and  their  op- 
erations retarded,  by  a  want  of  skilful  engineers. 

He  set  himself,  with  astonishing  energy  and  judg-  Hfa  gnat 
ment,  to  the  labor  of  bringing  order  out  of  con-  ^^®'^**""' 
fusion. 

10.  During   this   session   of   congress,    the  first 
line  of  posts  for  the  communication  of  intelligence 
through  the  United  States,  was  established.     Ben-      -dt. 
jAiHN  Feanklin  was  appointed,  by  a  unanimous  ^^"^ ''? 
vote,  postmaster-general,  with  power  to  appoint  as     post- 
many  deputies  as  he  might  deem  proper  and  neces-  ^^^ 
sary,  for  the  conveyance  of  the  rxisSifrom  Falmouth, 

in  Maine,  to  Savannah,  in  Georgia. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Invasion  of  Canada. — Death  of  Montgomery. 

1.  While  the  British  army  was  closely  blockaded 
in  Boston,  congress  conceived  the  design  of  sending 

8.  Where  did  Washington  join  the  army?  What  was  its 
number? — 9.  What  was  the  condition  of  tlie  army? — 10.  What 
was  tlie  beginning  of  our  present  post-office  system?  Who  was 
the  first  postmaster-general  ?  Between  what  places  was  the  mail 
to  be  conveyed  ? 


204:  INVASION    OF    CANAI>A. 

P'T. iiT.  a  force  into  Canada;  as  tlie  movements  of  Sir  Gut 
P'D.  I.   Carleton,  the  governor  of  that  province,  seemed  to 
cu.  IX.    threaten  an  invasion  of  the  northern  frontier.     Two 
I'yyS.  expeditions  were   accordingly   organized   and   dis- 
cans"'  patched,  one  by  the  way  of  Champlain,  under  Gen- 
send  two  erals  Schuyler  and  Montgomery,  the  other  by  the 
affainst  Way  of  the  river  Kennebec,  under  the  command  of 
Caaada.  Arnold. 

2.  Gen.  Schuyler,  though  he  rendered  faitliful 
service,  did  not  on  account  of  his  health  go  to  Can- 

jj^^  g  ada.  Montgomery  showed  himself  an  able  officer. 
bt  Johns  On  the  3d  of  November  he  took  St.  Johns,  and 
taken,  proceeding  to  Montreal,  Sir  Guy  Carleton  aban- 
doned the  place.  About  tliis  time  Col.  Ethan  Allen, 
who  was  an  officer  in  the  army,  was,  in  a  rash  ad- 
venture, made  prisoner.  He  was  loaded  with  irons 
and  sent  to  England. 

3.  Arnold,  with  1000  men,  had,  with  incredible 
perseverance  penetrated  the  wilderness  of  Maine. 

Arnold  ^^  arrived  at  Point  Levi  on  the  9th  of  November, 
before  Qn  \}iq  iQxh  he  crosscd  and  occupied  the  heights  of 
Abraham,  but  his  army  was  reduced  to  700  men,  and 
Carleton  was  now  in  Quebec  with  1500.  He  retired 
to  Point  aux  Trembles,  to  await  the  other  divisioa  of 
the  army. 

4.  Montgomery's  arrival  was  on  the  first  of  De- 
cember.    He  found  himself  in  a  situation  far  more 

Bad  posi-  Critical  and  embarrassing  than  that  of  Wolfe,  sixteen 
tion  of  yg.^i-s  before.     His  army  was  Avasted,  so  that  the 

Mont-      "^       .         1      r-  1  1  ^  1 

gomory.  United  forcc  was  less  than  a  thousand;  and  these 
were  enfeebled  by  fatigue,  amidst  the  rigors  of  a 
Canadian  Avinter,  which  had  already  set  in  Avith  un- 
common severity. 

5.  He  attempted  to  batter  the  Avails  of  Quebec. 
He  made  piles  of  ice  on  w^hich  to  mount  his  cannon ; 
but  the  strong  walls  remained  uninjured.    With  tlie 

Chaptkk  IX. — 1.  A(\'ho  was  governor  of  Canada?  What  two 
expeditions  were  set  on  foot? — 2.  Plow  did  the  western  division 
under  Montgomery  proceed? — 3.  How  did  the  eastern  under 
Arnold? — 4.  What  time  did  Montgomery  join  Arnold?  What 
waa  his  situation  5 — 5.  What  attempts  did  he  make  ? 


FALL    OF    MONTGOMERY.  201 

R(1\ice  of  all  iiis  ofncers,  he  took  tlien  the  desperate  f  r. iil 
resohition  ofstoi'niing  the  city.   As  the  day  dawned,    v'd  l 
and  in   a  snow-storm,  the  army  in   four  divi.sions,    ca.  ix 
made  tlie   attempt.     Two   were   to    make   feigned  .^^^ 
movements,  in  order  to  divide  the  attention  of  the     * 
ti'oops  in  the  city ;  while  Montgomery  and  Arnold, 
at  the  head  of  the  other  two,  made  real  attacks  in  j)ec.  si. 
opposite   points,   intending  to   meet.      Arnold   had '?^^'^-?^' 
forced  his  way.     Montgomery  was  cheering  on  his     40a. 
men,  when  he  received  liis  death-shot.     Arnold  was 
wounded  and  retired.     The  enterpi-ise  failed,  with 
the  loss  of  400  men  killed  or  made  prisoners. 

G.  The  treatment  of  Carleton  to  his  prisoners,  did 
hoiior  to  his  humanity.  Arnold,  wounded  as  he 
was,  retired  with  the  remainder  of  his  army,  to  the 
distance  of  three  miles  below  Quebec  :  where,  thousrh     ..    ,, 

.     ,,     .  .  ,  ,         ^       .         '      ,  ,'  «        Arnold 

mierior  in  numbers  to  the  garrison,  they  kept  the  blockades 
place  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  in  the  course  of  the  *^"®'"'°- 
winter,  reduced  it  to  distress  for  w^ant  of  provisions. 

7.  Orders  were  given  to  the  British  naval  com- 
manders to  lay  waste  and  destroy  all  such  sea-ports  f  >7'75 
as  had  taken  pait  against  Great  Britain.     In  conse-  Oct  is.* 
quence,  Falmouth,  noio  Portland^  was  burned  by  ^^^^^ 
the  orders  of  Captain  Mowatt  of  the  British  navy. 

This  so  exasperated  the  people,  that  they  put  forth 
new  efforts.     They  collected  mihtary  stores ;  they  Efforts  of 
purchased  powder  in  all  foreign  ports  where  it  was  p"erated 
practicable,  and  in  many  colonies,  commenced  its   people, 
manufacture.     They  also  began  more  seriously  to 
turn  their  attention  to  their  armed  vessels. 

8.  Congress  resolved  to  fit  out  thirteen  ships,  and  ., 
raise  two  battalions  of  marines.     They  framed  arti-  Congrest 
cles  of  war  for  the  government  of  the  little  navy,  i3s^[ 
and-  established  regular  courts  of  admiralty,  for  the 
adjudication  of  prizes.     The  American  privateers 

5.  What  desperate  assault?  At  what  time?  "What  are  some 
of  the  circnmstatiGes?  What  the  final  result  ?— 6.  Wliere  was 
Arnold  durinar  the  winter? — 7.  What  orders  were  jriveii  to  the 
British  naval  commanders  ?  Wliat  place  was  burnt  \  What  effect 
had  this  on  the  people  ?— 8.  How  did  Congress  now  make  a  be- 
ginning with  regard  to  a  public  navy  f 


fit  out 
ps, 


1775. 


20<J  THE    OLIVE    r.UAXCU    REJECTED. 

PT.  III.  swarmed  forth.  Alert  and  bold,  they  visited  every 
PD. I.  sea,  and  annoyed  the  British  commerce,  even  in  the 
CH.  IX.    very  waters  of  their  own  island. 

9.  In  Virginia,  Lord  Dunraore,  still  on  board  the 
king's  ship,  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  martial 
law,  and  promising  freedom  to  such  slaves,  as  would 
leave  their  masters  and  join  his  party.  Several  hun- 
dred negroes  and  royalists  obeyed  the  call,  when, 
leaving  his  ships,  he  occupied  a  strong  position  near 

j^^  J    Norfolk.     The  assembly  sent  800  militia  to  oppose 

Lord    his  movements.    On  the  7tli  of  December  they  were 

defeated*  attacked  by  the  royalists  and  negroes,  but  they  re- 

^\^^'  pelled  the  assailants,  and  gained  a  decisive  victory ; 

after  which  they  occupied  the  town  of  Norfolk. 

10.  Lord  Dunmore,  with  his  remaining  forces, 
again  repaired  to  the  ships,  where,  in  consequence 
of  the  many  royalists  who  joined  him,  he  became 
reduced  to  great  distress  for  want  of  provisions.   In 

1776.  this  situation  he  sent  a  flag  to  Norfolk,  demanding 
Jan.  1.  a  supply.  The  commander  of  the  provincials  refus- 
Norfoik  ing  to  comply,  he  set  fire  to  the  town  and  destroyed 

*"dons*°'^t.     This  availed  him  little.     Assailed  at  once  by 

"the  do-  tempest,  famine,  and  disease,  he  with  his  followers, 

mimon.   g^^gj^^  refuge  in  the  West  Indies. 

11.  The  last  hope  of  the  colonies  for  reconcilia- 
tion, rested  in  a  petition  of  congress  to  the  king, 

1775.  ^^liich   had  been  emphatically  styled   "The  Olive 
Mr.  Penn  Branch."    It  was  sent  over  by  Mb.  Penn,  a  descend- 
ovll^tha  2-nt  of  the  proprietor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  former 
B  ^''^h^«  governor  of  that  colony.  The  king,  instead  of  respond- 
ing to  its  affectionate  language,  accused  the  Ameri- 
cans, in  his  speech,  of  rebellion,  and  declared  that 
they  took  up  arms  to  establish  an  independent  empire. 

12.  He  recommended  that  vigorous  measures 
should  be  taken  to  subdue  them,  and  such  also  as 

8.  How  was  it  with  the  American  privateers  ? — 9.  What  were 
Lord  Dunmore's  movements  in  Virginia?    IIow  was  he  opposed  ? 

10.  Wliat  w;u5  his  last  act  in  the  dominion?     Did  it  avail   him? 

11.  What  was  the  last  petition  of  congress  to  the  king  called? 
By  whom  was  it  sent?  How  was  it  received? — 12.  What  V<i  the 
king  recommend  ? 


FOREIGN    MKKCKNARTES.  207 

were  likely  to  xoeaken  them  by  division.    Large  ma-  p't.  hi. 
joritios  in  both  houses  answered  the  king's  speech,    fd.  i. 
by  the  same  accusations  against  the  colonics,  and   <^h.  ix. 
tlie  same  determination  to  reduce  them  to  obedience,  ^^e  Yiw 
by  measures  of  coercion  and  distress.     Tlius,  with  a  and  tha" 
folly,  which  English  patriots  now  deplore,  was  the    ment' 
"  Olive  Branch"  contemptuously  rejected  ;  and  thus  hostile, 
the  last  hope  of  honorable  peace  was  crushed. 

13.  An  act  was  soon  passed,  prohibiting  all  trade 
and  commerce  with  the  colonies ;  and  authorizing 
the  capture  and  condemnation  of  all  American  ves- 
sels with  their  cargoes, — aijd  all  others  found  trad 
ing  in  any  port  or  place  in  the  colonies,  as  if  the 
same  were  the  vessels  and  effects  of  open  enemies ; 

and  the  vessels  and  property  thus  taken  were  vested  prisoners 
in  their  captors;  and  the  farther  barbarous  item^^.^^^^^ 
was  added,  that  the  crews  were  to  be  treated,  not  as  oavea. 
^yrisoners,  but  as  slaves. 

14.  About  the  same  time,  England  made  treaties 
with  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel,  and  other  Ger- 
man princes,  /w'n;2 (7  of  them  17,000  m,en  to  be  e?7^- ^ir'^'mMw 
'ployed  against  the  Am.ericans ;  and  it  was  deter-  cenariea. 
mined  to  send  ovei',  in  addition  to  these,  25,000 
English  troops.     By  the  hiring  of  foreign  mercena- 
ries, and  the  rejection  of  this  last  petition,  Great 
Britain  filled  up  the  measure  of  her  wrongs  to  Amer-  -wrong* 
ica,  and  sealed  her  final  separation  from  her  colonies. 

12.  How  did  parliament  reply?  What  is  now  thought  of  the 
conduct  of  these  rulers  by  wise  men  and  patriots  of  their  own 
nation? — 13.  What  severe  law  was  passed ? — 14.  What  number 
of  men  did  England  hire  of  the  German  princes?  Do  you  think 
the  slaveholders  in  the  United  States  would  for  money  set  their 
negroes  to  kill  people,  that  neither  they  or  their  nation  had  any 
quarrel  with? 


i'j"y5. 


208  WASHINGTON    ENTERS   BOSTOST. 


CPIAPTER  X. 

Washington  enters  Boston. — Disasters  in  Canada. 

PT.  III.       1.  Although  Britain  was  preparing  so  formidable 
1>'D.  r.   a  force,  yet  the  American  army,  Avas  not  only  re- 
duced in  nnmbers,  but  at  the  close  of  the  year  17V5, 
was  almost  destitute  of  necessary  supplies.      Tlie 
Tiie  army  terms  of  enlistment  of  all  the  troops  had  expired  in 
snia"     December ;  and  although  measures  had  been  taken 
ap'pointed.  for 'recruiting  the  army,  yet  on  the  last  day  of  De- 
cember, there  were  but ''9,650  men  enlisted  for  the 
ensuing  year. 

2.  Gen.  Washington,  finding  how  slowly  the  army 
was  recruited,  proposed  to  congress  to  try  the  intiu- 
ence  of  a  bounty ;  but  his  proposal  was  not  acceded 

given.  ^ to.  Until  late  in  January,  and  it  was  not  until  the 
middle  of  February  tliat  the  regular  array  amounted 
to  14,000.  In  addition  to  these,  the  comraander-in- 
«3fed"ut  ^^^^®^  (being  vested  by  congress  with  the  power  to 
call  out  the  militia),  made  a  requisition  on  the  au- 
thorities of  Massachusetts,  for  6000  men. 

3.  Washington  had  continued  the  blockade  of 
Boston  during  the  winter  of  1775—6,  and  at  last  re- 

ITTO.  solved  to  bring  the  enemy  to  action,  or  drive  them 
March  4.  from  the  town.     On  the  night  of  the  4th  of  March, 
°ter^    a  detachment  silently  reached  Dorchester  Heights, 
fortified,  ^nd  there  constructed,  in  a  single  night,  a  redoubt 
March  IT  ^hich  menaced  the  British  shipping  with  destruc- 
The     tion.     On  the  moi'ning  of  the  17th,  the  whole  Brit- 
evacimte  ^^^  forcc,  with  such  of  the  royalists  as  chose  to  follow 
Boston,  their  fortunes,  set  sail  for  Halifax.     As  the  rear  of 
the  British  troops  were  embarkmg,  Washington  en- 
have  3   tered  the  town  in  triumph. 

for^the        ■^'  '^'^^  plans  of  the  Bi'itish  cabinet  embraced,  for 
e«rupaiga.  the  Campaign  of  1776,  the  recovery  of  Canada,  the 


Chapter  X. — 1.  What  was  the  condition  of  the  American  army 

at  tlie  close  of  '75  ?— 2.  What  did  Wasliiiitrton  recommend? 
What  was  done  ?--3.  What  took  place  at  Boston  in  March, '76? 
4.  What  did  the  British  nieau  to  do  in  the  course  of  the  year  3 


UNFOiqX-N'AT!':    KKTTtKAT.  209 

re^luction  of  tlie  suutlicrn  colonies,  and  the  posses-  pt.  iii. 
sioii  of  Xew  York.     Tlii.s  lasi  service  was  entrusted    fd.  l 
to  AuiMiiA!,  ilowj-:,  and  his  brother  Gexejial  Howk  ;    '^"-  ^ 
the  latter  of  \vh uni  succeeded  General  Gage  m  the 
cornuiand  of  the  British  ti-ooi>s. 

5.  Arnold  had  continued  the  siege  of  Quebec,  and  ^^.^^i^ 
had   ofreatly  annoved  the   o-arrison :    but  his  army    before 
had  suffered  extremely  from  the  inclemency  of  the 
season,  and  from  the  breaking  out  of  the  small  pox.  jg^adir 
Notwithstanding  the  gai-rison  of  Montreal  had  been  situated, 
sent  to  reinforce  him,  he  had  scarcely  1000  elFective 
men.  ^ 

6.  Gexkral  Thomas  i^jlP^nrrived  and  superseded 
Arnold.     lie  made  several  attempts  to  reduce  Que-  ,^»,^ 
bee,  but  the  sudden  appearance  of  the  British  tieet  a.  aisas-' 
obliixed  him  to  liee  with  such  precipitation,  that  he    tr<'"s 
left  his  baggage  and  military  stores.     Many  ol  the   Mays, 
sick  also  fell  uito  the  hands  of  Carleton,  by  whom 

they  were  treated  with  honorable  humanity. 

7.  One  after  another,  the  jjosts  which  had  been 
conqiiered  by  the  Americans,  tell  into  the  hands  of   /""®: 
the  British,  and  before  the  close  of  June,  they  had     cans 
recovered  all  Canada.     The  Americans  lost  in  this  caualdaf 
unfortunate  retreat  about  1000  men,  who  were  mostly 
taken  prisoners. 

8.  The  British  fleet,  destined  to  the  i*eduction  of  gjr  peter 
the   southern   colonies,    sailed,   under    Sir   Petke   Parser 
Parker,  to  attack  Charleston,  where  they  arrived  t»  attack 
early  in  June.     The  marines  were  commanded  by  *^ ^il*" 
General  Clinton. 

9.  An  intercepted  official  letter  had  given  the 
alarm  to  the  Carolinians.     On  Sullivan's  Island,  at  Sninvan's 
the  entrance  of  Charleston  harbor,  they  had  con-  fonifl^ 
structed  a  fort  of  the  palmetto-tree,  which  resembles 

the  cork.     This  fort  was  garrisoned  by  about  400  J"'?"  23. 
men,  commanded  by  Colonel  Moultrie.     On  the  re'puis^ 

5.  How  was  Arnold  situated  in  the  spring? — 6.  Who  was  his 
successor?  "What  was  he  forced  to  do? — 7.  Mention  some  of  tfie 
circumstances  of  the  unfortunate  close  of  the  invasion  of  CmiaJa. 
— 8.  What  fleet  went  to  attack  Charleston ! — 9.  How  was  Charles- 
ton defended  ? 


210  IXDEl'KXDKNCE    I'ROPOSED. 

FT.  III.  mornin<y  of  the  2Sth  of  June,  tlie  Bi-itish  sliips  opened 
Fi).  I.  tlieir  several  broadsides  upon  il,  but  their  balls  were 
cu.  X.     i-cceived  by  the   j^almetto   wood,  and  buried  as  in 

fwa  ^'^'"tl^-  Moultrie  defended  the  fortiiieation  with  such 
'  spirit,  that  it  has  ever  since  been  called  by  his  name. 

10.  Once  during  tlie  day,  after  a  thundering  dis- 
charge from  the  British  cannon,  the  flag  of  the  fort 
was  no  longer  seen  to  wave  ;  and  the  Americans, 
who  watched  the  battle  from  the  opposite  shore, 

jrr.     were,  every  moment,  ex})ecting  to  see  the  British 
^^Ik  ^^'oops  mount  the  parapets  in   triumph.     But  none 
Br,  £,.260.  appeared  ;  and,  in  a  fd^pmoments,  the  striped  ban- 
ner of  America  was   onjp  more  unfurled  to  their 
view.     The  staff  had  been  carried  away  by  a  shot, 
and  the  flag  had  fallen  upon  the  outside  of  the  fort. 
A  sergeant,  by  the  name  of  Jasper,  had  jum^^ed  over 
the  wall,  and,  amidst  a  showei"  of  bullets,  had  recov- 
CBritish  ^'^'^^  ^"<1  fastened  it  in  its  place.     At  evening,  the 
sail  for  N.  British,  Completely  foiled,  drew  off  their  ships,  with 
itork.)    ^j^g  j^j^j^  of  two  hundred  men. 

11.  Washington  had  early  apprehended  that  tlie 
enemy  would  endeavor  to  get  possession  of  New 

■y^jjgjiin^.  York.     He  had,  therefore,  detached  Gen^eeal  Lee, 
ton's     from  Cambridge,  to  put  Long  Island  and  New  York 
terea"' ill  a  posture  of  defence.     Soon  after  the  evacuation 
N.  York,  of  Boston,  the   commander-in-chief  followed,  and, 
with  the  greater  part  of  his  army,  fixed  his  head- 
quarters in  the  city  of  New  York, 
j^j^g  ^        12.  On  the  1th.  of  June,  Richaed  Henby  Lee,  of 
indepeii-  Virginia,  made  a  motion  in  congress,  for  declaring 

prl^'pos'^ed  ^^^®    colonies    FEEE    AND    INDEPENDENT.       While    tho 

in      proposition  was  pending,  individuals,,  public  presses, 
congress.  ^^^^  legislatures,   sent  from   every  quarter   of  the 
country  to  Philadelphia,  a  voice  approving  such  a 
measure. 

13.  On  the  14th  of  June,  the  legislature  of  Con- 
necticut passed  resolutions,  instructing  their  dele- 


10.  Mention  Serereant  Jasper's  exploit.  What  was  the  British 
loss? — 11.  Wliat  di'l  Washinijton  appreliend  ?  What  arrange- 
ments make  ? — 12.    W'liat  projicsal  was  made  in  Congress  ? 


THE    FOUKTH    OF   JULY.  211 

gates  in  congress,  to  propose  to  that  body  to  declare  rx.  iil 
the  American  colonies  free  and  independent  States,    fd.  i. 
absolved  from  all  alleijiance  to  the  kins:  of  Great    *^"-  ^- 
Britain.     Tlie  reasons,  they  state  to  be — the  taking  ^~».^ 
away  their  just  rights — the  contemptuous  refusal  to  june  14.* 
listen  to  their  "humble,  decent,  and  dutiful  peti-  j^^t^ff an 
lions" — the  endeavor  to  reduce  them  to  abject  sub-  expressed 
mission,  by  war  and  bloodshed,  subjecting  their  per-  nJcti^ut 
sons  to  slavery,  and  hiring  foreign  mercenaries  to 
destroy  them ; — so  that  no  alternative  was  left,  but 
either  to  submit  to  what  must  end  in  the  extreme 
of  wretchedness,  or,  appealing  to  God,  to  declare  a 
total  separation. 

14.  The  sentiments  which  Connecticut  had  thus 
embodied,  pervaded  the  whole  country.     Congress,    July  4. 
therefore,  on  the  4th  of  July,  IIIQ,  declared  to  the 
world,  that  "  these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right    dence* 
ought  to  be,  Fkee  axd  Ixdepexde^jt  States." 


13.  How  liad  tlic  Connecticut  legislature  expressed  the  senti- 
ments of  the  nation  i — 14.  What  was  done  on  the  4:th  of  July? 


EXERCISES  ox  THE  TREE  CIIEONOGRAPHEE. 

(For  Pfriod  I.,  Part  III.) 

What  event  marks  the  lu-yi lining  of  this  period  ?  What  is 
its  date  .'  Fuint  to  it  on  the  chionojrrapher.  Also  the  follow- 
ing dates :  The  Stamp  Act.  passed  in  1765.  The  Iirst  Conti- 
nental Conp:iess  assembled  in  1774.  The  battle  of  Lexington, 
fought  April  IS.  1775.  and  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  June  17. 
Congress  assembled  at  Philadelphia,  May  10,  and  Wasliingtoa 
ai)pointed  commander-in-cliief.  June  15.  1775.  The  British 
evacuated  Boston.  March  17.  177G.  W'hen  does  this  period 
terminate  ?  What  event  marks  its  termination  ?  Point  out 
its  i)lace  on  the  chrouographer. 


WAR    OF   TIIK    REVOLUTION. 


OFFICERS  IN  THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


American 

Citizens  of  the  United 
States. 


WASHINGTON, 

Allen, 

Warnbi^ 

Arnold, 

Prbsoott, 

"Warren, 

Putnam, 

ScnUYLEK, 
MONTGOMEEY, 

Thomas, 

Moultrie, 

Hale, 

Sullivan, 

Stirling, 

Mifflin, 

Wooster, 

Herkimer, 

Gansevoort, 

St.  Clair, 

Gates, 

Morgan, 

Stark, 

Lincoln, 

Greene, 

James  Clinton, 

Boyd, 

Pickens, 

Ashe, 

Buford, 

Huger, 

SUMPTEB, 

Marion, 

"Wayne, 

Lee, 

Hayne, 

Ledyard, 

Hamilton. 


Not  citizens  of  the  U. 
8.  at  the  opening  of 
the  war. 

J'rench. 
LA  FAYETTE, 
D'Estaiiig, 
roohambeau, 
Dk  Grasse, 
Vioinesnil. 


Englisk, 


Lee. 


Polanders, 

Kosciusko, 
Pulaski. 


PrussiaTU 

Steuben. 


German. 
De  Kalb. 


IrUh. 

Conway. 


Scotch. 

Paul  Jones. 


British  Officer*. 

Gage, 
Pitcairn, 
Smith, 
Lord  Percy, 
Lord  Dunmore, 
Gen.  Howe 

(Sir  W^illiam), 
Gen.  Clinton 

(Sir  Henry), 

BURGOYNE, 

Bigot, 
Oari.eton 

(Sir  Giiy), 
Lord  Howe 

(Admiral),* 
De  Hei.ster 

(German), 
Tryon, 
Frazer, 
St.  Leger, 
Baiim, 

CoRNWALLIS, 

Donop, 

Campbell, 

Prevost, 

Tarleton, 

Arnold, 

Lord  Kawdon, 

Andre, 

Leslie, 

Balfour, 

Stuart, 

Arbuthnot, 

PhUips. 

*  Adm'l  Lord  Howe 
(Earl  Kichard)  and 
General  Sir  William 
Howe,  were  brolliors 
to  eaoh  other,  am!  iilso 
to  that  Liinl  IIow9 
who  was  killeil  in  Vi 
French  war  near  li- 
I       couderoga. 


Washington   taking   command. 


PEEIOD   II. 


FROM 


THE 


DECLAEATION  V   I'S'^©  ■<  OP  INDEPKNDBNCB, 
TO 


THE    COMMBNCEMKNT    OF 


THE  FEDEBAL  GOTEBNICENT. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Lord  Howe  attempts  pacification. — American  disaster  at  Long 

Island. 

1.  Considered  as  a  step  in  the  great  march  of  pt.  in. 
human  society,  no  one  can  be  fixed  upon  of  more  fd.  n." 
importance,  than  the  solemn  promulgation  of  the  ^^  ^ 
writing,  which  contained  the  grievances  of  America,  .^ 
and  declared  her  independence.  It  embodied  the  liYe. 
uni\'ersal  wrongs  of  the  oppressed ;  sent  forth  a  warn-  The  Deo- 
ing  voice  to  the  oppressor;  and  declared  the  com- important 
mon  rights  of  all  mankind.  ^^^^^ 

2,  The  signing  of  this  declaration,  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  American  Congress,  who  were  the  lead- 
ing men  of  the  nation,  was  doing  that,  which,  if 
Great  Britain  should  prevail,  Avould  subject  every 

Chapter  T. — 1.  Why  may  the  Declaration  of  Independence  be 
properly  regarded  as  an  era  in  tlie  history  of  mankind? 

215 


With 
America 
the  &nal 
decision 


216  GRKAT    DtSl'AllITY    OF    FORCE 

FT.  III.  siofiier  to  the  penalty  of  death.     As  these  patriots 
P'D^^  had   thus  e.vposed  thcin.seives  for  tlie  sake  of  theu" 
OH.  L     country,  all  now  regarded  the  grand  decision  as  un- 
alterably  made. 

8.  The   British   troops   from    Halifax,   under  the 

J?  2  to  command  of  General  Howe,  took  pos,session  of  Stat- 

Juiyi2.  en  Island  on  the  2d  of  July;  atid  those  from  Eng- 

^Mt  forl"e '^"f^i  commanded  by  Admiral  Howe,  joined  them  a 

atstaten  that  island  on  the  l'2th.    These,  withother  English, 

Island  -  .  o         7 

and  several  Hessian  regiments,  wotild  make  up  an 
army  of  35,000  of  the  best  troops  of  Europe. 

4.  Lord  Howe,  who  was  a  man  of  kind  disposi- 
tion, hoped  that  the  Americans  would  be  so  much 
afraid  of  this  great  force,  that  they  M'ould  submit. 

Lord     without  his  employing  it  against  them.     He  took 
atte"mnts  various  measures  to  appeal  to  the  people,  against  tlie 
peaceable  decision  of  Cougress,  but  without  success.     Perceiv- 
dien^trioo^^o  Washington's  great  hitluence,  he  wrote  him  a 
la'e.     letter,  directing  it  to  Mr.  Washington.     The  Gen- 
eral sent  it  back  unopened  ;  for,  he  said,  that  he 
was  not  addressed  in  his  ])ublic  capacity,  and  as  an 
individual,  he  would  hold  no  intercourse  with  the 
enemies  of  his  country. 

5.  General  and  Admiral  Howe  now  determined  to 
attack  New  York.  From  this  point  they  might,  they 
hoped,  proceed  with  their  grand  scheme,  which  was 

plan  of  the  to  divide  New  England  from  the  south.     Carleton, 
British.  ^yii\i  13^000  men,  was  to  make  a  descent  from  Can- 
ada, by  the  way  of  Lake  Champlain,   and  form  a 
junction  with  Howe,  Avho  was  to  ascend  the  Hudson. 

6.  Thirteen  thousand  of  the  militia  were  ordered 
^j^^,'"^' to  join  the  army  of  Washington,  which  thus  increas- 

army.    ed,  amounted  to  27,000  ;  but  a  fourth  of  these  were 
invalids,  and  another  fourth  w^ere  poorly  provided 

2.  Why  did  the  people  of  tlie  United  States  consider  the  sis^n- 
in<r  of  the  declaration  as  their  fitial  decision  ?— 3.  How  lar^'e  a 
British  army  was  in  or  near  the  United  States? — 4.  What  hopes 
had  Lord  Howe?  What  measures  did  he  take  ?  What  occurred 
between  him  and  Washington? — 5.  What  appears  to  have  been 
the  grand  scheme  of  the  Enirlisli?  Wluit  city  did  they  wish  to 
make  their  headquarters  ? — G.  What  was  the  number  and  condi- 
tion of  Washington's  army. 


DISASTKOrS   BATTLE.  217 

with  arms.     From  these  and  other  causes,  the  force  pt.  hi. 
fit  for  duty  did  not  exceed  10,000;   and  of  this  fd.  il 
number  the  greater  part  was  without  order  or  disci-    '^  •• 
pline. 

7.  These  inconveniences  proceeded,  in  part,  from 
want  of  money,  which  prevented  Congress  from  pay- 
ing regular  troops,  and  providing  for  their  equip-  jyiyg 
ments ;  and  partly  from  parsimonious  habits,  con-  its  inferi- 
tracted  during  peace,  which  withheld  them  from  in-  ''"j*^^ 
«urring,  with  promptitude,  the  expenses  necessary  British. 
to  a  state  of  war;  while  their  jealousy  of  standing 
armies  inspired  the  hope,  that  they  could,  each  year, 
organize  for  the  occasion,  an  army  sufficient  to  resist 

the  enemy. 

8.  On  the   22d  of  August,  the  English  landed 
without  opposition  on  Long  Island,  between  the  ^^{^' 
villages  of  New  Utrecht  and  Gravesend.     They  ex- land  on  l. 
tended  themselves  to  Flatlands,  distant  four  miles 

from  the  Americans,  and  separated  from  them  by  a 
range  of  wood-covered  hills,  called  the  heights  of 
Gowanus — running  from  east  to  west. 

9.  Washington  had  made  the  best  disposition  of 
his  forces  in  his  power,  to  guard  the  city  of  New 
York.  The  main  army  was  on  the  island  of  New 
York,  with  detachments  sent  out  to  the  most  ex- 
posed points.  Of  these  the  largest  was  on  Long  The  two 
Island,  extending  from  Wallabout  Bay  westward,  "p^^^ 
and  under  command  of  Generals  Putnam,  SuUivan, 

and  Stirling.  They  were  opposed  to  the  vastly  su- 
perior force  of  the  British,  under  the  experienced 
Generals  Clinton,  Percy,  Comwallis,  and  Grant,  and 
the  Hessian  commander,  De  Heister. 

10.  Over  the  wooded  heights  of  Gowanus,  there 
were  but  three  roads.  With  such  a  force  opposed 
to  them,  how  could  the  American  generals  neglect 
to  guard  these  passes,  and  watch  them  closely  ?  Yet 
one  of  these  roads,  the  most  easterly,  or  Jamaica 

7.  From  what  did  this  unliappy  state  of  things  proceed  ? — 8. 
Where  did  the  English  army  hm'd  ?  How  were  they  arraiicred  ? 
9.  What  disposition  of  his  troops  was  made  by  Washington  ? 

10 


218  NKW    YORK    KFXINQUISHED. 

FT.  Ill,  road,  was  loft  so  carelessly  guarded,  that  while  a 

P'D.  II.  part  of  the  British  army  was  taking  up  the  atteii- 

^^-  ^    tion  of  the  Americans  with  a  great  noise  and  show 

Awe  2T   ^^  attack,  another  portion,  stealing  a  night-raarch, 

£Ji6oK-Y>SLSsed  the  heights    through  that  road,   and   thus 

Am^iOTs  placed  the  Americans  between  two   fires.      They 

2000.     could  not  then  win  the  battle,  though  they  fought 

■  bravely.     It  proved  the  most  bloody,  and  the  most 

disastrous  defeat  of  the  whole  war. 

11.  In  the  height  of  the  engagement,  General 
Washington  crossed  to  Brooklyn  from  New  York. 

Washing- jje  saw  with  anguish   that  his   best  troops  were 

ton  s  ^^  ^ 

anguish,  slaughtered   or   taken  prisoners.      Had  his  object 
been  his  own  glory,  he  would  probably  have  drawn 
all  his  men  from  the  encampment ;  and  also  called 
over  all  the  forces  from  New  York,  to  take  part  in 
d^'ce^Md  ^^®  conflict :  but  victory  having  declared  in  favor  of 
Beif-pos-  the  English,  his  judgment  decided,  that  the  courage 
^®^'**°-   "wdth  which  it  inspired  them,  and  the  superiority  of 
their  discipline,  destroyed  all  just  hope  of  recover- 
ing the  battle.     And,  with  true  heroism,  he  pre- 
served himself  and  his  army  for  a  happier  future. 

12.  On  the  night  of  the  28th,  Washington,  having 
Aug.  29.  consulted  his  officers,  cautiously  withdrew  the  re- 
He  re-   mainder  of  his  troops  from  Brooklyn  to  New  York ; 
troops,   to  which  place   the   detachment  from   Governor's 

Island  also  retired.  Finding,  however,  a  disposi- 
tion in  the  British  to  attack  the  city,  and  knowing 
that  it  would  be  impossible  to  defend  it,  he  removed 
Lis  forces  to  the  heights  of  Plarlaem. 

10.  What  carelessness  were  some  of  the  American  oflBcers 
guilty  of  ?  What  disaster  was  the  consequence  ?  What  was  the 
loss  on  both  sides  in  the  battle  of  Brooklyn  ?*  At  what  time, 
year,  month,  and  day  did  the  Americans  meet  this  dreadful  re- 
verse? Show  the  position  of  tlie  armies  by  the  Map. — 11.  What 
was  Washington's  conduct? — 13.  What  changes  in  the  position 
of  his  army  did  he  now  make  ? 

•  N.  B. — The  qnestlons  sometimes  refer  to  the  side  notei. 


THE    PROSPECT   DARKENS.  219 


CHAPTER  n. 

Disasters  following  the  defeat  on  Long  Island. 

1.  About  this  time,  Captain  Hale,  a  highly  m-  pt.  hi. 
teresting  young  officer  from  Connecticut,  learning  p-d.  il' 
that  Washington  wished  to  ascertain  the  state  of  the    "h.  n. 
British  array  on  Long  Island,  volunteered  for  the 
dangerous  service  of  a  spy.    He  entered  the  British  gept  m.' 
army  in  disguise,  and  obtained  the  desired  informa-  Captain 
tion  ;  but  being  apprehended  on  his  attempt  to  re- 
turn, he  was  carried  before  Sir  William  Howe,  now 

in  New  York.  By  his  orders  Hale  was  execi^te.d 
the  next  morning;  exclaiming,  "I  lament  that  I 
have  but  one  life  to  lay  down  for  my  country  !" 

2.  On  the  15th  of  September,  the  British  army 

took  possession  of  the  city  of  New  York.     Gen.  g^^  ^^ 
Howe  again  attempted  to  negotiate  ;  but  he  could  British 
not  promise  the  Americans  independence,  and  they  ^"york!^ 
would  listen  to  no  other  terms,  although  the  pros- 
pects of  the  country  were  most  alarming.   Until  the 
check  at   Brooklyn,  the   Americans  had  flattered  Ameri- 

csris 

themselves,  that  Heaven  would  constantly  favor  their  dispirited 
arms.     They  now  almost  despaired  of  Divine  protec-  ^y^*''^**- 
tection.    The  militia  abandoned  their  colors  by  hund-  j  y  yg 
reds,  and   entire  regiments  deserted  and  returned  Miutia* 
to  their  homes.     In  the  regular  army,  desertions   ^®*®''*' 
were  common.     Their  engagements  were  but  for  a  ,j^^  ^^^^ 
year,  or  for  a  few  weeks ;  and  the  hope  of  soon  re-  lar  army 
turning  to  their  families,  induced  them  to  avoid '"^q^^^ 
dangers.     Every  thing  appeared  to  threaten  a  total 
dissolution  of  the  army. 

3.  Washington  strove  earnestly,  with  exhortations, 
persuasions,  and  promises,  to  arrest  this  spirit  of  dis- 

Chapter  II. — 1.  Who  was  Captain  Hale?  On  what  service 
was  he  sent?  Where?  What  was  his  fate? — 2.  When  did  the 
British  enter  New  York  ?  Would  the  Americans  submit  after 
their  defeat  at  Brooklyn?  What  effect,  howc-er,  had  it  on  their 
minds  ?    What  on  the  army  ? 


220  WASHINGTON    AT   WHITE   PLAINS* 


19^76. 


P'T.  III.  organization.     If  he  did  not  succeed  according  to 

FD.  II   his  desires,  lie  obtained  more  than  his  hopes.     To 

ch.il    Congress  he  addressed  an  energetic  picture  of  the 

deplorable  state  of  the  forces,  and  assured  them  that 

he  must  despair  of  success,  unless  furnished  with  an 

army  that  should  stand  by  him  until  the  conclusion 

offer  a    of  the  Struggle.     To  effect  this,  a  hoxtnty  of  tioenty 

in^moner  (^^^'^^^'^^  was  otFered  at  the  time  of  engagement,  and 

«nd  land  poHions  of  tinocc^iipied  lands  were  promised  to  the 

officers  and  soldiers. 

4.  But  although  Washington  hoped  ultimately  to 
reap  the  benefit  of  these  arrangements,  yet  time 
m.ust  intervene ;  and  his  present  prospect,  was  that 
of  a  handful  of  dispirited  and  ill-found  troops,  to 

^^Jji°s- contend  against  a  large  and  victorious  army.  In 
•dopts  the  this  situation  he  adopted  the  policy  to  harass  and 
policy?  wear  out  his  enemy,  without  risking  any  general 
engagement.  By  this  policy,  Fabius  Maximus  had, 
two  thousand  years  before,  preserved  Italy,  when 
invaded  by  Hannibal.  Washington  has,  therefore, 
been  called  "  the  American  Fabius." 

5.  A  skirmish  occurred  on  the  16th  of  September, 
between  a  British  and  American  detachment,  in 
which  the  Americans  had  the  advantas^e.  The  Brit- 
ish  sought  to  get  possession  of  the  two  roads  leading 

Oct  2s.   east,  from  which  direction  Washington  received  his 
PLAnfs  s'^^Ppl^*^^-     To  keep  one  of  these  roads  open,  Wash- 
ington removed  his  camp  to  White  Plains.     Here 
w.  stands  the  British  attacked  him,  but  though   tliere  was 
grou*nd.   bloodshcd  ou  botli  sides,  the  enemy  failed  of  their 
object.     Washington  remained,  till  on  the  night  of 
80th.    the  30th,  when  he  withdrew  to  North  Castle.    Leav- 
d'raws."  ing  here  7500  men  under  Gen.  Lee,  he  crossed  the 

Hudson,  and  took  post  near  Fort  Lee. 
^^^_       6.  On  the  16th  of  November,  occurred  the  disas- 
iNGTONtYon^  loss  of  Fort  Washington,  with  the  2000  Araer- 

Ain.  loss  


2000. 


3.  What -was  the  conduct  of  the  commander?  What  did  he 
represent  to  Congress  ?  VVliat  did  they  do  ?— 4.  What  policy  did 
Wasliingtou  adopt  ?— 5.  Wkat  occurred  on  tlie  16th  of  Sept.? 
What  on  the  2Sth  of  Oct.?  What  on  tlie  30th  ?— 6.  What  forts 
were  taken  by  the  British  I  What  number  of  American  prisoners  ? 


WASIIT>TGTf)N\s    RKTREAT    THROUGH    N.    JERSEY.  221 

can  troops,  wliich  composed  its  o^avrison.    The  gar-  pt.  hi. 
nson  of  Fort  Lee  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Ilud-  fd.  ii." 
son,  under  the  guidance  of  Gen'.  Gree.ve,  evacuated    <^"-  "• 
the  fort  and  joined  Washington,  M'ho,  with  the  main   p^  ^^ 
army,  h;nl  removed  to  Xewai'k  in  New  Jersey.  evacuate<l, 

7.  Wasliington  retreated  across  New  Jersey,  and 
was   k'isui-elv  followed   bv    a    British    army  under 

Lord  Coniwallis.     They  entere.l  Newark  the  day  ^j.;?/;;;'* 
on  which  Washington  left  it;  and  pursued  him  as  thr..ii<:ii 
lie  passed  on  through  New  Brunswick,  Princeton,  jersJj-s. 
and  Trenton.     Here,  at  the  Delaware,  the  British 
expected  to  seize  their  prey;  but  with  a  diligence 
and  enero'v  far  exceeding  theirs,  the  Americans  had 
just  crossed  over, — the  last  boats  with  the  baggage, 
being  still  on  the  river  when  the  enemy  appeared 
on  the  opposite  bank, 

8.  Cornwallis  had  no  boats  in  wliich  to  cross  the 
river.     He   arranged    his  army  along  the  eastern 
bank,  from  Mount  Holly  to  Trenton,  and  waited  for  ineffiden- 
the  Delaware  to  freeze.     The  British  commanders  '^^[•5^' 
had  an  army  of  at  least  six-fold  numerical  strength 

to  that  of.  Washington  ;  and  nothing  but  their  own 
inei'tness,  and  his  great  and  skilful  exertions,  hin- 
dered their  overtaking  him.  This  seems  one  of 
those  cases,  in  which  we  can  see  clearly  an  inter- 
posing Providence. 

9.  Feeble  as  was  the  American  array,  when  Wash-  lyye, 
ington  commenced  his  retreat,  it  had  hourly  dimiu-    J'ec. 
ished.     His  troops  were  unfed  amidst  fatigue ;  un-    wash- 
shod,  while  their  bleeding  feet  were  forced  rapidly  '1^"' 
over  the  shai'p  projections  of  frozen  ground ;  and 

they  endured  the  keen  December  air,  almost  with-  ^  ^^ 
out  clothes  or  tents.     Washington,  with  the  firm-  tmiy  the 
ness  of  the  commander,  united  the  tenderness  of  the  "ff^iJj^' 
father ; — he  visited  the  sick, — paid  every  attention  country." 

6.  Where  was  Washington?  Who  joined  him? — 7.  Give  an 
account  of  Washington's  memorable  retreat  througli  New  Jersey. 
Show  the  scene  of  operations  on  the  Map. — 8.  What  arrangements 
did  Lord  ('ornwalHs  make?  What  was  the  diflFerence"  in  the 
ttrenirtli  of  the  sirinies?  What  in  the  energy  and  diliyrence  of  tlie 
commanders  ?  — t).  What  was  the  condition  of  the  American  aroiy  ? 
What  the  course  of  Washington? 


222  Jln  emergency. 

FT.  Ill,  in  his  poAver  to  the  wants  of  the  army, — praised 
FD.  II.  their  constancy, — represented  their  sufferings  to 
OH.  m.  Congress, — and  encouraged  tlieir  despairing  niinda 
by  holding  out  the  prospects  of  a  better  future. 

10.  The  distress  of  the  Americans  was  increased 

by  the  desertion  of  many  of  the  supposed  friends  ol 

their  cause.     Howe,  taking  advantage  of  what  he 

That""'  considered  their  vanquished  and  hopeless  condition, 

"mln's    offered  free  pardon  to  all  who  should  now  declare 

souls."   for  the  royal  authority.    Of  the  extremes  of  society, 

the  very  rich  and  the  very  poor,  numbers  sued  for 

the  royal  clemency ;  but  few  of  the  middle  classes 

deserted  their  country  in  its  hour  of  peril. 


iTve. 


The  time 


CHAPTER  HI. 

American  successes  at  Trenton  and  Princeton. 

1.  Washington,  in  this  emergency,  called  in 
the  distant  detachments  of  the  army;  and  15Q0 
militia,  under  Gen.  Mifflin,  joined  him.     He  had  or- 

6en.  Leo  dcred  Gen.  Lee  to  go  north,  for  certain  important 

insubordi- objects ;  but  Lee  thought  that  better  uses  might  be 

made  of  the  army  under  his  command  ;  and  disobey- 

Made    i^g  his  Orders,  he  had  lingered  among  the  mountains 

prisoner,  of  New  Jersey.     Here  a  party  of  British  cavalry 

surprised  and  took  him  prisoner.     Gen.  Sullivan 

conducted  his  forces  to  Washington's  camp. 

2.  With  these  reinforcements,  the  American  army 
amounted  to  about  7000  effective  men.  A  few  davs, 
however,  would  close  the  year ;  and  the  period  of 
enlistment,  for  a  considerable  portion  of  the  soldiers, 

A  critical  would  expire  with  it.     The  cause  of  America  de- 
moment  manded,  that  important  use  should  be  made  of  the 
^^^^^  'short  space  which  intervened.     At  this  critical  mo- 

10.  How  were  tlie  distresses  of  the  army  increased? 

Chaptek  III. — 1.  What  measure  did  Gen.  Washington  take  to 
increase  the  exhausted  army  ?  What  did  Lee  ?  What  became  of 
his  forces  ? — 2.  What  was  now  the  numljer  and  condition  of  the 
American  army  ? 


WASHINGTON    EECEOSSES  TirE   DELAWARE.  223 

ment,  Washington,  perceiving  the  inactivity  of  his  ft.  iil 
enemy,  struck  a  capital  blow  for  his  country,  fd.  ii. 

3.  He  determined  to  recross  the  Delaware,  and   *^-  ^^ 
attack  the  British  posts  at  Trenton  and  Burlington.  |iy«u 
The  main  body  of  the  army,  commanded  by  Wash- 
ington in  person,  effected  the  passage,  though  with 
suftering  and  danger ;  for  the  night  was  intensely 
cold,  and  the  river  filled  with  floating  ice.     The 
troops  marched  in  two  divisions,  but  both  arrived  at  ^^^  gg 
Trenton  at  the  same  moment.    The  Hessians,  under  and  27. 
Colonel  Kaiil,  M^ere  surprised,  and  their  comman-  '^^ok 
der  slain.     Prisoners,  to  the  number  of  1,000,  were  Am.  l.  12. 
taken  by  the  Ameiicans,  who  immediately  recrossed    Bn  l.°' 
the  Delaware.    Two  days  after  the  action.  Wash-    '^^^• 
ington  crossed  his  Avhole  army  over  the  Delaware, 

and  took  quarters  at  Trenton. 

4.  Howe  was  thunderstruck  at  this  astonishing 
reverse.     Cornwallis,  leaving  a  part  of  his  troops  at 
Princeton,  immediately  proceeded  towards  Trenton,  !''''''• 
with  the  intention  of  giving  battle  to  the  Americans, 

and  arrived,  with  his  vai^iard,  on  the  first  of  Jan-  British  'in 
nary.  motion. 

5.  Washington  knew  the  inferiority  of  his  force, 
and  was  sensible,  too,  that  flight  would  be  almost  as 
fatal  to  the  republicans  as  defeat.    About  midnight, 
leaving   his   fires   burning   briskly,   that   his  army 
should  not  be  missed,  he  silently  decamped,  and 
gained,  by  a  circuitous  route,  the  rear  of  the  enemy. 
At  sunrise,  the  van  of  the  American  forces  met,  un- 
expectedly, two  British  regiments,  which  were  on   j^^^,  3 
the  march  to  join  Cornwallis.     A  conflict  ensued :  P^/i^(7i 
the  Americans  gave  way: — all  was  at  stake.   Wash-  Bn^k. 
ington  himself,  at  this  decisive  moment,  led  on  thei^-p-soo- 
main   body.     The   enemy  Avere   routed,   and   fled.   ™* 
Washington   pressed   forward   towards  Princeton, 
where  one  regiment  of  the  enemy  yet  remained.    A 

part  of  these  saved  themselves  by  flight;  the  re- 

2.  What  did  Washington  perceive,  and  the  cause  of  tiie  country 
demand?— 3.  Give  an  account  of  the  affair  at  Trenton  ?— 4.  What 
moveinent  was  made  by  the  British? — 5.  What  second  bold 
stroke  was  struck  by  Washington? 


224:  "giikat  news  from  the  jerseys  1" 

PT.  III.  mainder  were  made  prisoners.     Thus  had  he  again 

P'l).  11.  accomi)]ished  his  object. 

OH.  IV.        6_  Thrilling  were  the  emotions,  Avith  which  these 

t>vry>^   successes  were    hailed    by    a   disheartened   nation. 

Great  joy.  Ev(;n  to  this  day,  when  an  unexpected  and  joyful 
event  is  to  be  related,  the  speaker,  who  perchance 
knows  not  the  origin  of  the  proverb,  exclaims, 
"  Great  news  from  the  Jerseys ! !" 

v.    On   hearing  the  cannonade  from  Princeton, 

Cornwallis,  apprehensive  for  the  safety  of  his  New 

Jan  6    15i"^i"S\vick  storcs,  immediately  put  his  army  in  mo- 

Wash-   tion  tor  that  place.     Washington,  on  his  approach, 

retiresto  retired  to  Morristowu.    When  somewhat  refreshed, 

Morris-  he  again  took  the  field ;  and  having  gained  posses- 
sion of  Newark,  Woodbridge,  Elizabethtown,  and 
indeed  of  all  the  enemy's  posts  in  New  Jersey,  ex- 
cept New  Brunswick  and  Aniboy,  he  retired  to 
secure  winter-quarters  at  Morristovvn. 

8.  Washington's  military  glory  now  rose  to  its 
meridian.     Indeed,  nothipg  in  the  history  of  war 

Washing-  shows  a  leader  in  a  more  advantageous  j^oint  of  light, 

^^'^^^^''Hhan  the  last  events  of  this  campaign  did  the  com- 
manding general. — Hannibal  made  war  for  revenge ; 
Cajsar  and  Napoleon  for  ambition ;  Washington  for 
justice, — for  the  rights  of  liis  country  and  of  mankind. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Difficulties  and  exertions  of  Congress — Campaign  of  1777 — Arrival 

of  La  Fayette. 

jj5^,,         1.  Co:n^gress  in  the  mean  time  were  surrounded 

eharacter  with  difficulties  which  would  have  utterly  discour- 

Congress.  aged  men  of  weaker  heads,  or  fainter  hearts.     They 

were  without  any  power,  except  the  power  to  reo- 

6.  What  effect  had  these  successes  on  the  nation  ?■ — 7.  What 
movements  were  next  made  by  the  two  armies? — 8.  What  was 
now  Wasliingtou's  reputation? 

Chaptee  IV. — 1.   Wliai  was  tlie  situation  of  Congress? 


EXPEDIENTS    TO   RAISE   MONET.  225 

oraniend.     They  had  an  exhausted  army  to  recruit,  rr.  in. 
and   this,  not  merely  without  money,  but  almost  p^d.  ii. 
without  credit ;  for  the  bills  which  they  had  for-   ^h.  iv. 
merly  issued,  had  almost  entirely  lost  credit.  "^^me"^ 

2.  To  raise  money,  they  authorized  a  loan, — they 
created  a  lottery, — and  they  sent  three  commission- 
ers to  France,  to  borrow  of  that  government.   These  FrankHn, 
commissioners,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Silas  Deane,  Jj'j  l^;. 
and  Aktiiur  Lee,  were  also,  if  possible,  to  prevail 

upon  the  French  government  to  acknowledge  the 
American  independence. 

3.  On  the  25th  of  April,  2,000  men,  under  Gov- 
ernor Tryox,*  major  of  the  royalists,  or  tories, 
having  passed  the  Sound,  landed  between  Fairfield  1777. 
and  Xorwalk.     The  next  day,  proceeding  to  Dan-  Ap"'„^^ 
bury,  they  compelled  the  garrison,  under  Colonel    bums 
Huntington,  to  retire ;  and  not  only  destroyed  the  ^^"^'"T' 
stores,  but  burned  the  town. 

4.  Meantime,  800  militia  had  collected  to  annoy 
them,  on  their  return ;  c^ta'hom  500,  under  Arnold, 

took  post  at  Ridgefield,  to  attack  their  front,  while  ^p^„  ^j, 
200,  under  General  Wooster,  fell  upon  their  rear,  tudgf:- 
Both  parties  were  repulsed.     Wooster  was  slain;Br.  l.  ho. 
and  Arnold  retired  to  Saugatuck,  about  three  miles ^"i-^^^*^ 
east  of  Nor  walk.     The  enemy  having   spent   the 
night  at  Ridgefield,  set  fire  to  it,  still  retreating,  al- 
though continually  harassed  by  Arnold's  party,  now 
increased  to  1,000.     At  Campo,  between  Norwalk 
and  Fairfield,  they  took  refuge  on  board  their  ships. 

5.  The  British  had  collected  at  Sag  Harbor,  on  ,,    „„ 
Long  Island,  large  magazines  of  forage  and  grain.     Sas:  * 

.  .  .  Colonel  Meigs  left  Guilford,  on  the  23d  of^May,  g^^j^^^^ 
with  IVO  men,  destroyed  the  stores,  burned  a  dozen    pr.  so 
brigs  and  sloops,  and  returned  "wdthout  loss. 

6.  Congress  had,  with  great  judgment,  selected 
Dr.  Franklin  as  one  of  the  mission  to  France.     A 

♦  Late  royal  governor  of  New  York. 


2.  Whnt  did  they  do  to  raise  money?  Wliom  send  to  France! 
For  what  objects? — 3.  Give  an  account  of  Gov.  Tryoa's  expedi- 
tion.— 4.  Give  an  account  of  the  retreat  of  the  British,  and  show 
it  on  the  Map. — 5.  Give  an  account  of  Col.  Meigs'  exploit. 

10* 


226  LA    FAYKTTE. 

FT.  III.  profound  knowledge  of  human  nature,  lind  given  to 
P'D.  iiT  this    pliilosopher    a   manner    possessing    a    })ecuiiar 
CH.  IV.    charm,   attractive   to   all,    however   ditferent    their 
1777.  taste  or  pursuits.     lie  exerted  these  powers  so  sue- 
FrMkiin  ^<''sstiilly,  that  he  excited  great  interest  at  the  court 
at  Uie    of  France  for  the  American  cause. 
France.       "^  -  Several  gentlemen  of  rank  and  fortune  came 
forward  and  offered  their  services.     The  most  dis- 
tinguished of  these  was  the  Makquis  de  la.  Faykite, 
La  Fay-  ^  young  noblcman,  who,   although  he  had  every 
others    thing  to  attach  him  to  his  own  country,  yet  took 
"service."^ the  resolution  to  risk  his  life  and  fortune,  for  the 
cause  of  American  libertv  and  human  rights. 

8.  After  the  disastroxis  battle  of  Long  Island,  he 
was  told  of  the  despairing  state  of  the  country,  then 
so  poor  that  it  could  not  provide  him  a  conveyance. 

Magna-  "  Then,"  said  La  Fayette,  "  this  is  a  moment  when 

La'pay"  I  Can  render  most  essential  service."     He  provided 

^^^-     a  vessel  for  himself    His  arrival  caused  heartfelt  joy. 

Washington  received  hini.  as  a  son :  and  Congress 

made  him  a  major-generaF^ 

9.  Washington   removed   the   main    army  from 
„^^^_   Morristown,  to  a  strong  position  on  the  heights  of 

tr.ents  of  Middlcbrook.  Gen.  Howe  crossed  the  Hudson,  and 
aini'iri  appearing  before  Washington's  camp,  vainly  endeav- 
June.    ored  to  draw  him  out.    Affecting  to  retreat  in  haste, 

Washington  pursued,  when  Howe  turned  upon  him; 

but  the  American   general  regained  his  camp, — a 

skirmish  only  having  ensued,  where  Howe  intended 

a  battle.* 
July  10.       10.  The  British  had  taken  Rhode  Island  in  De- 
Barto'n's  cember.     On  the  10th  of  July,  the  British  comman- 
expioit.  der,    General   Prescott,    was   made   prisoner   by  a 

*  This  incident  was  personally  related  to  Mrs.  W.,  by  Gen.  La  Fayette. 
Mrs.  W.'s  histories  of  the  American  Kevolutlon  have  an  added  value,  from 
the  fact  that  Gen.  La  Fayette  himself  inspected  and  gave  his  sanction  to 
that  contained  in  her  larger  history,  of  which  this  is  an  abridgment. 


.  What  kind  of  man  was  Dr,  Franklin?     What  effect  did  he 
luce? — 7.   Who  made  otters  of  service? — 8.    What  trait  of 


3 

prodi...^ -:   „..„...   „.    „^.  ,.^„.     -.     ..„„, _. 

maernaHiiiiity  can  you  relnte  of  La  Fayette  ?  How  was  he  received 
in  the  United  >Stairs?— 9.  (iivc  some  account  of  the  two  armies. 
—  10.  Give  ail  account  of  the  cajiiiire  of  Gen.  Prescott. 


BUEGOYNE  SENT  WITH  AN  ARMY.  227 

daring  party  of  forty  country  militia,  under  Col,  ft.  hi. 
Barton.  General  Prescott  was  surprised  at  night,  pb.  il 
and  taken  from  his  bed.  <>=•  "'• 


CHAPTER  Y. 

Burgoyne's  Invasion. 

1.  The  grand  British  plan  for  the  campaign  was 

to  send  an  army  to  Canada,  which  should  invade  by  The  grand 
the  way  of  Lake  Cham  plain ;  whUe  a  force  from   ?'*''^ 
New  York  should  go  up  the  Hudson  to  act  in  con-  tempted, 
cert.    It  was  supposed  that  the  north-eastern  States 
might  thus  be  divided  from  the  southern. 

2.  General  Burgoyne  was  sent  from  England 

with  an  army,  and  arrived  at  Quebec  in  May.   Bur-  ^Ty'^* 
goyne's  army  consisted  of  7,173  British  and  German  Burgoyiie 
troops,  besides  several  thousands  of  Canadians  and  *^"*  *'^®''- 
Indians.     His  plan  of  operation  was,  that  Colonel 
St.  Legee  should  proc4P  with  a  detachment  by 
the  St.  Lawrence,  Oswego,  and  I^ort  Stanwix,  to 
Albany.     Burgoyne,  proceeding  by  Charaplain  and 
the  Hudson,  was  to  meet  St.  Leger  at  Albany,  and 
both  to  join  General  Clinton  from  New  York,  j^^^  go. 
Burgoyne  moved  forward  with  his  army,  and  made  Burgoyne 
his  first  encampment  on  the  western  shore  of  Lake    rive" 
Champlain,  at  the  river  Boquet.         ^  Boqnet 

3.  St.  Leger  had  united  with  Sir  John  Johnson, 
and  having  nearly  2,000  troops,  induing  savages, 
they  invested  Fort  Stanwix,  commanded  by  Col. 
Gansevoort.     General  Herkimer,  having  col- 
lected  the  mUitia,  marched  to  the  relief  of  Ganse-   oris^ 
voort.    He  fell  into  an  Indian  ambuscade  on  the  6th  ^^^' 
of  August,  and  was  defeated  and  slain.     St.  Leger     4ob. 
pressed  upon  the  fort. 


Chapter  V. — 1.  Wliat  was  now  the  grand  scheme  of  the  Brit- 
ish ? — 2.  Who  was  sent  over  to  effect  it  ?  What  forces  had  Bur- 
goyne ?  What  was  his  plan  of  operation  ? — 3.  Describe  the  route 
of  St.  Leger.  When,  and  by  whom,  was  the  battle  of  Oriskany 
fought?    What  was  tlie  American  loss? 


228  DISASTROUS    KETEEAT. 

PT.  III.      4.  General  Schuyler,  who  commanded  the  nor ih- 

FD.  II.  erii   forces,   dispatclied   Arnold   to   its   relief.     On 

CH.  V.    liearing  of  his  ajjproach,  the  Indians,  having  previ- 

8t"Le^er  0"sly  become  dissatisfied,  mutinied  and  compelled 

returns.  St.  Lcger  to  return  to  Montreal.  .  .  Burgoyne  ad- 

Juneso.  vanced  to  Crown  Point,  from  whence  he  proceed- 

at  ciriwn  ed  to  invest  Ticonderoga,  which  was  garrisoned  by 

Point    3^000  men  under  Gen,  St.  Clair.   Up  to  this  period, 

Trumbull  ^  circumstaucc  respecting  this  fort  seems  strangely 

f'''?c°^"   to  have  been  overlooked.*     It  is  commanded  by  an 

^warned  eminence  near,  called  Mount  Defiance.     The  troops 

T^hodid  ^^  Burgoyne  got  possession  of  this  height  on  the 

not  heed  5th  of  July,  and  St.  Clair,  finding  the  post  no  longer 

'^''ingy*  tenable,  evacuated  it  on  the  same  night. 

5.  The   garrison,  separated   into   two   divisions, 
were  to  proceed  through  Hubbardton  to  Skeenes- 

Jaiy  5.  borough.  The  first,  under  St.  Clair,  left  the  fort  in 
C8ns"evac-  the  night,  two  hours  earlier  than  the  second,  under 
Tico^e-  Colonel  Francis.    The  stores  and  baggage,  placed 

roga.  on  board  200  batteaux,  and  convoyed  by  five  armed 
galleys,  were  to  meet  th^i'my  at  Skeenesborough. 

6.  General  Frazer,  -mm  850  of  the  British,  pur- 
sued and  attacked  the  division  at  Hubbardton,  whose 

BUB-   rear  was  commanded  by  Colonel  Warner.    The 

^ton'  Americans  made  a bi"ave  resistance ;  but  the  British, 

Am.  L.  k.,in  the  heat  of  the  action,  receiving  a  reinforcement, 

pr'iooo.  they  were  forced  to  give  way.     They  fled  in  every 

direction,  spreading  through  the  country  the  terror 

of  the  British  arms.    Many  of  the  wounded  perished 

in  the  woods. 

Y.  A  part  of  the  stores  and  armed  galleys,  which 
had  been  sent  up  the  lake,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
July  12.  British.     St.  Clair,  on  hearing  of  these  disasters, 
roaches^  struck  iuto  the  woods  on  his  left.     He  was  joined 
Ft^^  by  the  remnant  of  the  vanquished  division,  conduct- 
ed by  Colonel  Warner.     After  a  distressing  march. 


July  7. 


Br.  L.  k 

180. 


Edward. 


4.  By  what  means  was  St.  Legcr  forced  to  return  ?  By  what 
nneans  did  Burgoyne  sret  possession  of  Ticouderogra? — 5.  What 
arrangements  were  made  for  the  retreat  of  St.  Clair's  army  ? — 6. 
Give  an  account  of  the  disaster  at  Hubbardton. — 7.  What  became 
of  St.  Clair's  division  ? 


THE  OKEEN  MOUNTAIN  BOYS  229 

he  reached  the  camp  of  General  Schuyler,  at  Fort  P't.  iil 
Edward.     Warner,  with  a  detachment,  remained  in  p-o.  n' 
Manchester.     Burgoyne  took  possession  of  Skeeues-    *^"-  "^• 
boi'ough.     Schuyler,  with  the  Ameiican  array,  re-  Aue.  13. 
tii-ed  from  Fort   Edward   to   Saratoga,  and  from  schuyier 
thence  to  the  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk.    |/^jj^^^ 

8.  General  Schuyler  had  obstructed  the  roads, 
by  breaking  the  bridges,  and,  in  the  only  passable 
deiiles,  by  cutting  immense  trees  on  both  sides  of 

the  way,  to  fall  cross  and  lengthwise.  .  .  .  General    Gates 
Gates  was  appointed  to  supersede  General  Schuyler  ™"ar.su^ 
in  the  command.    Lincoln,  Arnold,  and  Morgan,  ^p^reedes 
were  sent  north,  which  encouraged  volunteers  to  '"*'  "^  "'^ 
join  the  army.     The  celebrated  patriot  of  Poland, 
Kosciusko,   was  also  in   the  army,   as    its   chief 
engineer. 

9.  Burgoyne,  having  with  much  labor  and  time,   juiy  so. 
opened  a  way  for  his  army,  arrived  at  Fort  Edward  ^,"^'^^* 
on  the  30th  of  July  5  but  he  was  in  want  of  supplies.      Ft 
Learning  that  there  was  a  large  depot  of  pro\dsions  ^^^"^ 
at  Bennington,  he  sent  500  men,  under  Lieut.  Col. 
Baum,  a  German  officer,  to  seize  them.     General coiBann, 
Stark,  with  a  body  of  Vermont  and  New  Hamp-  »*  Ben- 
shire  militia,  was   on   his   march  to  join   General  ^^°^  °" 
Schuyler.     He  met  the   British   force,  four   miles 

from  Bennington.     Baum  was  killed,  and  his  party  1777, 
defeated.     The  militia  had  dispersed,  to  seek  for   An?.  6. 
plunder,  when  a  British  reinforcement  of  500  men  jvxv*?- 
an-ived.    The  Green  Mountain  Boys,  under  Colonel-  "^P^-^ 

-ITT-  -I  1  •  1     1       -T-.    •   •   1    Er-  L-  600. 

AVarner,  appeared  at  the  same  time,  and  the  British 
were  again  defeated,  and  compelled  to  retreat. 

10.  Cruel  murders,  committed  by  the  Indians  of 
Burgoyne's  army,  particularly  that  of  Miss  Jane  July  2T. 
McCrea,  which  was  perpetrated  near  Fort  Edward,  ^^^mIm  *** 
shocked  and  excited  the  people  against  the  British,  McCre* 

7.  Of  Col.  Warner's  ?  Where  was  now  Burgoyne  ?  Where  was 
Gen.  Schuyler? — 8.  What  popular  officers  now  joined  the  army  ? 
— 9.  Wliat  det-acliment  did  Burgroyne  send  out?  Where  was 
Gen.  Stark?  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Bennington. — 10, 
Where  was  the  murder  of  Miss  McCrea  ?  What  etfect  did  it  pro 
duce  on  the  public  uiiud  i 


230  burgoynk's  surrender. 

FT.  in.  who  had  thus  let  loose  the  cruel  savages  upon  the 
P'D.  II.  land ;  and  there  was  now  a  general  rising  and  rush 
^"-  ^-  to  the  camp  of  Gates.  The  array  thus  reinforced — 
17'yy.  encouraged  by  the  victory  of  Bennington,  and  now 
^Gates'  amounting  to  5,000 — Gates  left  the  encampment  at 
encamps  tlie  islands,  and  advancing  to  Stillwater,  occupied 
^togl'''  Behmus  heights. 

11.  On  the  12th,  Burgoyne  crossed  the  Hudson, 
and  on  the  14th,  encamped  at  Saratoga,  about  three 
miles  distant  from  the  American  army.     An  obsti- 

sl^iLL^  nate  and  bloody  battle  occurred  at  Stillwater  on  the 
WA  TER.  1 9th.     Both  sides  claimed  the  victory ;  but  the  ad- 
^^•q^  vantage  was  clearly  on  the  side  of  the  Americans. 
Br.  L.  500.  Skirmishes,  frequent  and    animated,   occmTcd   be- 
tween this  and  the  7th  of  October,  when  a  general 
battle  was  fought  at  Saratoga. 

12.  The  Americans  made  the  attack.  The  battle 
was  fierce  and  desperate.  The  British  gave  way  in 
fifty  minutes.  That  short  time  decided  great  events. 
The  loss  was  severe  in  killed  and  wounded,  on  both 

Oct  7.   sides.     The  British  lost  Gen.  Frazer.    Arnold  had 

TOGA,  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  the  battle,  and  was 

^5  762  severely  wounded.  .  .  Burgoyne  made  efforts  to  re- 

'  treat ;  but  he  was  hemmed  in  by  a  foe,  whose  army, 

constantly  increasing,  now  amounted  to  four  times 

his  own  wasting  numbers.     He  capitulated  on  the 

1 7th  of  October. 

13.  The  number  surrendered,  amounted  to  5,762  ; 
Oct  17.  those  lost  in   the   previous   battles  and   by  deser- 

^'^gjo^l""  tion,  made  up  their  whole  loss  to  about  9,000 
men.  There  also  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, 35  brass  field-pieces,  and  5,000  muskets.  It 
was  stipulated  that  the  British  were  to  have  free 
passage  across  the  Atlantic ;  but  they  were  not 
to  serve  again  in  North  America,  during  the  war. 

-  10.  What  advance  movement  was  made  by  Gates! — 11.  What 
by  Burgoyne  ?  Where  did  the  armies  meet  and  contend  ?  Which 
had  the  advantajre?  When  and  where  was  a  j^reat  and  decisive 
battle  fought?— 12.  Why  could  not  Burgoyne  retreat?  What  did 
he  do  onihe  I7th  of  Oct.  ?— 13.  How  many  men  were  surren- 
dered ?     How  many  pieces  of  artillery  ? 


BATTLE    OF    BRANDTWTINE.  231 

On  hearing  of  the  defeat  of  Burgoyne,  the  British  pt.  hi. 
garrison  at  Ticonderoga  returned  to  Canada,  and  fd.il 
not  a  foe  remained  in  the  northern  section  of  the  *^  '"• 
Union.  Sir  Henry  Clinton  had  sailed  up  the  Hud-  l'J"S"7. 
son;  but  as  Burgoyne  had  failed,  he  returned  to  ®*J^x'5!" 
New  York;  having  first  barbarously  burned  jE&o- «>iicierog« 

TT-         .       °  ''  retreat  to 

mcsj  now  Kingston.  Ctaada. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Battle  of  Brandywine. — British  in  Philadelphia. — Germantown. 

1.  Admiral  and  Gwif.  Howe,  intent  on  the  cap- 
ture of  Philadelphia,  left  Sandy  Hook  on  the  23d  of 
July.    They  were  long  at  sea.    At  length  they  were  i^aT  at 
heard  of,  sailing  up  the  Chesapeake.     They  disem-  Eitton. 
barked  their  troops,  amounting  to  18,000,  at  the 
head  of  the  bay.    Washington  crossed  the  Delaware    wish, 
and  marched  to  oppose  them.     Approaching  the  ""^^ 
enemy,  he  encamped  on  the  rising  grounds  which  ex-    um. 
tend  from  Chad's  Ford;  and  there  the  shallow 
stream   of   the   JBra?idi/wine,   being   between  the 
arrmies,  he  awaited  an  attack  from  the  British  com- 
mander. 

2.  Early  in  the  morning,  the  hostile  anny  com- 
menced the  assault.     "Washington  had  made,  and 
partly  executed  a  plan,  by  which  he  would  probably 
have  won  the  day ;  but  in  the  heat  of  the  action,  his 
judgment  was  misled  by  false  intelligence — and  he  ^^1^ 
lost  the  battle.     Gek.  GrKEEafE  here  distinguished  ^^j^v, 
himself ;  as  did  the  brave  Polander,  Pulaski.    Gek.  Am.  l. 
La  Fayette,  endeavoring  to  bring  back  the  flying,  jjj^^f^oa 
to  face  again  the  enemy,  received  a  wound  in  the 

leg.  When  in  his  old  age,  the  country  for  whom 
he  here  shed  his  blood,  conveyed  him  home  an  hon- 
ored guest,  returning  from  her  shores,  the  new  war- 

13.  What  did  Sir  Henry  Clinton? 

Chapter  VI. — 1.  Trace  on  the  Map  and  describe  the  course  of 
Admiral  Howe's  fleet.  What  course  did  Washington  take  ? — 2. 
Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Brandywine.  Mention  the  loss 
on  both  sides.     What  officers  distinguished  theinsel\-esl 


232  BRITISH    KNTEK    PHILADELPHIA. 

P'T.  in.  ship  \vlucli  carried  him  to  France,  was  naineil  from 

~FD.  IL  this  battle,  the  Brandywine. 

cii-ri.        3_  Congress,  tjnding  themselves  insecure  in  Phila- 

delphia,  adjourned  to  Lancaster,  to  which  place  the 

public  archives  and  magazines  were  first  removed  ; — ■ 

Sopt  26.  subsequently  to  York,     A  detachment  of  the  Brit- 

TbeBrit-ish   army,  under  Cornwallis,  entered  Philadelphia, 

'phiL'"^  while  the  main  body,  under  Howe,  took  post  at 

Germantown.     The  American  army  encamped   at 

Skippack  creek.     Washington  knowing  that  Howe 

was  weakened  by  detachments,   left  his   camp  at 

seven  in  the  evening  of  October  3d,  and  on  the  fbl- 

^SR-   ^'^^'i"^  morning,  partially  succeeded  in  giving  the 

MAN-    British  a  surprise.     They  at  first  retreated  in  disor- 

Am^K   ^^^-     Several  companies  having  thrown  themselves 

k.  200,    into  a  stone  house,  annoyed   the  Americans.      A 

pr!  4oo!  thick  fog  came  on,  and  unable  to  distinguish  friend 

from  foe,  confusion  arose  in  the  American  ranks, 

and  they  lost  the  battle. 

4.  Congi'ess  had  made  it  death  to  any  citizen  to  fur- 
nish the  enemy  with  food :  and  such  was  the  spirit  of 
Howe  in  the  people,  and  the  vigilance  of  the  commander,  that 
Btarvln"^  Howe  now  found  his  army  in  danger  of  starvation. 
"'  To  prevent  this,  he  must  open  the  navigation  of  the 
Delaware,  which  had  been  obstructed  by  sunken 
ranges  of  frames,  and  by  forts  on  Mud  Island,  Red 
Bank,  and  other  places,     Howe  removed  his  army 
to  Philadelphia;  and  to  open  the  navigation  he  sent 
FT.     Col.  Df)nop  with  a  detachment  of  Hessians.     They 
^SB.    attacked  J^ort  Jtfercer,  on  Red  Bank,  and  were  re- 
H«ssianB  pulscd  with  heavy  loss.     At  length,  however,  the 
British  sent  against  it  such  a  force,  that  the  Ameri- 
The  navi-  cans  evacuated  it.    The  British  fleet  then  passed  up 
gallon    tiie  Delaware  to  Philadelphia.     Much  of  the  Amer- 

epened  by .  ......'■  ,  ,       , 

the  Brit-  ican   sliippmg  in   the   river   was    burnt ;    and   the 
^^-     remainder  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

2.  What  vessel  was  named  after  this  battle  ? — 3.  What  movo- 
ment  did  Congress  make?  Wlieu  did  the  British  troops  enter 
Philadelphia?  Where  were  Generals  Howe  and  Washington? 
Describe,  the  battle  of  Germantown. — 4.  What  was  the  coudiiioa 
of  the  IJritish  army?  What  was  now  Howe's  object?  What 
naeasures  did  he  take  f    Did  he  succeed  i 


THE    SUFFERERS    OF   VALLKT    FORGE.  233 

5.  Wasliington  now  retire<l  to  wiuter-qnarters  at  ft.  iil 
Valley  Forge.     The  huts  for  the  camp  were  not  p-oriiT 
completed,  when  the  magazines  were  found  to  con-   *^  ''^ 
taui  scarcely  a  single  day's  provision.     As  to  cloth-  ^^^y 
ing — they   were   destitute,    almost    to    nakedness,  j^p^  n.' 
Barefooted,  on  the  frozen  ground — their  feet  cut  bv  Wa'^hing- 

"        ton  8 

ice — they  left  their  tracks  in  blood.     A  few  only  winter- 
had  a  blanket  at  night.     Straw  could  not  be  ob-  ^''^'y",^" 
tained,  and  the  soldiers,  who,  during  the  day,  were    Forge. 
benumbed  with  cold,  and  enfeebled  by  hunger,  had 
at  night  no  other  bed  than  the  damp  ground.    Dis- tress^of the 
eases  attacked  them  ;  and  the  hospitals  were  replen-    «"iny. 
ished,  as  rapidly  as  the  dead  were  carried  out. 

6.  This  melancholy  state  of  the  army  M'as  owing 
to  the  condition  of  the  finances.  Congress  had  car- 
ried on  the  war  thus  far,  by  making  a  great  quan- 
tity of  paper  money.  That  is,  they  had  issued  notes 
in  the  name  of  the  government,  promising  to  pay 
the  holders  such  and  such  sums.  If  the  government 
had  possessed  gold  and  silver  enough  actually  to 
pay  these  notes,  whenever  they  were  presented, 
then  they  would  have  been  good  money,  like  the  money 
bills  of  good  banks.  But  they  had  no  specie ;  and  the  ^^^^i** 
country  became  overrun  with  this  paper.  People  be- 
gan to  think  it  doubtful  whether  it  ever  would  be 
redeemed ;  and  then  they  did  not  wish  to  take  it. 

Its  markets  value  had  depreciated   to   one-quarter:  *beioir 
that  is,  for  an  article  valued  at  one  dollar,  there  must     p*^' 
be  paid  of  this  money,  four  dollars. 

v.  But  the  people,  who  had  such  articles  to  sell, 
as  the  army  needed,  would  not  sell  them,  and  take 
for  pay  this  paper  money  at  par.     Congress,  on  the  Qoasrcaa 
other  hand,  would  not  allow  then-  agents  to  part  with  h^^e  oo 
it  below  par,  and  the  country  was  so  poor,  they  had    °  ^' 

5.  Where  did  Washington  make  winter-quarters  ?  As  to  the 
condition  of  the  army,  had  they  food  ?  Had  they  clothinsr?  Had 
they  shoes  ?  What  was  their  lodging  at  night  i  What  the  state 
of  their  health? — 6.  How  had  Congress  thus  far  carried  on  the 
war  ?  Give  some  account  of  the  "  continental  money,'*  an  their 
bills  were  termed.  Whv  did  people  become  unwilling  to  take  it  ? 
How  much  had  it  now  depreciated  ? — 7.  Why  could  not  the  gov- 
ernment agents  procure  things  needful  for  the  army  ? 


234  THE   CALMNESS    OF    A    RIGHTEOUS    MIND. 

P'T.  III.  nothing  else  to  give.  The  consequence  was,  tliat  they 

P'D.  II.  could  not  now  provide  either  food  or  clothing  for 

on.  VI.    the  army.    The  pay  of  the  officers  was  not  sufficient 

to  provide  them  the  necessaries  of  hfe.     Those  who 

had  fortunes  were  spending,  or  had  already  spent 

The  army^^^^^^-    Those  who  had  not,  were  in  a  state  of  actual 

sirffers.  suffering.     Many  resigned  ; — not  merely  the  Avorth- 

less, — but  often  the  bravest  and  the  best. 

8.  Amidst  the  grief  and  care  to  which  the  com- 
cabai"  mander  was  thus  subjected,  a  cabal  was  stirred  up, 
against   iq  prejudice  the  minds  of  the  people  against  him; 

ton.     and  thus  to  get  his  office  for  Gen.  Gates.    The  most 
active  agent  of  the  plot,  was  Gen.  Conway.     Even 
Congi'ess  so  far  gave  way  as  to  appoint  this  man 
inspector-general.     Washington,  in  the  calmness  of 
^pie'of""^^^  righteous  mind,  turned  not  aside  from  his  public 
tnnspa.-  dutios,  to  uoticc  his  private  enemies.     But  the  peo- 
n  mity-  pjg  took  his  part ;  and  the  more  for  this  magnanim- 
ity.    The  army  were  so  indignant,  that  at  length, 
all  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  plot,  w^hatever  had 
been  their  former  services,  were  now  afraid  of  theii 
resentment,  and  kept  out  of  the  way.     Gen.  Con- 
way's office  was  given  to  the  Baeok  Steuben,  a 
Prussian  officer. 

9.  Laws  were  passed  which  meliorated  the  condi- 
officers  tion  of  the  army.  The  officers  were  allowed  half- 
provided  pay  for  seven  years  after  the  close  of  the  war.  .  . 

The  Americans  were  successful  in  the  depredations 
which  their  swift-sailing  privateers  made  upon  the 
British  commerce.  With  these  they  boldly  scoured 
Snccess  of  every  sea,  even  those  about  the  British  islands, 
vater^"  Since  1776,  they  had  already  captured  500  of  the 
British  vessels.  .  .  Early  in  the  season,  Sib  Henrt 
CuiNTON  arrived  in  Philadelphia,  to  supersede  Sir 
William  Howe. 

10.  The  news  of  the  capture  of  Burgoyne  caused  a 

7.  How  was  it  with  tlie  officers  ? — 8.  How  was  the  commander 
BOW  treated?  How  did  this  vile  treatment  Hflfect  Washington, 
the  people,  and  the  army? — 9.  Wiiat  law  was  passed?  What 
Buccoss  had  the  American  privateers?  By  whom  was  liovva 
tuperseded  ? 


FKANCE   ACKNOWLEDGES    AMP:ilICA.  235 

deep  sensation  in  Europe,    The  English  people  were  ft  iil 
astonislied   and  afHicted,     The  Fkench  ackxowl-  fd.  il 

KDGED   THE    I:S"DEPE2iDEXCE  OF   THE  TJnITED  StaTES,     ^^  '^^ 

A  treaty  of  alliance  was  made  on  the  6th   of  Febru-  ^mmo 
ary,  by  which  it  was  stipulated  that  France  and  the 
United   States   should  make    common  cause ;    and  Treaty 
that  neither  party  should  make  either  peace  or  truce    with 
with  England  without  the  consent  of  the  other;  and  Frauce. 
neither  party  lay  down  their  arms,  till  the  independ- 
ence of  the  United  States  was  secured.     The  Amer- 
ican commissioners,  Franklin,  Deane,  and  Lee,  were 
received  at  the  court  of  France  as  the  i-epresenta^  ^  FrJ^ci, 
tives  of  a  sister  nation.     M.  Gerard  was  appointed  minister 
mmister  to  the  United  States.    Dr.  Fran:kxin,  still  with  the 
in  France,  was  the  following  September,  made  min-    treaty, 
ister  plenipotentiary. 

11.  The  British  now  sent  over  three  men,  Carlisle, 
Eden,  and  Johnstone,  under  pretence  of  treating  for 
peace ;  but,  in  reality,  to  plot  secretly  against  the 
government  established  in  the  United  States;  and 

to  draw  off  inlluential  individuals,  by  direct  bribery,    a  plan 
and  the  promises  of  wealth  and  titles  for  the  future,  "^"^g^t' 
Johnstone  offered  to  Gen.  Keed,  if  he  would  aid   nation. 
the  royal  cause,  ten  thousand  jxiunds  sterling,  and 
any  office  in  the  colonies  within  the  khig's  gift.     "  I 
am  not,"  said  the  patriot,  "  worth  purchasing ;  but, 
such  as  I  am,  the  king  of  England  is  not  rich  enough 
to  buy  me." 

12,  In  some  instances,  Johnstone  bad  the  indiscre- 
tion to  write.  The  offended  patriots  brought  for- 
ward his  letters,  which  contained  the  evidence  of 
his  base  intrigues,  and  Congress  indignantly  forbade 
all  farther  communication. 

10.  How  did  the  English  receive  the  news  of  Burgoyne's  cap- 
ture ?  What  iinportcint  result  did  the  news  produce  in  France  ? 
What  arrangements  were  now  made  by  France  and  the  United 
Stales? — 11.  What  plan  did  the  British  government  now  resort 
to  <  How  did  Gen.  lieed  reply  to  the  oiJ'er  of  Johnstone? — 12. 
IIovv  did  Congress  treat  those  emissaries  ? 


236  d'kstaing  and  sullivan. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Battle  of  Monmouth. — Seat  of  war  transferred  to  the  South. 

PT.  III.       1,  TriE  British  army  on  the  18th  of  June,  evacu- 
P'D.  iL  ated  Philadelphia,  and,  marching  through  New  Jer- 
cH.  vn.  ggy^  jjQ^  directed  their  course  to  New  York.    Wash- 
IVYS  iiigton  left  Valley  Forge,  and  adding  to  his  array  the 
June  28*  Ncw  Jcrscy  miUtia,  hung  on  the  rear  of  the  enemy, 
MOUTH.  ^"^  brought  them  to  action  at  Monmouth  or  Free- 
Br.  L.  700.  hold.     The  advantage  was  on  the  side  of  the  Araer- 
not'so'  icans.     In  the  beginning  of  the  battle.  Gen.  Lee  was 
much,    guilty  of  an  inadvertence,  which   endangered  the 
whole  army.      Washington  rebuked  him  sternly ; 
for  whicli,  Lee  afterwards  wrote  him  insulting  let- 
ters.    A  court  martial  censured  Lee,  and  suspended 
him  from  his  command. 

2.  The  French  now  fitted  out  a  fleet,  which,  under 
the  Count  d'Estaing,  left  Toulon  on  the  18th  o( 
April,  and  arrived  in  America  in  June,     Washing- 

.  ^  ton,  in  order  to  derive  the  utmost  advantage  from 
and  Sui-"  the  presence  of  the  French  fleet,  directed  an  expe- 
''toVl"*  t^it^on  against  the  British  ibrces  at  Newport,  in 
Rhode  Island.  He  detached  a  force  of  10,000 
troops  under  the  command  ot"  Gen.  Suixivan.  By 
concert  with  Sullivan,  d'Estaing  arrived  ofl"  New- 
port, on  the  25th  of  July. 

3.  On  the  9th  of  August,  Sullivan  landed  on  the 
north  end  of  Rhode  Island.  On  the  10th,  the  fleet 
of  Lord  Howe  appeared  in  sight,  and  d'Estaing  left 

Admiral  Sullivau  to  givc  chasc  to  the  British  admiral.     The 

out°vit8  crafty  Howe  led  him  on,  and  both  fleets  were  soon 

d'Estaing.  out  of  sight.     When  he  returned  he  was  in  so  shat- 

tered  a  condition,  that  he  left  Sullivan,  in  spite  of  his 

remonstrances,  to  his  fate.     He  narrowly,  by  good 

Chapter  VII.  — 1.  What  did  the  British  army  on  the  18th  of 
June?  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Monmouth. — 3.  Wiiat 
was  now  done  by  the  French  ?  Wliat  plan  was  conceived  by 
Washington  ? — 3.  What  was  done  by  Gen.  Sullivan  ?  What  oausod 
the  failure  of  tlie  expedition  \ 


GEORGIA    IN    BRITISH    POSSESSION.  237 

generalship,  escaped  falling  with  his  whole  army  into  ft.  iil 
tlie  hands  of  the  British.    An  engagement  occurred  pd.  h. 
between  the  hostile  ai-raies,  at  Quaker  Hill.     These   ^^  "^^ 
affairs  caused  Washington  much   trouble,  as  they  l'y7§. 
iiTitated  the  Americans  against  the  French,  .  .  In    ^^ 
June  occurred  the  massacre  at  Wyomiyig,  a  well-   itill. 
known  delightful  valley  on  the  banks  of  the  Susque-  Am.K*' 
hannah.     The  perpetrators  were  a  body  of  tories     211. 
and  Indians,  led  by  Col.  John  Butler,  a  tory,  and  Massacre 
Brandt,  a  half-blooded  Indian.  "'  °f  ^^>- 

'  .  .  .  oming. 

4.  In  their  mihtai-y  operations,  the  enemy  now 
placed  their  principal  hope  of  success,  in  conquering  Dec.  2r. 
the  Southern  States.      Sir  Henry  Clinton  sent  to  '^Ir^^'^" 
Georgia  2,500  men,  commanded  by  Col.  Campbell.   \^.^ 
Savannah  being  unprepared  for  defence,  he  defeated   pr.  45n, 
the  Americans,  and  then  took  possession  of  the  city.  jj,jg^y  ^[^ 
That  part  of  the  American  army  which  escaped,  re- 
treated into    South  Carolina.  .  .  Washington  took 
winter-quarters  at  Middlebrook,  in  New  Jersey. 

5.  The  capital  of  Georgia  being  already  in  posses-  £*-yo 
sion  of  the  British,  tluey  soon  overran  the  adjacent 
country.     Gen.  Peevost,  commander  of  the  troops  Qeurz\& 
at  St.  Augustine,  pursuant  to  the  orders  of  Clinton,  o^^^'^'i- 
left  Florida,  and,  after  having  in  his  way  taken  Sun- 
bury,  the  only  fort  which  held  out  for  Congress,  he 
arrived  at  Savannah,  where  he  took  the  command. 

The  whole  of  Georgia  was  now  under  the  authority 
of  the  royalists. 

6.  There  were  tories  at  the  South,  though  not  so 
many  as  the  British  had  been  led  to  believe.     To      . 
encourage  them,  they  moved  up  the  river  to  Au-  couraged 
gusta.     They  sent  out  many  persons  to  persuade   ^™«- 
them  to  take  up  arras  immediately,  promising  them 
revenge  on  their  opposers,  and  great  rewards.    The 

3.  What  was  the  loss  in  the  battle  near  Quaker  Hill?  Of  what 
party  were  Butler  and  Brandt  the  leaders  '  Of  what  massacre 
were  tliey  the  perpetrators  ? — 4.  What  did  the  enemy  now  regard 
as  their  principal  plan  of  operations?  What  force  was  sent  from 
New  York?  To  wliat  place?  What  was  the  American  loss  at 
Savannah  ?  Where  did  the  remainder  of  the  army  so? — 5.  (tIvc 
an  account  of  the  British  movements  in  Georgia.— ^6.  Were  thef« 
tories  in  the  Soutli  ? 


^38  THE    SOUTH,    THE    SEA.T    OF    WAR. 

P'T.  III.  royalists  rose,  put  themselves  under  the  command  of 

FD.  II   Col.  Boyd,  and  moving  towards  the  British  army, 

OH.  vu    pillaged,  burnt,  and  murdered   on  their  way.      A 

IVYO.  Carolinian  force,  under  Col.  Pickkns,  met  them, 

^eiis^'e?"^"^^  after  severe  lighting,  totally  defeated  them. 
feats  the       7.  Gen.  Lincoln  uow  took  Command  of  the  south- 

^^"tusS'^eni  forces  at  Charleston.     Intending  to  recover  the 
upper  part  of  Georgia,  he  detached  Gen.  Ashe,  with 

Litcoin  at  2,000  men,  of  the  Carolina  militia,  to  take  post  at  a 

the  South.     '  i.  r>   •  T  TT  i_ 

strong  position,  on  Briar  creek.     Here  he  was  coni- 

March  3.  pletely  surprised  by  Gen.  Prevost.    The  militia  fled, 

CREEK  without    tiring   a   shot ;  but  many   of  them  were 

Am.  L.*  drowned  in  the  river,  and   swallowed   up   iu  the 

1,600.  1  ■ 

'        marshes. 

8.  Again  the  British  were  masters  of  all  Georgia. 
Prevost  Cren.  Prevost  now  proceeded  to  organize  a  colonial 

carrieB  the  government.  .  .  He  defeated  the  Americans  under 

ac.     Gen.   Moultrie,    and  compelled   them  to   evacuate 

Black  Swamp  and  Purysburg,  in  which  they  had 

^"It'^^"  placed  garrisons.     On  the  11th  of  May  he  appeared 

Charles-  before  Charleston ;  but  Gov,  Rutledge,  and  Gen. 

***"'     Lincoln,  successfully  defended  the  city. 

9.  In  May,  Sir  H.  Clinton  sent  out  from  New 
York  a  fleet,  with  a  corps  of  2,000  men,  under  Gen. 

British  in  Muttlicws,  to  ravage  and  subdue  Virginia.  Ports- 
Va.  burn  mouth,  Norfolk,  Suflblk,  and  Gosport,  were  barbar- 
towns.  ously  burned.  Faihng  in  the  grand  object  of  pro- 
ducing a  revolt,  Clinton  recalled  his  troops  to  New 
York.  .  .  The  British  again  planned  to  cut  ofi"  in 
part  the  eastern  states  from  the  others,  by  getting 
the  entire  command  of  the  waters  of  the  Hudson. 
Gen.  Clinton  succeeded  in  taking  the  important 
forts  at  Stony  and  Yerplanck's  Points.  The  British, 
however,  were  not  more  than  six  weeks  in  possession, 
before  they  were  surprised  at  Stony  Point  by  a  de- 

6.  What  happened  to  a  party  in  arms  ? — 7.  Who  received  the 
command  of  the  sotuhern  forces  at  Charleston?  What  detach- 
ment did  he  send  oat?  What  was  its  fate?  What  was  the 
American  loss? — 8.  What  were  now  the  Britisli  operations  in 
Georgia  and  Carolina?  What  happened  at  Cliarleston  ? — 9.  De- 
scribe the  descent  made  by  Gen.  Matthews  upon  Virginia. 


SCENKS    OF    DESTRUCTION.  239 

tachment  of  the  American  army,  ably  commanded  p't.  m. 
by  Gen.  Wayne.  His  assault  of  Stony  Point,  was  pd.  ii. 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  successes  of  the  war  <^«-  "''"^ 
Washington  removed  the  artillery  and  munitions,  lyyo. 
dismantled  and  abandoned  the  fort.  sToJf'r 

10.  The  Connecticut  privateers  cut  off  the  sup-  PomT. 
plies  of  the  British  at  New  York,     Clinton  sent  a^^.^i^' 
detachment  under  Tryon  to  New  Haven,  which  de-      loo. 
sti'oyed  all  the  shipping  in  that  port.     Tryon  then  Trvon  in 
burned  Fairfield^  N^orwalk,' and  G-reemoich.  ^""g 

11.  To  chastise  the  Indians,  Gen.  Sullivan,  with  several 
3,000  troops,  proceeded  up  the  Susquehannah.     At      "^^ 
Wyoming  he  was  joined  by  a  reinforcement  of  1,600 
men,  under  the  command  of  James  Clinton,  of  New  Ane.  29. 
York.     The  Indians  and  royalists,  imder  their  f^^^'O- ^efeais the 
cious  leaders,  Johnson,  Butler,  and  Brandt,  had  ad-toriea  and 
vanced  to  Newtown,  and  there  thrown  up  an  en-  '^^'^^^^ 
trenchment.     Sullivan  attacked  and  defeated  them, 

and  laid  waste  their  country. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

Campaigns  of  1779  and  1780.. — The  British  conquer  the  South. 

1.  By  previous  concert,  the  French  fleet,  and  the 
army  of  Lincoln  were  to  co-operate  against  the  Brit- 
ish force,  under  Prevost,   now  at  Savannah.      A    Oct.  3. 
bombardment  was  commenced  by  the  allies.    Fifty-     nat"'^' 
three  pieces  of  cannon,  and  nine  mortars,  sent  an  bctnbard- 
incessant  shower  of  balls  and  shells,  and  the  city  was  Sa.hanau. 
on  lire  in  many  places.    The  burning  roofs  fell  upon 
the  women,  the  children,  and  the  unarmed  multi- 
tude ;  and  everywhere  were  seen  the  crippled,  the 
wounded,  and  the  dying.     But  the  fort  remained 

9.  What  hapfiened  on  the  shores  of  the  Hudson? — 10.  What 
provocation  had  Conn,  given  to  the  British  ?  What  was  done  in 
reta'iiiiiioii  ?— 11.  How  were  tht  Indians  chastised  ? 

CiiAPTiiu  VIII. —  1.  Wluit  now  were  the  Frencli  engaged  in? 
^^'llat  course  was  taken  by  d'Estaing  ?  What  did  tlie  allies  agree 
to  attempt?    Give  an  account  of  the  bombardment  of  Savannah. 


£40  BAD    MOXKY    MAKIvS    RAD    MKN. 

FT.  III.  uiiinjuved.     It  was  t!ien  resolved  to  assault  tlie  town. 
P'D.  II.  The  flower  of  the  couih'med   armies  were  led  to  a 
CH.  viir.  bloody  and  unsuccessful   attack,  by  the  two  com- 
1779.  manders,  d'Estaino-  and   Lincoln.     Count  Pulaski 
^ct  3.    here  fell.  The  allies,  totally  defeated,  raised  the  siecre. 
NAIL        2.  On  the  coast  of  Great  Britain,  Paul  Jones,  a 
^^^L^"' native  of  Scotland,  but  commanding  a  small  fleet  in 
400.     the  service  of  the   United   States,   attacked  Capt 
Pearson,  the  commander  of  an  English  fleet  in  con- 
Jones'    voy  of  merchant  ships.     This  fierce  battle  occurred 
fl;ie]an-   jn   fho  night ;  with   the   horrible   circumstances  of 
victory,  magazines  of  powder  blowing  up, — vessels  taking 
fire,  and  sinking, — and  the  most  shocking  carnage. 
In  some  of  the  vessels,  more  than  three-quarters  of 
the  officers  and  men  were  killed.     Jones  finally  pre- 
vailed. 

3.  At  the  close  of  this  year,  a  dollar  in  specie  could 
scarcely  be  obtained  for  forty  in  continental  bills. 
But,  the  paper  was  fluctuating  in  its  value.    Hence 
a  set  of  men  arose,  who  preferred  speculating  on 
iimnoraii-  ^^^  Currency,  to  honest  industry ;  and  often  in  the 
ty  caused  changes  whicli  occurred,  the  worthless  amassed  sud- 
tuatinc"  den  wealth,  while  many  deserving  persons  of  moder- 
currency.  a^e  fortunes,  sunk  at  once  to  poverty.     The  honest 
individual  of  private  life,  will  be  surprised  to  learn 
counter-  another  reason  of  the  depreciation  of  American  pa- 
money    P®'"*    I^"gl^"<i,  on  this  occasion,  turned  counterfeiter. 
Her  ministers  sent  over,  and  her  generals  distributed 
whole  chests  of  spurious  bills,  so  perfectly  imitated, 
as  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  the  true. 
SirH.        4.  Washington   took  winter-quarters  at   Morris- 
^CH"j'^njjtown.  .  ,  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  with  7,000  men,  sailed  in 
men  at  December  from  New  Yoi-k,  and  soon  after  his  land- 
the  6outh.  jj^g^  menaced   Charleston.     Gen.  Lincoln  removed 
^a"nd'"  ^liitlier  with  his  army  ;  and  in  conjunction  with  Gov. 
Eutiedge.  RuTLEDGE,  tried  cvcry  measure  to  put  the  city  in  a 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  assault. — 2.  Who  was  Paul  Jones? 
Give  some  account  of  his  sea-fisfht. — 3.  What  was  now  the  con- 
dition of  tlie  country  in  retrard  to  the  currency?  What  effect  liad 
it  on  the  morals  of  the  people?  What  liad  Enofhind  done  to  aid 
in  depreciating''  tlie  currency?  —  4.  Where  was  Wasliingtoni 
Where  did  Sir  lienrj  Gintoti  go  ? 


CHARLESTON    TAKEN.  241 

posture  of  defence.  But  they  had  great  difficulties  ft.  iil 
to  encounter.  The  militia  had  been  disbanded ;  they  p-d.  il 
were  dispirited,  and  were  afraid  to  enter  Charleston  ^"-  "^"^ 
on  account  of  the  small-pox,  which  was  there  pre-  J^^^' 

Vailmg,  agemenU 

5.  Clinton  commenced  the  siege  on  the   1st  of 
April.     On  the  14th,  a  detachment  of  the  American  1'3'§0. 
army,  under  Gen.  Hugee,  was  defeated  at  Monk's 
Corner.     Thus  the  only  retreat  of  the  army  of  Lin-  cua'S- 
coin,  was  cut  off.     On  the  7th  of  May,  Fort  Moul-    ton^ 
trie  was  given  up.     Gen.  Lincoln  then  surrendered  Lincoln's 
his  army ;  which  consisted  of  seven  general  officers,    ^^y^ 
ten    continental   regiments,    and   three  battalions. 
Four  hundred  pieces  of  artillery,  and  four  frigates 

fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

6.  After  taking  possession  of  the  capital,  Clinton's 
next  object  was  to  make  himself  master  of  the  whole 
State.     A  corps  of  Carolinians,  under  Col.  Buford, 
were  in  arms.  Col.  Takleton,  noted  for  rapid  move-  mastera 
ment  and  unrelenting  cruelty,  was  sent  against  him   ofS-C. 
at  the  head  of  a  body  of  cavalry.    He  came  up  with 

him  at  Waxhaw,  defeated  him,  and  barbarously  slew 
his  men,  after  they  had  laid  down  their  arms,  and 
while  they  were  crying  for  quarter. 

Many  Carolinians  flocked  to  the  royal  standard. 
Clinton  wrote  to  England,  that  "South  Carolina 
was  English  again."  He  published  a  full  pardon  to 
all  who  should  immediately  return  to  their  duty. 
But  they  must  take  up  arms  in  support  of  the  royal 
cause.  .  .  Gen.  Clinton  distributed  his  army  into  the  cuifton' 
most  important  garrisons,  and  leaving  Lord  Corn-'etums  t« 
wallis  in  the  command  of  the  southern  department, 
he  returned  to  New  York. 

7.  The  winter  had  been  so  severe,  that  all  the 
waters  about  New  York  were  frozen.  .  .  Springfield^ 

4.  What  was  the  condition  of  Charleston  in  regard  to  defence 
against  invasion?  —  5.  What  advantages  were  gained  by  the 
British  previous  to  the  8th  of  May  ?  What  was  surrendered  ? — 6. 
What  was  Clinton's  next  object?  Who  were  in  arms?  Give  an 
account  of  Tarleton.  Of  tlie  engagement.  What  was  at  this  time 
the  position  of  affairs  in  South  Carolina? — 7.  Was  the  winter  of 
1779-80  severe  ?     What  place  was  burned  I 

H 


242  riiOSPECTS    13KIGI1TEN. 

P'T.  Ill,  in  New  Jersey,  bad  been  burned  by  tlie  Hessian 
FD.  II.  army. 

CH.  vm.  g_  Congress  now  decided,  that  in  future,  the  con- 
1'9'fiA  ti^cntal  bills  should  pass,  not  at  the  value  indicated 
Congress  by  the  note,  but  at  such  a  rate  as  people  were  will- 
sanctions  jjjg  to  allow.  ,  ,  ,  In  Carolina  and  Georgia,  the  Brit- 
ciation  olr  ish  treated  all  those  who  adhered  to  the  repubUc, 
their  biiK  -^j^jj  great  severity.  Against  their  agreement,  they 
Southern  Were  about  to  compel  them  to  fight  in  their  armies, 
patriots.  They  then  said,  "If  we  must  fight,  it  shall  be  for 

America  and   our  friends, — not   for  England  and 

strangers." 

9.  The  Avomen  of  Carolina  refused  their  presence 
at  every  scene  of  gayety.     Like  the  daughters  of 

^fthe™  captive  Zion,  they  would  not  amuse  their  conquer- 
women  of  ors.     But,  at  every  hazard,  they  honored,  with  their 

Carolina,  attention,  the  brave  defenders  of  their  country. 
Sisters  encouraged  their  brothers, — ^the  mother  her 
son,  and  the  wife  her  husband ;  and  their  parting 
advice  was,  "  prefer  prisons  to  infamy,  and  death  to 
servitude." 

10.  In  every  part  of  the  nation  that  fire  of  patri- 
?^"t^*t  otism  rekindled,  which  burned  so  brightly  in  the 

ism.     beginning  of  the  revolution.     The  militia  and  the 

men  of  capital,  came  forward  with  alacrity.     The 

"^f  the*  women,  with  Martha  Washington  at  their  head, 

comnaan-  formed  an  industrious  society,  to  make  clothing  for 

the  soldiers.     All  seemed  ready  to  contribute,  in 

such  ways  as  they  could,  to  the  common  cause. 

La  Fay-       11.  At  this  period.  La  Fayette,  who,  by  leave  of 

returns.  Congrcss   had  visited  France,  returned  with   the 

cheering  intelligence  that  a  considerable  body  of 

jniyio.  French  troops  had  embarked  for  America.     The 

iqiwd^ron'  ^^^^  soon  arrived,  bearing  6,000  soldiers,  under  the 

arrives,  command  of  the  Count  de  Rochambeau.     To  pre- 

8.  What  did  Congress  decide  respecting^  the  currency  ?  llovr 
were  the  men  of  the  South  treated  ?  What  did  they  say  ? — 9. 
Wliat  was  the  conduct  of  the  women  of  the  South  ? — 10.  How  did 
the  same  spirit  manifest  itself  tliroughout  the  nation? — 11.  At 
■what  time  did  t!ie  French  squadron  arrive?  What  number  of 
troops  cuirie  over?     Wlio  commanded  tiie  French  troops? 


DEFEAT    AT   CAMDEN.  243 

vent  contention,  La  Fayette  had  arranged  that  Ger .  pt.  hi. 
Washington  should  be  the  commander-in-chief  of  pd.  il 
all  the  forces,  both  French  and  Americen,  whether  ^-  ^^^ 
on  land  or  at  sea.  _  ^  „  _ 

12.  The  insolence  of  the  British  troops  had  aroused 

the  people  of  North  and  South  Carolina.     Among  Partisan 
the  partisan  officers,  who  headed  the  resolute  par-  office" 
ties  which  were  formed,  none  rendered  such  dis- 
tinguished services  as  Cols.  Sumpter  and  Maeiox. 
Their  men  were  such  as  were  contented  to  serve 
their  country,  half-clothed,  halt-fed,  and  half-armed, 
rather  than  submit  to  lose  the  rights  of  freemen. 
Frequent  skirmishes  with  the   British,  at   length, 
furnished  muskets  and  cartridges ;  and  Col.  Sump-  sumpter 
ter,  whose  numbers  now  amounted  to  600  men,  as-^®^^^**** 
saulted  the  strong  post  of  Rocky  Mount,  where  he  bang- 
was  repulsed ;  he  then  attacked  and  destroyed  a  ^qck. 
British  regiment  at  Hanging  Rock, 

13.  A  few  regular  troops,  under  the  command  of 

the  Baeon  de  Kalb,  had  been  sent  from  Maryland  Baron  do 
for  the  defence  of  Carolina.  At  Deep  River  they  enters  n. 
were  joined,  on  the  25th  of  July,  by  Gen.  Gates,  ^^g^'^^^^ 
who  had  been  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  is  joined 
southern  army.  He  advanced  towards  South  Caro-  ^^  *^*"*" 
lina  with  a  force,  now  amounting  to  about  4,000  men. 
Multitudes  flocked  to  join  Gates,  among  whom  were  g^  jg 
whole  companies  which  had  been  levied  for  the  ser-  joined  by 
vice  of  the  king.  ™*°^' 

14.  LoED  Rawdon,  who  had  command  of  the 
British  forces  of  Carolina,  had  concentrated  them  at  ^cam- 
Camden,  where  he  was  joined  by  Coejtwallis.    dek 
The  hostile  armies  each  making  an  attempt  to  sur-     ^bo. 
prise  the  other,  met  in  the  darkness  of  night.   Wait-^""-  ^^^4 

1 1.  Who  commanded  the  whole  allied  army  ? — 13.  What  dis- 
tinguished partisan  officers  appeared  at  the  South  ?  What  kind 
of  men  composed  their  parties  ?  Who  was  successful  at  Hanging 
Kock  ? — 13.  Who  was  sent  from  Maryland  ?  Who  joined  him  ? 
How  large  was  the  southern  army  ?  How  was  the  army  further 
enlarged  ? — 14.  Where  and  under  whom  were  the  British  forces? 
Describe  tlie  meeting  of  the  armies — the  arrangements  of  the 
generals.  Describe  the  battle  of  Camden.  When  did  it  occur  I 
What  wans  the  loss? 


244  AENOLD. 

F'T.  Ill,  inir,  by  mutual  consent,  for  the  dawn,  they  drew  up 
P'D.  11.  their  men  for  the  light.  The  American  miUtia  fled, 
CH.  IX.  ^^^  ^Yie  regulars  could  not  sustain  the  unequal  strife. 
■  ■ysA  Gren.  Gregory  was  killed  in  this  disastrous  and 
'  bloody  battle ;  the  Bakox  de  Kalb  was  mortally 
Death  of  woundcd.  All  the  artillery,  baggage,  and  stores, 
deKaib.  f^jj  jj^^q  ^j^q  hands  of  the  enemy. 

15.  After  this  disastrous  defeat,  Gen.  Gates  re- 
treated to  North  Carolina,  leaving  the  British  tri- 
umphant in  the  South.     Col.  Sumpter,  on  learning 
.      .„   the  defeat  of  Gates,  retired  with  300  men  to  North 
Turietoa  Carolina.     Tarleton,  with  his  legion,  surprised  him 
Sum^pter  ^"  t.he  banks  of  Fishing  Creek.     Sumpter,  vnth  a 
•t  Fishing  few  of  his  men,  escaped;  but  most  of  them  were 
taken  by  Tarleton  and  put  to  the  sword.     Marion, 
General  who  about  this  time  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Marion,  brigadier-general,  still  kept  the  field. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Arnold's  Treason. 

1.  Arnold  did  not  fully  recover  j5'om  the  wounds 
he  received  in  the  battle  of  Saratoga.     Not  being 
able  to  take  the  field,  he  was,  by  his  own  request, 
Arnold  made  commandant  of  Philadelphia,     Here  he  in- 
M^av^-^  dulged  in  high  play  and  extravagance  of  living ;  by 
agant.    which  he  expended  more  than  his  income.    .When 
he  found  that  this  was  the  case,  had  he  possessed  the 
good  sense  and  moral  courage  to  retrench  his  ex- 
penses, and  give  up  the  vicious  habit  of  gaming, 
catrava-  much  disgrace  and  sufiering  miffht  have  been  spared, 
breeds        2.  But  instead  of  this,  he  kept  on  in  these  expen- 
''eity"'  ^^^®  courses ;  and  set  himself  to  devise  expedients, 
to  get  the  required  money.     In  presenting  his  ac- 

15.  What  did  General  Gates?  What  officer  yet  made  head  in 
South  Carolina?  What  misfortune  did  he  meet?  Who  yet  kept 
the  field  ? 

CiiAPTEK  IX. — 1.  Give  an  account  of  Arnold  ?  When.he  found 
his  expenses  exceeded  his  income,  what  ought  he  to  have  done ! 


1780 


EXTRAVAGANCK    LEADS    TO    DISHONESTT.  245 

counts  to  the  government,  he  made  dishonest  charges;  ft.  hi. 
and  when  they  were  challenged,  he  attempted  to  fd.  n? 
carry  them  through  by  bluster  and  bravado.    In  the    <'"■  '^ 
end  these  accoimts  were  disallowed  ;  he  was  tried 
for  his  disi-espectt'u-l  language  and  behavior  to  those 
in  authority  ;  and  by  the  sentence  of  a  court  martial, 
reprimanded  by  Washington, 

3.  Revenge  was  now  added  to  avarice;  and  Ar-  r^-vphot 
nold  addressed  a  letter  to  Col.  Robinson,  at  New  an^i  '^a- 

-^7-      ,  ....  .      .  .   ,    son  folluw 

York,  openmg,   i)y  tins  means,  a  negotiation  with 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  which  he  sold  himself  to  theThepnce 
British,   to   do  their  bidding,  for  the  sum  of  ten "''^^'^"■f* 
thousand  pounds,  and  a  commission  in  the  British  country's 

^  blood. 

army. 

4.  Instigated  by  Clinton,  he  sought  and  obtained  He  ob- 
of  "Washington  the  command  of  the  fortress  at  West  tains  the 
Point.  His  first  measure  was  to  scatter  the  army,  at  West 
so  that  it  might  be  easily  cut  off  by  the  British.  ^°*°^ 
JVIajor  Andr6,  the  young  and  interesting  aid-de-  j^j,.^^ 
camp  of  Gen.  Clinton,  had  been  by  him  intrusted  to  Andr6. 
plan  with  Arnold,  how  the  stronghold  of  West  Point 

and  the  American  army  might  be  put  into  the  power 
of  the  British. 

5.  To  concert  their  last  measures,  Andre  met  Ar- 
nold a  little  below  Stony  Point.     They  spent  the  ^tLj^ 
whole  night  in  conference ;  and  when  the  day  dawned,    iiave  a 
their  arrangements  were  not  aU  concluded,     Andre  intervieTi; 
was  kept  in  close  concealment  through  the  day,  and 

at  night  he  prepared  to  return.  By  the  entreaties 
of  Arnold,  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  exchange  his 
uniform  for  a  common  dress, 

6.  It  became  necessaiy  for  him  to  proceed  towards 
New  York  by  land.     He  took  a  horse  from  Arnold, 

2.  Into  what  measures  did  his  extravagance  lead  him  I  How 
■were  his  dishonest  accounts  received?  What  was  done  by  a 
court  martial? — 3.  What  did  Arnold's  fierce  passions  next  lead 
him  to  ?  For  what  did  he  sell  himself? — 4.  What  command  did 
iie  obtain  ?  Why  did  he  scatter  the  army  ?  Whom  did  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  luitliorize  to  plan  with  Arnold  the  delivery  of  the  army! 
—  5.  K'.'liitc  the  circumstances  of  the  interview? — -What  is  the 
heu  ling  at  the  top  of  the  pacre  ?  (Suppose  the  teacher  gives  this  to 
the  cl/.us  as  the  motto  or  subject  of  their  next  composition.) 


246 


ANDIiE    IMPRISONED. 


P'T.  III. 
P'D.  IL 

CH.  IX. 


i?§o. 


Andrd  is 

taken 
by  threo 
soldiors. 


and  a  passport,  under  the  name  of  John  Anderson. 
Having-  safely  passed  the  American  guard,  and 
reached  Tarrytowm,  near  the  British  posts,  three 
soldiers  of  the  militia  crossed  liis  way,  and  he  passed 
on.  One  of  them  thought  tlie  ti'aveller  had  some- 
thing peculiar  in  his  appeai-ance,  and  called  him 
back.  Andre  inquired,  ''  Where  are  you  from  ?" 
"  P^om  below"  (intending  to  be  understood  from 
New  York),  replied  the  soldiers.  "  So  am  I,"  said 
the  self-betrayed  Andre.     The  soldiers  arrested  him. 


Y.  Andre  plead  earnestly  to  be  released,  and  ot 

wnnlmf  ^^^^^  large  sums  of  money ;  but  the  humble  patri- 

and  Van'  ots  spumcd  the  bribe,  and  were  deaf  to  the  entreaty. 

^"*-    Their  names  were  John  Paulding,  David  Williams, 


5.  Kelate  the  circumstances  of  Andre's  seizure. — 7.  What  did 
AnJ.rc  ;     What  were  the  names  of  the  tiiree  who  seized  him  ? 


COKNWAXLIS    IN    THE    CAEOLI2fA8.  247 

and  Isaac  Van  Wert.     They  searched  his  person,  ft.  hi. 
and  found  papers  in  his  boots,  in  the  handwriting  fd.  ii. 
of  Arnold,  which  disclosed  the  treason.     They  iin-   ^'^-  "• 
mediately  conducted  Andre  to  Col.  Jameson,  the  ,,y«^ 
officer  who  commanded  the  advanced  guard,  at  Sa^  They  take 
lem,  near  Peekskill.     Tlie  officer  could  not  be  per-  .^i''"  ^° 

7  ■'the  ne&r  - 

suaded  that  his  general  was  a  traitor,  and  he  per-  est  Amw- 
mitted  Andre  to  write  to  him.     Arnold  seized  a  ''^^  **"^ 
boat  and  escaped  on  board  the  Vulture,  a  British 
ship,  which  had  brought  Andre  up  the  liver. 

8.  Washington    summoned    a    court-martial,    of 
which    Greene   and    La    Fayette   were   members. 
Andre  appeared  before  his    judges  with  a  noble 
frankness.    He  disguised  no  fact,  and  resorted  to  no 
subterfuge.     His  judges,  according  to  the  usages  of  q^^  ^ 
war,  were  compelled  to  sentence  him  to  death  as  a  Execution 
spy.    He  was  accordingly  led  from  his  prison  to  the  "    ^  ^  ' 
gallows. 

9.  After  the  battle  of  Camden,  Lord  Cornwallis 
marched  into  North  Carolina.  He  had  sent  before 
him  Col.  Ferguson  Avith  a  body  of  troops.  They 
had  committed  such  shocking  outrages,  that  the 
people,  highly  exasperated,  had  collected  in  great 
numbers,  under  several  commanders,  the  principal  of 
whom  were  Campbell  and  Shelby.  They  attacked  oct  r. 
Ferguson  on  a  woody  eminence,  called  King's  Moun-  -^^^^ 
tain.     He  Avas  killed,  and  his  party  totally  defeated.    taiSt. 

10.  This  was  a  severe  blow  to   Cornwallis,  and^''-^^'^*^ 
rendered  his  situation  in  North  Carolina  precarious. 

Cols.  Sumpter  and  Marion  Avere  on  the  alert,  and 
his  troops  were  in  continual  danger  of  being  sur- 
prised by  these  active  leaders.    He  therefore  retired  ,9"™"^*!- 

■*■  •  •  •  lis  r6TTt*ftM 

to  South  Carolina,  and  s'.^ationed  his  army  at  Winns-  to  s.  o. 
borough. 

11.  Tarleton  was  sent  in  pursuit  of  Sumpter.    He 

7.  What  further  happened  to  Andre  and  Arnold  ?^8.  AVhat 
course  did  Washington  pursue?  What  was  the  fate  of  Ajidr6 ? 
—9.  Describe  the  operations  of  the  British.  Who  had  committed 
outrages?  Who  were  the  leaders  of  the  peo]ile?  Describe  the 
afliiir  at  King's  Mountain. — 10.  Why  did  Cornwallis  now  retira 
to  South  Carolina  ? 


24:8  FINANCIAL    KMBARRASSMENT. KOBF.KT   MORRIS. 

PT.jiL  attaclced  hira  at  'Blackstocks,  but  was  com]iellecl  to 

FD  II.  retreat.     Sumpter  being  dangerously  \vounde<l,  his 

cii.  X.    forces  were  disbanded.     Gen.  Gates  was  now  snper- 

lYSO.  seded  by  Gen.  Grkexe.      This  officer  found  the 

SLArK^  army  at  Charlottetown. 

STOCKS.  12.  Gen,  Leslie,  with  1,500  men,  having  joined 
Dec.^i  CornwalHs  at  Winnsborongh,  his  hopes  of  re<bK-ing 
super-    ISTorth  Carolina   and  Virginia,    were  renewed.  .  .  . 

arefnef  Amold,  whom  the  British  had  made  a  brigadier- 
ArnoM  g^'^'-^i'-^K  ^^<^  been  sent  to  the  Chesapeake.  Me 
makes    landed  1,600  men  in  Virginia,  and  commenced,  what 

ft  descent  j^^^,  seemed  his  favorite  employment,  the  devasta- 


iipon 


Virginia,  tiou  of  his  country. 


CHAPTER  X. 

Robert  Morris. — Revolt  of  tlie  Pennsylvania  line. — Cornwallis  at 

the  South. 

1.  It  is  scarcely  possible  to  conceive  a  situation 
more  trying  than  that  of  the  American   Congress. 

Perpiexi-  They  wd'c  Striving,  not  for  conquest,  but  for  exist- 

des  of    ence ;  their  powerful  foe  was  in  full  strength,  in  the 

ngress.  j^^g^j.^  ^f  their  country ; — they  had  great  military 

operations  to  carry  on,  but  were  almost  without  an 

army,  and  wholly  without  money,  as  their  bills  of 

credit  had  ceased  to  be  of  any  value, 

2.  But  instead  of  sinking  in  despair,  they  re- 
Theyiaya<loiibled  their  exertions.  They  directed  their  agents 
directtax  abroad  to  borrow,  if  possible,  fi-om  France,  Spain, 

money,  and  Holland.     They  resorted  to  taxation,  and  they 

Morris    determined  on  introducing  thorough   reform,   and 

founds  the  strict   cconomy.      They  accordingly   appointed    as 

nattonai  ti'easurer,  the  excellent  Robert  Morris,  of  Phila- 

bank.    delphia.     By  a  national  bank,  to  which  he  obtained 

11.  Give  an  account  of  the  affiiir  at  Blackstoeks.  By  wliom  was 
Gates  superseded  ?  Where  did  Greene  find  the  army  ?— 13.  What 
can  you  relate  of  Arnold  i 

Chapter  X. — 1.  What  difficulties  had  Congress  to  encounter} 
— 2.  What  course  did  they  take  ?  Whom  did  they  make  treas- 
urer ? 


REVOLT   OF   THE    PENNSYLVANIA   LINB.  249 

tne  approbation  of  Congress,  he  contrived  to  draw  pt.  hi. 
out  the  money  of  wealthy  individuals;  and  by  bor-  pd.  n. 
rowing,  in  the  name  of  the  government  from  this  '^^  ^ 
bank,  and  pledging  freely  his  private  credit,  he  once  -^^^ 
more  put  the  government  in  funds.  Franklin  had  Franklin* 
obtained  from  Louis  XVI.  a  gift  of  six  millions  of  obtains 
livres;  and  his  guarantee  to  the  States-General  of  'from^ 
Holland, — which,  on  this  security,  lent  to  Congress  ^"^^"j"® 
the  sum  often  millions  of  livres.  Holland. 

3.  Before  these  measures  had  imparted  vigor  to 
the  fainting  republic,  an  event  occurred  which 
threatened  its  subversion.     The  Pennsvlvauia  line,  ^7^}-' 

-  „.     .  ,    '     Jan.  1. 

amountiuo:  to  near  1,500  men,  were  suiiermo:  the  Revolt  of 
extremity  of  want.     A  violent  tumult  broke  out  on     il„\,^ 
the  night  of  the  1st  of  January.     The  soldiers  de- 
clared that  they  would  march,  with  arms  in  their 
hands,  to  the  hall  of  Congress,  and  demand  justice. 
It  was  in  vain  that  their  officers  attempted  to  ap- 
pease them.     Their  most  popular  leader.  La  Fay- 
ette, was  constrained  to  quit  the  camp.    Gen.  Wayne 
presented  himself  boldly  among  them,  with  a  pistol     Jan. 
in  his  hand,  but  they  menaced  his  life,  and  pointed 
their  bayonets,  as  if  to  execute  their  threats. 

4.  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  informed  of  this  revolt,  sent 
three  American  lovalists,  to  make  the  insurgents  the  ^^  P«c'fl« 

^7  o  course 

most  tempting  offei"s.     But  the  commissioners  of  advised 
Congress  oifered  them,  at  the  same  time,  the  earliest  ^-jn^^^' 
possible  payment  of  arreaz-s,  an  immediate  supply  of »"<'  a^"P- 
necessary  clothing,  and   an    oblivion  of  the  past,  congress.) 
The  mutineers  accepted  these  proposals ;  and  Con- 
gress, in  due  time,  fulfilled  the  conditions.     The  ^^'Int^on'* 

5-',  .  ITT  T  1  •  •  ^ennssariea 

Pennsylvanians  then  delivered  up  the  emissaries  oi  hanged. 
Clinton,   who   were   immediately  hanged.  ,  .  .  The 
troops  of  New  Jersey  next  erected  the  standard  of^^^r^i^^p^ 
revolt.     Washington  marched  against  them  with  so    revolt 
powerful  a  force,  that  he  compelled  them  to  submit ;  punished. 

2.  What  mea.'iures  did  Morris  adopt?  What  had  Franklin  ob- 
tained ? — 3.  Give  an  account  of  the  mutiny  of  Jan.,  1781.  What 
was  done  to  overawe,  and  what  to  appease  the  mutineers? — i. 
What  did  Sir  H.  Clinton  ?  How  was  the  difficulty  settled?  What 
was  done  to  Clinton's  emissaries  ? 

11* 


250  THE    COWPKNS. 

FT.  Ill,  and,  cliastising  their  leaders  with  severity,  tiie  army 
P'D.  II.  was  no  longer  disturbed  by  sedition. 
*'°-  ^-        5.  Gex.  Ctkeene  separated  tlie  soutliei-n   ariny, 
which  consisted  of  2,000  nien,  into  two  parts;  and 
Greene*  <^t  the  head  of  one  division  he  encamped  at  the  con- 
separates  tiuence  of  Hicks'  creek  with  tlie  Pedee ;  while  Col. 
ernarmy.  MoRGA>r  at  the  head  of  the  other,  moved,  by  his  di- 
rection, into  the  western  part  of  the  State. 

6.  Cornw^alhs  detached  Tarleton,  who  iinding  Alor- 
^0()w-  £?^"'s  division  at  a  place  called  the  Cowpens,  attac!<e<i 
PEys.  witli  his  usual  impetuosity.  After  one  of  the  severe^jt 
Am!  L.  'aiid  best-fought  engagements  of  the  whole  war,  the 

k.  i2,w.  60.  ]3i-itish  were  entirely  defeated,  with  heavy  loss. 

7.  Corn wallis  pursued  the  victorious  party.    Each 
army  made  exertions  to  reach  the  fords  of  the  Ca- 

piirsued  tawba,  before  the  other.     Morgan  succeeded,  hav-^ 
^w^iis"'  ^"o  crossed  the  river  two  hours  only,  when  the  Brit- 
ish appeared  on  the  opposite  bank.     Night  came 
on,  a  heavy  rain  fell,  and  Cornwallis  was  obliged  to 
wait  three  days  before  the  subsiding  waters  allowed 
him  to  pass.     Greene  here  joined  Morgan,  having 
Another  left  Gcn.  Huger  in  command.     Another  race  Mas 
™he  Ca-"  begun,  from  the  Catawba  to  the  Yadkin.     Again 
tawba  to  the  British  commander  arrived  just  as  the  Ameri- 
Yadkin.  cans  had  crossed,  and  again  Providence  interfered  in 
their  behalf — the  waters  rose  so  that  their  enemy 
could  not  follow  them. 

8.  Gen.  Greene  marched  to  Guilford,  where  he 
Feb.  9.   was  joined  by  the  forces  under  Gen.  Huger.    Corn- 

^vfsSns  wallis  proceeded  to  the  Dan  ;  intending,  by  reaching 
un..3.    these  fords  before  the  Americans,  to  prevent  their 
communication  with  Virginia.     In  this,  also,  he  was 
disappointed. 

9.  Greene's  army  had  been  augmented  to  4,400. 
He  now  advanced  upon  his  enemy,  and  took  post  at 

4.  What  happened  in  resrard  to  the  troops  of  New  Jersey? — 5. 
How  did  Gen.  Greene  proceed  in  regard  to  the  soutliern  forces! 
— 6.  Relate  the  affair  of  the  (.-owpens,  mentioninsf  the  loss. — 7. 
Give  an  account  of  tlie  raco  between  the  two  armies. — 8.  Where 
was  Generul  Greene  joined  liy  tlie  forces  under  liuger?  Give  a 
further  accouui  of  ti.c  uioveuieuts  of  Cornwallis. 


hobkirk's  hill.  251 

Guilford  Court  House,  about  eight  miles  from  the  pt.  in. 
British  general.     The  armies  m.et  on  the  15th  of  p'd.  il 
March.     The  American  regulars  fought  for  an  hoixr   ^^  ^• 
and  a  half  with  great  bravery,  and  in  some  instances  i«-j^ 
forced  the  British  to  give  way.     They  were,  how- March  !& 
ever,  at  length,  compelled  to  retreat,  but  it  was  only   2^^ 
step  by  step,  and   without  breaking  their   ranks,    c.  n. 
Cornvvallis  after  a  few  days'  repose,  marched  towards    ^^^ 
Wilmington;    and   from  thence   into   Virginia,   to    Br. L. 
co-operate  with   Arnold,  in   subduing   that   State,  ^mwe.^ 
Greene  proceeded  towards  Camden,  in  South  Car- 
olina. 


HOB- 


CHAPTER  XI. 

Campaign  of  1781. — Battle  of  Eataw  Springs. — Cornwallis  taken. 

1.  LoED  Rawdon,  whom  Cornwallis  had  left  to 
command  in  Carolina,  fixed  his  head-quarters   at 
Camden.    Gen.  Greene  advanced  to  Hobkirk's  Hill, 
within  a  mile  of  Camden,  where  he  intrenched  his 
army.    Here  the  Americans  carelessly  suffered  them- 
selves to  be  surprised  in  the  night  by  Lord  Rawdon.  kirk^s 
By  good  generalship,  Greene,  however,  came  near  if^nfariy 
defeating  the  British ;  but  the  advantage  in  the  en-    3oo  on 
counter,  was  at  last  with  the  enemy.     Greene  re-  **° 
tired  five  miles,  and  encamped. 

2.  Rawdon  now  found  his  army  weakened ;  and 
the  inhabitants  in  every  direction  were  rising  against 

him.     On  the  10th  of  May  he  evacuated  Camden,  Mayio. 
and  retreated  towards  Charleston.     In  two  months,  Rawdon 
most  of  the  upper  forts  of  the  British,  were  either  Camden. 
abandoned  or  taken  by  the  Americans.     Marion, 
Sumpter,  and  Lee  took  tkree  of  the  forts,  and  800 
j)risoners. 

3.  liord  Rawdon  now  established  his   camp  at 

9.  Givo  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House. 
"Where  did  Cornwallis  then  go?     Where  did  Greene? 

Chapter  XL — 1.  How  were  the  armies  in  South  Carolina  now 
situated  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill. — %. 
What  was  Eawdon's  situation  after  the  battle  ? 


252  EUTAW    SPRINGS. 

PT.  III.  Orangeburg.     Greene  pursued  him,  but  finding  his 

'fd.  11.  position  covered  by  the  windings  of  the  Edisto,  he 

CH.  XL    beut  his  march  on  the   16th,  to  the  heights  which 

border  the  Santee.    The  season  proved  uncommonly 

ji^JjifiJgs hot  and  sickly,  and  the  contending  armies,  by  tacit 

8"s-     consent,   suspended    their  opei'ations.  ...  A  tragic 

^^°  ^  '  scene  occurred  about  this  time  at  Charleston,  which 

Execution  greatly  irritated  the  Carolhiians.   Col.  Isaac  IIayne 

Hs^n&  ^^^"^  executed,  without  even  the  form  of  a  trial,  by 

order  of  Lord  Rawdon  and  Col.  Balfour. 

4,  Gen.  Greene  crossed  the  Congaree,   and   de- 
scended along  its  right  bank,  intending  to  attack 
Col.  Stuart,  who  had   succeeded  Lord   Kawdon 
in  command.     This  officer    fell  back  upon   Eutaw 
Springs,  and   thither    Gen.    Greene    pursued    him. 
Sept  a  The  armies  engaged  on  the  8th.      The  battle  of 
^^^^ Eutaw  Springs,  is  memorable  as  being  one  of  the 
Br.  L.    most  bloody,  and  valiantly  contested  fields  of  the  war; 
Am.  i..   and  also  for  being  the  last  of  any  note  that  occurred 
^^-     at  the  South.    Greene's  army  in  the  first  encounter, 
routed  the  British,  but  they  found  in  their  flight  a 
hovise,   and  other   sheltering   objects,    where   they 
made  a  stand  and  rallied.   Greene  withdrew  bearing 
to  his  camp  500  prisoners.     He  with  his  officers  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  Congress.      The   Bi-itish   no 
-     longer  dared  to  keep  the  open  country,  but  retired 
gain  the  to  Charleston.     The  whole  of  South  Carolina  and 
country.  (Georgia,  except  their  capitals,  was  thus  recovered. 
La  Fay-       ^-  -^^  Fayette,  at  the  head  of  1,200  light  infan- 
ettesent  try,  was  now  dispatched  by  Washington  towards 
*■    Virginia  ;  while  a  French  fleet  from  Rhode  Island, 
w^as  sent  out  to  cut  off  the  retreat  of  Arnold  from 
Msrcb  16.  the  Chesapeake.    But  Clinton  sent  Admiral  Arbuth- 
Fr.  &Eng!not,  who  fought  the  French  off  Cape  Henry,  and 
fleets,    obliged  them  to  return.     Clinton  sent  Gen.  Philips, 

3.  Where  did  each  army  now  move,  and  where  rest  for  a  sea- 
sou?  Wliat  measure  of  the  Britisli  incensed  the  Carolinians  ?— 4. 
Give  an  account  of  the  movements  of  tlie  armies.  Give  an  account 
of  the  battle  which  now  occurred.  Why  was  the  battle  of  Eutaw 
Springs  memorable?  What  was  now  the  condition  of  the  British 
in  South  Carolina  ? 


SECRKSY    AIDS    GRRAT    SCHEMES.  253 

with  2,000  men,  to  assist  Arnold.     La  Fayette  ar-  pt.  iil 
rived  in  time  to  save  Richmond  ;  but  he  witnessed  fd.  ii. 
from  that  place,  the  conflagration  of  Manchester,  on    ^"-  ^^ 
the  opposite  bank  of  the  James.  Manches- 

6.  Cornwallis  went  to  Petersburg,  and  -was  there  burned, 
met  by  Arnold.     He  then  moved  the  whole  army 

into  the  interior  of  Virginia,  hoping  to  overrun  and  ^IJg"^^^'' 
subjugate  the  State.     He  harrassed  the  country  by  Arnold 
sending  out  his  light  troops,  especially  those  under    "°  '^ 
Tarleton.     They  on  one  occasion,  came  near  taking 
prisoner  Mr.  Jefferson,  then  governor  of  the  State,  j^gf . 
But  he  secreted  himself  and  escaped. 

7.  Cornwallis  was  suddenly  recalled  to  the  sea- 
coast,  by  an  order  from  Sir  Henry  Clinton.    Fearing    sir  h. 
that  the  Americans  and  French  meditated  an  attack    retails 
on  New  York,  he  had  directed  Cornwallis  to  em-    ^"jj^- 
bark  3,000  of  his  troops  for  that  city.    He  marched 

with  his  army  to  Portsmouth,  where  he  received  Remands 
counter  orders.  Clinton  having  had  a  reinforce-  ^^  °''*^*'" 
ment,  he  believed  he  could  dispense  with  further  ^^g  ^ 
aid ;  but  he  ordered  Cornwallis  to  remain  upon  the  Comwai- 
coast.  This  general  then  mai'ched  to  Yorktown  ^otIc-" 
which  he  proceeded  to  fortify.  *^°'*°-  ■ 

8.  Washington  had  learned  that  a  French  fleet 
with  a  large  force  under  the  Count  de  Grasse  was 
to  arrive  in  the   Chesapeake,      He  concerted   his 
measures  with  Count  Rochambeau,  the  French  com-  in^ton's 
raander  in  the  United  States.     The  allied  force  was^^°^^^^ 
concentrated  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  York. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton  believed  they  meant  to  attack 
him  there.     He  was  surprised  to  learn  that  Wash-    Allied 
ington  had  directed  their  march  south,  through  New go^tou** 
Jersey ;  but  supposed  it  a  feint  to  draw  his  army    <^?^ 
from  their  defences ;  but  the  allied  forces  had  gone 

5-6.  What  was  done  in  and  near  Virginia? — 7.  W)iy  was 
Cornwallis  recalled  to  the  sea-coast?  Wliere  did  he  fortify  ?— 8. 
What  fleet  did  Washington  expect?  With  whom  did  Wasliington 
take  counsel?  Where  were  tlie  allied  forces  concentrated  ^  What 
did  Clinton  suppose  ?  What  in  the  mean  time  did  Washington  do  ? 
—  What  is  the  heading  at  the  top  of  the  page  ?  {This  uKudd  he  a 
good  ivi^ect  for  a  composition.) 


25i 


BUTCHERY    AT    FORT    ORIS  WOLD. 


FT.  III. 
P'D.  II. 

CH.  XI. 


17^1. 

De  Grasse 

enters 
irid  Wocks 
up  the 
Ches- 
apeake. 


Sept  6. 

FT. 
ORIS- 
WOLD. 
riie  garri- 
son all 
butch- 
ered. 


Arnold 
burns  N 
London 


Oct  14 
TORE 
TOWii. 

Two 

redoubli 

taken 


to  take  Cornwallis,  and  had  so  got  the  start  of  Clin- 
ton, that  he  could  not  now  hinder  them. 

9.  The  Count  de  Grasse,  with  twenty-five  sail  of 
the  line,  entered  the  mouth  of  the  Chesapeake,  only 
one  hour  before  Washington  arrived  at  the  Head 
of  Elk,  and  immediately  performed  the  part  a^J- 
signed  to  him,  by  blocking  up  the  mouths  of  the 
York  and  James  rivers;  thus  cutting  off  all  com- 
munication between  the  British  at  Yorktown  and 
New  York.  A  French  squadron  from  Rhode  Island, 
got  safely  by  the  British  fleet,  and  brought  the  artil- 
lery necessary  for  the  siege. 

10.  Clinton,  vainly  hoping  to  make  a  diversion  in 
favor  of  Cornwallis,  sent  the  traitor  Arnold,  lately 
returned  from  Virginia,  to  ravage  Connecticut.  The 
garrison  of  Fort  Griswold,  in  Groton,  near  New 
London,  being  attacked,  made  a  resolute  defence. 
At  length  they  were  overpowered.  As  the  British 
entered,  an  officer  inquired,  "  Who  commands  this 
fort?"  "I  did,"  said  Col.  Ledyard,  "but  you  do 
now ;"  and  presented  his  sword.  The  monster  took 
it  and  plunged  it  in  his  bosom.  Scarcely  was  there 
a  father  of  a  family,  in  the  little  town  of  Groton,  but 
was  that  night  butchered ;  and  almost  its  entire  pop- 
ulation became  widows  and  orphans.  New  London 
was  then  burned. 

11.  By  the  aid  of  the  French  fleet,  Washington 
tad  effected  the  removal  of  his  army  and  stores 
from  the  Head  of  Elk.  The  whole  force  amounted 
to  16,000 ;  7,000  of  whom  were  French.  The  allies 
commenced  their  works  at  Yorktown  on  the  night 
of  the  6th  of  October.  On  the  1 4th,  two  cedoubts 
«i  advance  of  the  English  main  works  were  taken  ; 
the  one  by  the  Americans  under  La  Fayette  and 


9.  What  fleet  arrived  ?  Where  ?  When  ?  What  did  it  per- 
form? How  were  the  allies  supplied  with  artillery? — 10.  What 
diversion  did  Clinton  attempt  to  make  in  favor  of  Cornwallis? 
Kelate  the  capture  of  Fort  Griswold.  What  was  the  traitor's  next 
exploit? — 11.  How  was  Washington  enabled  to  remove  his  army 
and  stores?  What  was  the  number  of  the  combined  army? 
What  was  done,  and  by  wliom,  on  the  night  of  the  lith  ? 


THE    FrNISIIING    STROKE.  255 

Col.  IlA^NfiLTON,  and  the  otlier  by  the  Froncli  under  pt.  iil 

tlie  I>AEOX  ViOMESXIL.  P'D.  IL 

12.  Cornwalhs  had  confidently  expected  aid  from   ^^^ 
Clinton,  but  becoming  discouraged,  he  made  an  ef-  |»,g, 
fort  to  escape,  by  crossing  the  river  in  the  night,  cornwai- 
His  army  were  to  embark  in  three  divisions : — a  J^  ^"^^ 
part  hg«&  already  crossed  and  landed  at  Gloucester   escape. 
Point ;  a  part  were  upon  the  river  ;  the  third  divis- 
ion alone  had  not  embarked.    The  air  and  the- wa- 
ter were  calm,  and  his  hopes  of  escape  were  high. 

In  a  moment  the  sky  was  overcast  and  a  tempest 
arose.     The  very  elements  seemed  armed  against 
him,  as  if  he  were  checked  by  an  Invisible  Power, 
which   watched   over  the   American   people.     At 
dawn  the  besiegers  opened  a  destructive  fire  upon  October 
him,  and  he  was  glad,  when  the  abating  tempest  al-  ^yoji^K- 
lowed,  to  return  to  his  almost  dismantled  fortifica-  to  wn, 
tions.  7^^^,^ 

13.  Seeing  no  hope,  the  general,  on  the  iVth,  gent  w  cannon, 
a  flag  to  Washington,  and  the  terms  of  surrender  French, 
were  immediately  agreed  on.     A  sloop,  laden  with  ^20^^^ 
such  persons  as  Cornwallis  selected,  was  to  be  al-    porta, 
lowed  to  pass,  without  search  or  visit,  to  New  York. 

The  whole  remaining  British  force  was  surrendered 
to  the  allies ;  the  land  army,  with  its  munitions,  to 
the  Americans ;  the  marine,  to  the  French. 

14.  This  event  caused  a  burst  of  joy  throughout 
America.     Nor  did  the  people,  or  the  civil  rulers,  Eejoieingi 
amid   the  honors,  which  were  showered  upon  the    pnt>iic 
American  and  French  commanders,  forget  to  ac-  devout 
knowledge  their  supreme  obligation  to  the  Great 
Commander  and  Ruler  of  armies  and  of  nations. 

15.  Gen.  La  Fayette,  who  had  sought  America  in  LaF»y- 
her  adversity,  left  her  as  soon  as  prosperity  dawned  retnral  t» 
upon  her  fortunes.     He  embarked  about  this  time  *'r*no«. 

13.  What  reflections  might  Cornwallis  naturally  make? — 13. 
What  Btep  did  Cornwallis  now  take?  What  were  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  terms  of  surrender  ?  What  was  surrendered  to  the 
Amerioans?  What  to  the  French?  How  did  this  surrender 
nfl'ect  the  Americans  ? — 14-  What  did  they  remember  to  ao- 
kuowledge  ? 


256  VERMONT. 

F'T.  Ill,  for  Ffnnce;  leaving  deep,  in  the  hearts  of  a  grate- 
P'D.  II.  ful  people,  the  remembrance  of  his  virtues  and  his 
CH.  xu.   services. 


Situation 


CHAPTER  XIT. 

Vermont. — Measures  of  Peace. — Fears  and  discontents   of  the 
Army  happOy  quieted. 

1.  Yermoxt  was,  at  this  period,  an  independent 
nation.    Its  territory  was  first  settled  by  graiits  from 

"of  Ve7-"  New  Hampshire,  and  afterwards  decided,  by  the 
mont.    j^i^giji^ii  government,  to  belong  to  New  York;  and 
had  that  State  given  quiet  possession  of  the  soil  to 
those  individuals  who  had  purchased,  and  cultivated 
farms  under  New  Hampshire,  Vermont  would  now 
have  been  a  part  of  its  territory.     But  the  attempt 
having  been  made  to  eject  those  settlers  by  force, 
they  forcibly  resisted.     The  inhabitants  met  in  con- 
I'y'S'T.  vention,  in  1777,  and  declared  the  New  Hampshire 
iteeff fnde- S''^^^^  ^^  ^®  ^^  independent  State,  under  the  title 
pendent  of  "  Ncw  Connecticut,  alias  Vermont;"  the  first  ap- 
pellation, and  the  ungraceful  "  alias,"  being  after- 
wards dropped.     Their  affairs  were,  at  first,  man- 
aged by  several  of  the  leading  men,  called  "  a  Coun- 
cil of  Safety."     Their  first  legislature  met  at  Wind- 
sor, in  March,  1778. 

2.  It  was  most  fortunate  for  America  that  the  re- 
sult of  the  last  campaign  had  been  favorable ;  for 

tionoTtheSuch  was  the  extreme  poverty  of  the  government, 

^-  S-    that  it  seems  impossible  that  another  could  have 

been  sustained.      The   several  State   governments 

wholly  failed  of  paying  their  taxes;  alleging  the 

utter  inability  of  the  people  to  meet  further  taxation. 

3.  The  people  of  England  had  also  felt  very  se- 

15. _  Where  was  now  the  most  generous  o*"  the  defenders  of 
AmericH  ? 

Chapter  XII.— 1.  What  was  Vermont?  Under  what  Stata  had 
the  finst  settlements  been  made?  What  State  afterwards  laid 
claims  to  the  settlements?  IIow  did  the  settlers  proceed?  By 
vhora  were  their  affairs  first  managed  ? — 2.  What  was  the  condi- 
tion of  the  United  States  at  the  close  of  the  war  ? 


PKACK.  257 

vercly  llieir  [^reat  expenses;  aiid  on  liearingthe  dis-  pt.  iit 
asters  which  had  attended  tlieii-  arms,  tliey  nuinnured  p-o.  ii. 
against   the   government   for   continuing    the   war.    en.  xil 
The  house  of  commons,  moved  by  this  expression  of  ,»,-gi 
feeling,  as  well  as  by  the  eloquent  speeches  of  Gen.     p^i,. 
Conway,  and  others,  voted,  "that  thev  should  con-    I'ariia- 
sider  as  enemies  to  his  majesty  and  their  country,     takes 
all  who  should  advise,  or  attempt,  a  fuither  prosecu-  jj^^  ^^"g^ 
tion  of  oifensive  war  on  the  continent  of  America." 

4.  To  be  ready  for  overtures  of  peace,  Congress  |.yoo 
appointed  as  their  agents,  four  distinguished  men,.  Franklin' 
already  in  Europe, — Dr.  Fraxklin,  John  Adams,  ,^,''''"^',^^ 
John  Jay,  and  Hexry  Laurkns.    Mr.  Adams  pro-  LauVena. 
cured,  from  the  States  of  Holland,  on  the  19th  of 
April,  the  recognition  of  American  Independence.  lu^and 
On  the  8th  of  October,  he  obtained  a  treaty  of  am- recosrnizes 
ity  and  commerce ;  and,  not  long  after,  a  loan  of  indepen- 
moi^ey;  to  the  great  relief  of  his  exhausted  country,    dance. 

5.  On  the  20th  of  January^   I't^Z^  preliminary 
articles  of  peace  tcere  signed  at  Vei-sailles.     The  de-  •.•,g« 
finitive  treaty  \vas  deferred  until  the  adjustment  of 
affairs  between  England  and  France,  and  was  not  sept  is. 
signed  until  the  3d  of  September.  The  terms  granted  Peace  of 
to  the  Americans  by  this  treaty,  in  respect  to  the    ^.^J"" 
extent  of  territory,  and  right  to  the  iisheries.  were  ^'  *^ 
equal  to  their  most  sanguine  expectations.    It  was  a 
treaty  which  made  America  independent,  in  faei,  as 

well  as  in  name.  Great  Britain  preferred  this,  to 
her  becoming  a  dependent  on  France,  of  which  she 
had  some  fears. 

6.  The  officers  of  the  army  feared,  that  if  they  i^y^^j^. 
should  disband,  themselves  and  their  services  would    '*°'*, 
be  forgotten.     Some  were  ambitious;  and  thought *^)fieer».* 
that  if  a  monarchy  should  succeed,  they  might  be- 

3.  What  was  the  state  of  public  feeling  in  England  ?  What 
resolution  passed  in  parliament? — 4.  What  men  were  chosen  by 
Congress?  For  what  purpose?  What  was  procured  from  Hol- 
l:md  ?  By  whom? — 5.  When  were  the  preliminaries  of  peace 
signed,  and  where?  What  was  deferred?  Till  what  time? 
What  can  be  said  of  the  terms  of  the  tre&ty  as  regards  the  United 
States  ? — 6.  What  fears  had  the  officers  of  the  army  ?  What  am- 
bitious project  had  some  of  them  ? 


258  TIIK    MORAL    SUBLIME. 

FT.  iTL  CO  ill  G  dukes  or  earls.    A  lettor  was  addressed  by  one 

P'D.  IL  of  these  to  Washington,  endeavoiino-^  in  a  smooth 

cu.  XII.   r^^yi  aitful  strain,  to  perenade  liim,  tliat  a  monai'chy 

was  the   most  desirable  form   of  government,  and 

'  liimself  a  suitable   man   foi-  king.     Washington  uy 

A  rebuke,  plii-'cl,  tbat  "he  viewed  sueh  ideas  with  abhorrence, 

and  must  reprehend  them  with  severity." 

7.  But  the  discontents  of  the  armv  remained  :  and 
Washington  repeatedly  urged  Congress  to  attend  t-o 
their  just  claims.  While  the  army  were  lying  at 
Newburg,  an  anonymous  paper,  able,  but  seditious, 
was  circulated.  The  advice  that  it  contained  was, 
that  the  officers  should  cease  to  2Jefitio9i  Congress, 
but  march  with  arms  in  their  hands,  and  demcoid 
justice.    W^ashington  had  foreseen  such  a  crisis,  and 

„  The     had  remained  with  the  army.     His  monitory  voice 

addressf  was  heard,  as  he  exhorted  the  officers  not  to  tarnish 

their  fame,  pure  and  bright  as  it  Avas ;  but  to  believe 

and  trust,  that  their  country  would  yet  be  grateful 

in^o^'ex-  ^'^^"  t^^^i'"  devotion  and  services.    To  Congress,  Wash- 

hUttsthe  ington  wrote:  and  in  the  most  forcible  language, 

"hischL-  presented  the  claims  and  great  merits  of  those  who 

aeter.    had  breasted  the  common  danger,  and  gained  for 

all  the  inestimable  prize. 

8.  Congress  used  their  utmost  exertions  to  meet 
the  exigency.  They  commuted  the  half-pay,  which 
had  been  pledged,  for  a  sum  equal  to  five  years'  full 
pay.  The  officers  were  satisfied,  and  the  army 
peaceably  disbanded.  .  .  .  On  the  19th  of  April,  just 

War  '  eight  years  from  the  battle  of  Lexington,  the  joyful 

ftfterj^st  certainty  of  peace  was  proclaimed  from  head-quar- 

eight    ters  to  the  American  army.     On  the  25th  of  No- 

y««"-    vember,  the  British  troops  evacuated  New  York, 

and  a  detachment  entered  it  from  the  army  of  the 

new  republic. 

6.  W'hiit  letter  was  addre^ssed  to  Washinorton  ?  How  did  it 
aflfect  Jiis  mind  ? — 7.  Give  a  further  account  of  the  discontents  of 
the  army.  Wliat  paper  was  circulated  ?  What  did  it  propose? 
How  did  Wa.'^hington  meet  this  crisis  ?  To  what  did  he  exhort 
the  officers  ?  How  did  he  write  ? — 8.  What  did  Consrress  ?  What 
did  then  the  officers?  What  liappened  on  the  I'Jth  of  April! 
What  on  the  25th  of  November? 


shays'  kebellion.  259 

9.  On  the  4th  of  December,  Washington  parted  pt.  iil 
from  Ids  officers  at  New  York.  ...  A  day  was  ap-  fd.  ii. 
pointed  at  Annapolis,  where  Congress  were  sitting,  ^^  ^"i- 
and  in  the  pi-esence  of  a  large  and  deeply  aiFected  -^co 
audience,  he  resigned  his  offices,  and  commending  d^c.  23* 
his  country  to  tlie  protection  of  God,  retired  to  .^^^"^^^-^ 
Mount  Vernon,  followed  by  the  benedictions  of  "signs. 
America,  and  the  admiration  of  the  world. 


CHAPTER  Xm. 

Depression  subsequent  to  the  war. — Shay's  Kebeilion. — Constilu- 

tiou  formed. 

1.  At  the  close  of  the  .war,  debts  encumbered  the 
General  and  State  governments.     Heavy  burdens  ^vf^' 
were  necessarily  laid  upon  the  people,  who  were  so    e-Cdis- 
poor  as  to  be  often  nearly  destitute  of  the  necessa- a^°J'|^",^. 
ries  of  life.     The  distress  of  the  country  at  length  recuona. 
produced  insurrections, 

2.  In  August,  nearly  1,500  insurgents  assembled 
under  arms  at  Northampton.    They  took  possession  * •*^* 
of  tlie  court-house,  to  prevent  the  sittings  of  the 
court,   and  the  issuing   of  executions.      The   next  ugj^a^ign 
month  a  similar  scene  occurred  at  Worcester.     The  rebeifion. 
leader  was  Daxiel  Shats.    At  the  head  of  300  men 

he  marched  into  Springfield,  and  barred  the  court- 
house against  the  supreme  court.  Gex.  Shepard 
at  the  head  of  1,200  men,  was  sent  to  Springfield;  .'"gent*© 
where  the  multitude  refusing  to  lay  do^vn  their  arms,  ^p""S- 
he  fired  upon  thera,  and  killed  three  men.  The  riot- 
ers fell  into  confusion,  and  soon  dispersed.  Four- 
teen only  were  sentenced  to  death,  and  these  were 
afterwards  pardoned. 

3.  The  articles  of  confederation,   although  they 

9.  What  occurred  on  the  4tli  of  Dec.  ?     On  the  2od  ? 

Chapter  Xlll. — 1.  Wliat  was  the  condition  of  the  country? 
What  was  the  consequence  of  this  extreme  depression? — 2.  Ke- 
late  the  circnnistuiices  of  Shay's  rebellion,  llow  was  it  quelled  ? 
How  waa  the  allair  finally  disposed  of? 


260  TIIE    AMERICAN    CONSTITUTION. 

FT.  Ill,  had  served,  during  the  pressure  of  danger,  to  keep 

FD.  ir.  the  several  parts  of  the  nation  together,  were  now 

en.  xuL  found  inadequate.     Congress  had  no  authority  to 

Defects  i  <5?V^orc(3  its  Ordinances ;  and  now,  that  the  pressure 

the  gov-  of  public  danger  was  removed,  they  were  contemned 

eminent  ^^^^  disregarded. — A  convention  of  delegates,  from 

Articles  of  fi'^6  of  the  middle  States,  met  at  Annapolis,  in  1786, 

confeder-  who  Came  to  the  conclusion,  that  a  thorough  reform 

17§6.  ^^  t^®  existing  government,  would  alone  be  effectual 

Doie?;itos  for  the  welfare  of  the  country  ;  and  Congress  passed 

^five''™a  resolution,  recommending  a  general  convention  of 

States,    delegates  to  he  holden  at  Philadelphia. 

4.  In  May,  1787,  the  convention  met,  and  instead 
*  of  amending  the  articles  of  confederation,  they  pro- 

Constitu-  ceeded  to  form  a  new  constitution.     Their  debates 
tion     were  lonar  and  arduous.     Much  honest  difference  of 
atPbiia.  opnuon  existed;  m  particular,  where  the  strength  of 
the  new  government  came  in  question.    On  the  one 
hand  it  was  contended,  that,  if  the  government  was 
dSerCTce  "^'^^^6  too  wcak,  a  State  of  anarchy,  and  consequent 
of  opiu-  revolution,  would  ensue  ;  on  the  other,  that  if  it  were 
**'"■     made  too  strong,  America  would  lose  those  blessings 
of  liberty,  which  she  had  bled  to  obtain;  and  only- 
make  an  exchange  of  foreign,  for  domestic  oppres- 
sion.    Those  in  favor  of  holding  the  States  strongly 
united,  were  called,   at  this   time,  Federalists,  and 
their  opponents,  at  ^xb%.  Anti-federalists — afterwards 
Republicans. 

5.  Other  points  of  dispute  arose,  which  were  still 

the  slave  more  dangerous,  because  they  divided  parties  by 

Inflated  geographical  lines.     The  most  difficult  of  tliese,  re- 

and  com-  garded  the  representation,  in  Congress,  of  the  slave- 

proaiised.  ij^i^ji^jg  States.     The  slaves  were'at  length  allowe(? 

3.  Why  was  the  government,  as  it  then  existed,  found  inade 
quate?  Wliere  did  a  convention  meet?  At  wliat  conclusion  di* 
tliey  arrive?  Wh-.it  resolution  was  passed  by  Congress? — 4 
What  important  assemblage  convened  in  Aiay,  1787?  What  di<. 
they  proceed  lo  do?  In  what  respect  was  there  an  lionest  dilfer 
ence  of  opinion  in  the  minds  of  the  framers  of  the  constitution 
What  was  maintained  by  each  side?  Who  were  called  federij 
ists,  and  who  anti-federalists? — 5.  Wliat  other  point  of  di*.put« 
was  there,  more  difficult  than  any  otlier  ? 


THE    LEGIST  A.'nVE    POWER.  261 

to  be  reckoned,  in  settling  the  quota  of  direct  taxes  pt.  ni. 
and  representatives,  as  equal  to  three-fifths  of  an  pd.  il 
equal  number  of  free  white  inhabitants.*    That  these  "=•  ^™- 
great  difficulties  were  compromised,  holds  up  this  -.^g*, 
convention  as  an  example  to  future  times,  of  the  tri- .  This  th*e 
umph  of  strong  patriotism  and  honest  zeal  for  the  "2^*^^° 
})ublic   welfare,   over    party   feeling   and    sectional  wished,  as 
Pi-cj'i<i^ce.  _  ,^^'f,^,, 

6.  The  supreme  authority,  m  whose  name  the    taxes. 
Constitution  is  promulgated,  is  that  of  "  the  people 
of  the  United  States;"  the  objects  for  which  they^atesTom 
ordain  and  establish,  and  bind  themselves  to  obey  its     "the  ^^ 
precepts,  are  "  to  form  a  more  perfect  union,  establish   ^^°^  '^' 
justice,   insure  domestic  tranquillity,   promote   the      its 
general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  °^i^^ 
to  themselves  and»their  posterity." 

v.  The  legislative  power  of  the  Federal  Union,  is 
vested  in  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  the 
latter  is  to  be  chosen  for  two  years,  by  electors  qual- 
ified to  choose  representatives  to  the  State  legisla-  Tho  peo- 
tures; — each  to  have  been  for  seven  years  an  inhab-^f^nted^" 
itant  of  the  United  States,  and  at  least  twenty-five   ^^yj^° 
years  of  age.     Representatives  are  to  be  appointed   hooso. 
in  each  State,  according  to  the  number  of  the  inhab- 
itants ;  though  there  must  never  be  more  than  one 
representative  to  thirty  thou.sand  people.     Lest  the 
Congress  should  become  too  numerous,  the  appor- 
tioTinient  is  varied,  once  in  ten  years ;  or  after  the 
taking  of  each  census. 

8.  The  senate  is  composed  of  two  members  from 
each  State,  to  be  chosen  by  the  State  legislatures,     r^^^ 
The  term  of  service  is  six  years ;  but  the  first  senate    states 
was  to  be  so  chosen,  that  one-third  of  the  members '^^t^e 
had  two  years  to  remain  in  ofiice,  another  four,  and   senate, 
another  six  ;  so  that,  thereafter,  no  more  than  one- 

5.  How  was  it  (lispo.sed  of?  "Wliat  may  we  say  of  this  couven- 
tion? — 6.  What  is  the  supreme  authority  in  which  the  Constitu- 
tion is  proinuleated  ?  What  are  tlie  ohjocb^  for  whicli  it  was 
estahlished  ?— 7.  In  wliat  is  the  lesrislative  power  vested  ?  How 
are  representatives  chosen^and  for  what  time?  By  whom  ?  How 
are  they  apportioned  ? — 8.  Of  how  many  niembera  is  tlie  seutte 
composed  ?     VVliat  their  term  of  oflSce?' 


262  TMIfi    EXKCUTIVK    AND   JUniCIARY. 

PT.  iiL  third  of  the  senate  should  be  composed  of  new  mern- 
P'D.  II.  bei-s.  A  senatoi*  must  have  been  an  inhabitant  of 
*«*-^"   the  country  nine  years,  and  be  not  less  than  thirty 

years  of  age. 
^      9.  The  house  of  representatives  choose  their  pre- 
offlcers."  siding  officer,  who  is  called  the  speaker.    The  senate 

are  presided  over  by  the  vice-president  of  the  United 

States.     Congress  must  sit  as  often  as  once  a  year, 
,  and  the  ordinary   sessions  commence  on  the  hrst 

Monday  in  December.     The  president  is  empowered 

to  call  extra  sessions. 

10.  All  bills  for  raising  a  revenue,  must  originate 
The  rep-  ^^  ^^®  house  of  representatives.  While  the  execu- 
resenta-  tivc  bears  the  public  sword,  the  branch  nearest  the 

thYpurse! people,  Carries  the  purse.  .  .  .  The  executive  power  is 
vested  in  a  president  and  vice-president ;  each  chosen 

utivethe'^"*-*^'  ^  ^^^"^  ^^  ^^^  years;  each  to  be  a  native  born 
sword,  citizen,  and  to  have  attained  the  age  of  thirty-five. 
The  president  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  array 
and  navy  when  in  actual  service.  With  the  consent 
of  two-thirds  of  the  senate,  he  is  vested  with  the 
power  to  make  treaties,  to  appoint  ambassadors, 
judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  many  other  officers. 

11.  The  Judicial  power  is  vested  in  one  supreme 
'^''ciii'^*'  court,  and  such  other  courts  as  Congress  may  estab- 

power.   lish.     The  judges  retain  their  offices  during  good 
behavior.     They,  as  well  as  the  president  and  vice- 
Impeach- president,  may  be  impeached  by  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  tried  l)y  the  senate. 
IVST.      12.  Towards  the  close  of  this  period,  Virginia, 
The     North  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  extended  to  the  Mis- 
west     sissippi.     The  great  tract,  north  of  the  Ohio  river, 
*intoa^  was  formed  by  Congress  into  the  Northwest  Ter- 

territory.  ritory. 

9.  Who  chooses  the  presiding  officer  of  the  liouse  of  represents 
atives ?  What  is  he  called  ?  Who  is  the  presiding  olficer  of  the 
senate?  How  often  must  Congress  sit? — 10.  What  bills  mnst 
oriarinate  in  the  house  of  representatives?  Who  bears  the  sword  ! 
Who  the  purse?  WMiere  is  the  executive  power  vested  ?  What 
is  requisite  to  make  a  person  eligible?  Wluit  power  has  the  pres- 
ident? How  are  lieaties  made  ?— 1 1.  Where  is  the  judicial  power 
vested?     By  whom  are  inipcachnieuts  made?     Who  tries  thorn? 


EXCLUSION  OF  SLAVEEY  FliOM  N.  W.  TKRRTTORT.  263 

The  originrJ  charters  of  Connecticut,  Massachn-  ft.  hi. 
setts,  and  Virginia,  gave  to  these  States  title  to  fd.  ii. 
large  portions  of  its  lands ;  but,  Congress  had  pre-  ^^-  ^"'• 
viously  compromised  with  these  States,  and  ex-  gj^t^p^^g. 
tinguished  their  claims;  except  to  certain  specified  Hnquish 
reservations.  Connecticut  had  a  large  reserv^ation  *'*""*• 
in  the  northeast  part  of  Ohio ;  by  means  of  which,  ^^^i 
she  obtained  the  nucleus  of  her  school  fund.  fund. 

13,  The   bill  for  the  erection  of  the  N'orthwest 
Territory,  passed  Congress  in  1787,     While  it  was 
pending,  Mr.  Jefferson  introduced  and  carried  anpfjhibr^d 
amendment,  forever  excluding  slavery  from  that  ex-    i"  the 
tensive  region,     A  territorial  government  was  here 
first  introduced  into  the  American  system.     The  First  tcr- 
general  government  appoints  for  the  Territory  its  '"'„^^''|.*^. 
executive  and  high  judicial  officers,  while  the  people    ment 
exercise,  by  an  assembly  of  delegates,  the  legislative 
power. 


EXEUCISES  ON  THE  TREE  CHR0N0QR4.PflER. 
(For  Period  J  I.,  Part  III.) 

What  event  marks  the  beginning  of  this  perirxi  ?  What  ig 
its  date  ?  Fohit  out  its  place  on  the  chronographer.  Also 
show  the  |>Jaces  of  the  following  events  according  to  their 
dates:  The  Americans  were  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Long 
Island,  Aug.,  1776.  They  defeat  the  Hessians  at  Trenton, 
Dec,  1776.  and  the  British  at  Princeton,  Jan.,  1777.  Dr. 
Franklin  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  France,  and  Lafayette 
oflft.Med  his  services  to  Congress,  in  1777.  Burgoyne  surren- 
dered to  General  Gates,  Oct..  1777.  France  made  a  treaty 
with  the  United  st.-ites.  in  1778.  The  battle  at  Savannah, and 
the  navid  vicr;>ry  of  Paul  Jones,  occurred  in  1779.  Arnold's 
tieasun  was  1780.  Cornwal'ds'  surrendt^r  at  Yorktown,  Oct., 
1781.  The  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  Sept.  3,  and  Washing- 
ton resigned,  Dec.  23,  1783.  The  N.  W.  Territory  was  erected, 
1787. 

Note,. — ^These  exercises  will  not  be  continued  tlirough  the  la.«t  part  of  the 
History,  as  buth  toacliers  and  pupils  will  now  fully  under,«taiid  the  ii.«e  of 
the  Chronogrnplier  without  such  assistance.  Nor  can  it  be  equ.illy  useful 
on  th  '.  last  part  of  the  History.  A*  the  country  increases,  events  crowd; 
•nd  a  large  chronograpln  r  is  required. 


H:i 


MAP 


."i    Lr)iii_'it.iilo  \\'fi«  TP  Iroui  lirr-eiiwich   77 


pVf.   P^    N   K  V   1.  \-  A    S   l\\       ..-'■J 


I        .  •  '  f^   '-\ 
Baltimoi'f  >'■>.'" 


Lon.fi  W.  from  Washington  4 


PART  IV. 


FROM     1789    TO     1841 


Washington's   Inauguration. 

PEUIOD    I. 

FROM 
THE  FtKAL  ADOPTION   OF  I-    1789  ]  THI  FEDEBAX  CONSTITUTION, 

TO 
THE  PITBOHASE  I-  1S03*  -|  OF  LOITISIANA. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Organization  of  the  new  Government. — The  Funding  System. — 
Party  lines  strongly  drawn. 

1.  When"  "Washington  retired  at  the  close  of  the  pt.it. 
war,  he  had  fully  intended  to  pass  the  residue  of  his   pp.  l 
days  in  domestic  retirement.      The  first  summons    ^^^ 
which  he  received  to  quit  his  delightful  retreat,  was  -*.e*. 
when  the  legislature  of  Virginia  chose  him  first  del-  conven- 
esrate  to  the  convention,  which  fi-amed  the  Constitu-  ^  V°" 
tion.     With  rehictance  he  consented  to  the  pleas  of     oils. 

Chapter  1. — 1.  What  had  been  Wusiiinfrton's  intention  when 
he  left  the  army  ?  What  was  the  firril  tinsc  he  wa-s  induced  to  vio- 
late it  ?  ' 

12  265 


266  THE    GOVEIJNMKNT   ORGANIZED. 

FT.  IV.  friendship,   and  the  call  of  public  duty.     He  WJ 
P'D.  I.   made  president  of  the  convention  by  a  unaniino'  j 
CH.  L    vote. 
"WashiKg-     2.  The  Constitution  being  adopted,  the  univcfisal 
^BWei    voice  of  the  nation  called  him  forth,  to  organize  the 
government.  A  special  messenger  from  the  president 
^ons\'  of  Congress,  brought  him  the  official  intelligence  of  his 
elected  elsction  to  the  presidency,  and  in  two  days  he  set 
president  ^^^  f^j.  ^^  York,  where  Congress  first  convened. 

3.  The   ceremony  of  his  inauguration  was  wit- 
IVSO  nessed  with  inexpressible  joy.     He  made  an  address 

*  to  Congress,  in  which  he  offered  his  "  fervent  suppli- 
Aprii  sa  cations  to  the  Almighty  Being,  whose  providential 
'rated^M  ^^*^  ^^^  supply  every  human  defect,  that  his  bene- 
N.  Y.    diction  would  consecrate  to  the  liberties  and  happi- 
ness of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  a  govern- 
ment instituted  by  themselves ;  and  would  enable 
every  officer  to  execute  with  success,  the  functions 
allotted  to  his  charge." 

4.  Congress  made  it  their  first  object  to  establish 
a  revenue,  sufficient  for  the  support  of  government, 

Congress  and  for  the  discharge  of  the  debt,  contracted  during 

on  mer^-^  the  Revolutionary  War.    For  this  purpose,  they  laid 

"^Md'^  duties  on  the  importation  of  merchandise,  and  on 

kmnage.  the  tonnage  of  vessels. — The  first  appointed  under 

the  Constitution  as  the  heads  of  departments,  were, 

Wbet^iS,  Thomas    Jeflerson,  secretary   of  state,  Alexander 

Jefferson,'  Hamilton,  of  the  treasury,  and  General  Knox,  of  the 

andK^o^  department  of  war.     The  small  navy  was  assigned 

to  the  care  of  the  latter. 

5.  During  this  session,  it  was  proposed  to  amend 
Constitu-  ^^  Constitution.   Congress  agreed  upon  twelve  new 

tton     articles,  which  were  submitted  to  the   respective 
""^'^       State  legislatures ;  and  being  approved  by  three- 
fourths  of  these  bodies,  they  became  a  part  of  that 
instrument. 

1.  Of  what  body  -was  he  made  president?  How? — 2.  By  what 
vote  was  he  elected  president  of  the  U.  S.  ?  Where  did  Congress 
at  this  time  meet?  Did  their  messenger  wait  long  for  Washing- 
ton ? — 3.  Give  some  account  of  his  inauguration. — 4.  What  did 
Congress  make  their  first  object?  Who  were  made  heads  of  de- 
partments?— 5.  What  was  done  respecting  the  Constitution? 


THE   FUNDING    SYSTEM.  267 

6.  Mr.  Hamilton,  early  in   the   second   session,  ft.  iv. 
brought  forward  his  celebrated  report,  which  was   p'o.  i. 
drawn  up  with  a  masterly  hand.     He  showed  the    ^^  ^ 
importance  of  public  credit,  and  proposed  assuming, 

or  funding,  not  only  the  pubhc  debt,  amounting  to   namii-* 
fifty-four  miUions  of  dollars,  but  also  the  State  debts,  ,  **>"> 
estimated  at  twenty-five  millions;  and  of  making  system. 
permanent  provision  for  the  payment  of  the  interest, 
by  imposing  taxes  on  certain  articles  of  luxury,  and 
on  spirits  distilled  within  the  United  States. 

7.  The  debates  on  this  report  produced  an  irrita- 
tion of  feeling,  which  in  the  event,  shook  the  founda-  ^^.a^s 
tion  of  the  government ;  and  they  may  fairly  be  said  and  party 
to  be  the  origin  of  that  violent  party  spirit,  which,  ^u™^*' 
under  the  names  of  FederaHsts  and  Republicans,  for 
thirty  years  arrayed  one  part  of  the  American  com- 
munity against  the  other.    Mr.  Hamilton's  plan  was 
finally  adopted ;  and  at  the  same  time  a  law  passed 
fixing  the  seat  of  government  where  it  now  is.    The 

debt  funded,  amounted  to  a  little  more  than  seven- 
ty-five millions  of  dollars ;  upon  a  part  of  which,  an 
interest  of  three  per  cent,  was  paid,  and  on  the  re- 
mainder six  per  cent. 

8.  Rhode  Island  had  refused  to  send  delegates  to 
the  convention,  which  formed  the  Constitution ;  and 
neither  that  State,  or  North  Carolina  had  accepted 

it  at  the  time  of  its  adojjtion.     North  Carolina  ac-  n.  c.  and 
ceded  to  it  in  November,  1789:  Rhode  Island  in  E-fac- 
May,  1790.  .  .  .  An  act  was  passed,  accepting  the  the  consti- 
cession  of  the  claims  of  North  CaroUna,  to  a  district   ^^^'^^ 
west  of  that  State;  and  a  territorial  government ^^^^^53^, 
was  established  by  Congi-ess,  under  the  title  of  "  the  made  a 
Territory  of  the  United  States,  south  of  the  Ohio."   ^'"''"'^• 

9.  Kentucky  was  separated  from  Tirginia,  and 

also  erected  into  an  independent  government,  re-  1'5'91» 

6.  Give  an  account  of  Mr.  Hamilton's  system  of  funding  the 
public  debts? — 7.  Wliat  effect  did  its  introduction  produce  in 
Conorress  ?  Was  it  adopted  ?  What  other  law  was  passed  at  the 
i<amo  time  ? — 8.  What  two  States  a*  first  refused  to  adopt  the  Con- 
stitution? When  did  they  agree  to  it?  What  territory  was  taken 
from  N.  C.  3 


26S  THE   MORAVIANS. 

P'T.  IV.  ceiving   its  name  from  its  principal  river. — A  na 
P'D.  I    tional  bank  was,  during  this  session,  recommendecl 
OH.  iL    \^y  ]yj[i.  Hamilton,  and  passed  through  Congress,  al- 
t'9'Oi    t'^o^gh  it  met  a  violent  opposition  from  the  Repub- 
L national lican  party.    After  deliberate  investigation,  the  presi- 
bank  es-  (Jent  was  Convinced  of  its  constitutionality  and  utility, 
■  and  gave  it  his  signature.    The  bank  was  established 
at  Philadelphia,  Mdth  a  capital  of  ten  millions   or 
dollars. 
Feb.  18.       10.  Vermont  was,  in  1V91,  admitted  as  one  oi 
ZimTuJd  ^^^^  States  of  the  Union.  ...  In  that  year,  the  first 
to  the    census  of  the  United  States  was  completed.     The 
union,    jjjjj^jjgj.  Qf  inhabitants  was   3,929,000 ;    of  whom, 
695,000   were  slaves.      The  revenue  amounted  to 
4,771,000  dollars,  the  exports  to  1 9,000,000,  and  the 
Oct.     imports  to  about  20,000,000.  .  .  In  October,  the  sec- 
Nnmber  ond  Consfress  apportioned  the  number  of  represent- 
Bontatives,  atives,  according  to  the  census.     After  much  disa- 
1  to 83,000.  gj.ggjQgjj|.^  they  fixed  the  ratio  at  one  for  every  thir- 
ty-three thousand  inhabitants. 


CHAPTER  n. 

The  Moravians. — The  Indians  of  the  Northwest. 

1.  That  devoted  Christian  people,  the  Moravian 
From    Srethren^  made,   during  the   Revolution  and   the 
1760  twenty  years  preceding,  the  most  earnest  and  self- 
l'y§2  sacrificing  efforts  to  convert  the  Indians.     The  prin- 
'  cipal  leader  of  their  faithful  band  of  missionaries  was 
Zeisberger  ;  and  the  principal  places  where  they 
went  among  the  Indians  and  dwelt  with  them,  call- 
ing them  brethren,  were  in  Pennsylvania  (where,  at 

9.  What  was  done  respecting  a  national  bank? — 10.  In  what 
year  was  Vermont  admitted  into  the  Union  ?  What  in  1790  was 
the  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  Union?  The  amount  of  reve- 
nue?  Of  exports?  Of  imports?  What  the  ratio  of  apportionment? 

Chapter  II. — 1.  What  description  is  given  of  the  Moravian 
Brethren  ?  What  was  done  by  them  and  when  ?  Who  was  Zeis- 
berger ? 


mniAN    MARTYRS.  269 

Bethlehem  and  Nazareth,  were  their  principal  seats),  p't.  iv. 
in  New  York,  and  in  Ohio.     Previous  to  the  year  "po  i 
1782,  they  had  baptized  720  of  the  natives.  .  .  .  The    o"- "• 
most  disgi-aceful  massacre  which  stains  the  page  of    ^^  j. 
American  history,  was  that  of  a  party  of  96  of  these  17S2. 
peaceful  Indian  converts.    It  occurred  on  the  banks  Moravian 
of  the  Muskingum,  and  was  the  work  of  a  band  of  cunvens 
fanatical  American  marauders,  who  impiously  eon- '"^ji"""^'"* 
sidered  themselves,  as  were  the  Jews  of  old,  a  chosen    J/J'S- 
people  commissioned  to  destroy  the  heathen.  oi/M 

2.  After  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  that  na- 
tion refused  to  deliver  up  Detroit  and  other  posts  in 
the  western  country ;  alleging  that  the  Americans 
had  not  fulfilled  certain  stipulations  of  the  treaty. 
These  posts  became  the  rallying  points  of  the  com- 
bined savage  tribes,  who,  under  Michikiniqua,  the 
chief  of  the  Miamies,  called  "the  Little  Turtle," 
now  ravaged  the  frontiers  of  the  United  States. 
Pacific  arrangements  were  attempted  by  the  presi- 
dent, but  without  effect.      On  their  failure,  Gen. 
Harmar  was  sent  from  Fort  Washington,  on  the  Harmar's 
site  of  Cincinnati,  with  a  force  amounting  to  1,400  ^Q^f^f 
men.     In  an   engagement  near  Chilicothe  he  was  cothe. 
defeated  with  loss. 

3.  Gen^.  St.  Clair,  in  October  of  the  following 
year,  with  1,400  men,  marched  into  the  wilderness,  l''^^ 
near  to  the   Miami  villages.     He  and  his  officers 

were  asleep,  while  at  dead  of  night  the  savage  chief-  st'ciaivi 
tains  assembled  in  council.  At  dawn,  the  terrified  ^"^^l^^  *' 
Americans  were  roused  by  the  war-whoop.  The  mi  ami 
carnage  was  indescribable.  Not  more  than  one-  lages. 
quarter  of  the  Americans  escaped ;  and  their  whole  ^.m.  l. 
camp  and  artillery,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  savages.      ' 

4.  Kentucky  was   admitted   into   the   Union  in 
1792.  ..  A  mint  was  established  by  Congress;  and  Amia; 

1.  Wliere  were  the  principal  seats  of  their  colonies  ?  How  many 
had  they  biiptized  in  1782?  Give  an  account  of  the  massacre  of 
the  Mu^kiiicrnm.— 2.  What  did  the  British  refuse  to  do  after  the 
peac«  ?  \Vh;.t  did  these  forts  become  ?  Wh;it  party  was  first  de- 
feated by  the  [ndians  (!  Where  ? — 3.  Give  an  account  of  St.  Clair's 
dofeiit.-^.  What  was  done  in  1792  ?     What  in  1793  J 


270  Washington's  neutkality. 

PT.  IV.  the  division  and  value  of  the  money,  to  be  used 
P'D.  I.  throughout  the  country,  was  regulated  by  statute, 
*"*•  "•    and  called  Federal  money."  .  .  .  Gen.  Washington 

1793.  was  again  elected  president,  and  in  March,  1793, 
^^,^,^g™*^.  was  inaugurated.  John  Adams  was  also  re-elected 
troducei  vice-president. 

5.  The  party  spirit  wliich  had  already  agitated 
the  whole  Union,  raged  with  increased  violence. 
The  democratic  or  republican  party,  were  charged 
by  the  federalists  with  abetting  all  the  crimes  of  the 

spirit.  French  revolutionists,  Avho  had  just  beheaded  their 
king ;  wlille  the  federal  paity  were  accused  by  the 
democratic,  of  being  in  favor  of  monarchical  princi- 
ples, and  under  the  influence  of  Great  Britain. 

6.  Information  Avas  received  of  the  declai-ation 
of  war  by  France,  agairist  Great  Britain  and  Hol- 
land. Washington  was  an  American,  and  he  did 
not  choose  to  involve  his  country  in  the  contests  of 
Europe.     lie  accordingly,  with  the  unanimous  ad- 

Wash-"  vice  of  his  cabinet,  issued  a  proclamation  of  neutral- 
ington's  j^y      This  measure  contributed,  in  a  great  degree, 

neutrality.     -^  ....  ',  ®  ^    .    ' 

to  the  prosperity  ot  America  ;  whose  proper  maxim 
was,  and  is,  "Friendship  with  .all ;  entangling  alli- 
ances with  none." 
April         "^^  ^^'  GrE^'KT,  who  was  ai)pointed  by  the  French 
Arrival  of  republic,  anivcd  in  Chai'leston,  S.  C.     Tije  flatter- 
Genet,    j^j^^g  reception  he  met  with,  induced  him  to  take  the 
presumptuous  measure  of  attempting  to  induce  the 
American  people  to  embark  in  the  cause  of  France, 
congress  ^whatever  might  be  the  determination  of  their  gov- 

6ustain  ^  .  ,  y 

the execu- ernnient.      This  turned   many  against  lum.      Ihe 
*'^®"     conduct  of  the  administration  towards  M.  Genet, 

1794.  ^^^  approved  by  Congress.  France,  at  the  request 
Fanchot  of  the  president,  annulled  his  powers,  and  he  was 
*^^^  succeeded  by  M.  Fauchet. 

8.  At  Pittsburg  a  meeting  of  citizens  was  held, 

5.  What  was  the  state  of  parties  ?— 6.  With  what  powers  was 
France  at  war  ?  Wliat  course  did  Washington  take?  What  is 
the  proper  maxim  of  America  ? — 7.  What  was  done  by  tjje  »ench 
minister?  What  part  did  Congress  take?  By  whom  wus  Geuet 
succeeded  ? 


INSUREECTION  IN  pp:nnsylvaxia.  271 

and  an  opposition  to  the  law  of  Congress,  laying  a  ft.  iv. 
duty  on  distilled  spirits,  agreed  on.     The  marshal   pd  j  ' 
of  the  district,  was  seized  by  armed  men,  and  com-    <==■"• 
pelled  to  enter  into  an  engagement  to  refrain  from  _  .,_  . 
executing  the  duties  of  his  office;  and  other  public  whiskev 
officers  were  maltreated.    The  number  of  the  insur-  insnrrec- 
gents  was  calculated  at  seven  thousand,     Washing- 
ton made  requisitions  on  the  governors  of  Xew 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  for  October. 
15,000   mihtia.      These,  imder  command   of  Gov.  tP"^-  ^ 
Lee,  of  Vn'ginia,  marched  into  the  revolted  district.    agHfnst 
Such  salutary  terror  was  inspired,  that  no  farther  ^^gg'^"^""* 
opposition  M-as  attempted. 

9.  A  war  between  the  United  States  and  Eng- 
land was,  at  this  time,  apprehended.     Tlie  Ameri- 
cans were  acciised  of  preventing  the  loyalists  from 
regaining  possession  of  their  estates,  and   British  Mutual 
subjects  from  recovering  debts  made   before  the  pia^'^'of 
"war.     On  their  part,  they  complained  of  the  arro-  'fi^^  i''|?- 
gant  pretensions  of  England,  in  regard  to  navigating  Am^k 
the  sea;  and  also,  that  the  military  posts  of  the 
western  wilderness  were  still  retained,  contrary  to 
the  treaty ;  and  that  the  Indians  were,  by  their  gar- 
risons, incited  to  make  incursions  upon  their  frontier 
settlements, — and  sheltered  in  their  forts,  as  they 
returned  from  midnight  burning  and  murder, 

10.  Congress  passed  bills  laying  an  embargo  for 
thirty  days — for  erecting  fortifications — for  raising 
a  provisional  army,  and  for  organizing  the  militia. 

To  avert,  however,  if  possible,  the  calamity  of  an-    April. 
other  war,  Mr.  Jay  was  sent  to  England,  to  uego-  ^Jn/wT 
tiate  with  the  British  goverament.  Eiijriiind 

11.  Gen.  St.  Clair  was  succeeded  by  Gen.  Way^te, 
to  whom  the  Indians  gave  the  name  of  the  "  Black- 
Snake."  Many  had  forsaken  their  alliance,  and  the 
Little  Turtle  believing  that  the  Indians  would  be 
defeated,  Avould  have  persuaded  them  to  peace. 
"  We  shall  not  surprise  them,"  said  he ;  "  for  they 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  wiiiskey  insurrection  in  Fa. — 9.  Wliy 
was  a  war  with  England  apprehended? — 10.  What  laws  were 
passed  by  Congress  ?     Who  was  sent  to  Enghiod  ?     for  what? 


lans. 


i)72  watne's  war. 

er.  IV.  have  now  a  chief  that  never  sleeps."  But  tlie  conn- 
f  'D.  I.  cil  overruled  his  opinion.  Wayne  attacked  and 
OH.  II.    completely  rented  the  confederacy,  near  the  mouth 

1794.  of  the  river  An  Glaize.     The  British,  at  the  neigh- 
^""ne's  horing  fort,  who  had  incited  the  Indians,  now   re- 
victory   fused  to  shelter  them.     By  this  means  they  lost  all 
'^f/*'    influence  with  them,  and  the  savages  made  peace. 

GLAIZE.      12.  Mr.   Jay  having   negotiated   a   treaty  with 

Great  Britain,  returned  in  the  spring  of  1795.     His 

treaty  provided  that  the  posts,  which   the  British 

had  retained,  should  be  given  up  to  the  Americans, 

Jay's    ^"*-^  compensation  made  for  illegal  captures;  and  that 

Treaty  the  American  government  should  hold  £600,000, 

with    in  tru?>^  ,»r  the  subjects  of  Great  Britain  to  whom 

^S'^****' American  citizens  were  indebted.     But  it  did  not 

prohibit  the  right  of  searching  merchant  vessels, 

which  was  claimed  by  the  British. 

13.  While  the  senate  was  debating  with  closed 
doors,  a  member  had  given  an  incorrect  copy  to  a 
printer.  It  was  circulated  with  rapidity  and  pro- 
duced great  irritation.  The  senate,  after  much  de- 
bate, accepted  the  treaty.     The  president  received 

Passes  the  addresses  from  every  part  of  the  Union,  praying  him 
amT^s'   ^^  withhold  his  signature  ;  but  Washington,  believ- 

sisned  bjr  ing  the  conditions  to  be  the  best  which,  under  ex- 

ington.   isting  circumstances,  could  be  obtained,  signed  it 

in  defiance  of  popular  clamor.  .  .  .  Treaties  were 

1795.  also  made  with  the  western  Indians,  with  Algiers, 
Treaty  q^^  ^\\th.  Spain.     By  the  latter,  the  Mississippi  was 
SDain.  "^^^^  t^^  western  boundary,  and  a  right  to  the  nav- 
igation of  the  river  and  to  the  use  of  New  Orleans 
as  a  place  of  deposit,  was  secured  to  the  United 

1790.  States.  ...  In  1796,  I'ennessee  was  admitted  to  the 
Union. 

14.  The  French  government  tried  various  means 

11.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Wayne's  operations  at  the  West. 
— 12.  When  did  Jay's  treaty  arrive?  Wliut  were  its  provisions? 
— 13.  What  happened  while  the  treaty  w;\8  before  tlie  senate? 
What  was  tlie  consequence,  and  what  was  done  in  reference  to 
the  treaty?  What  other  business  was  Iriiiieacted  at  this  time  in 
Congress  ? 


A   FATHEK  S   COUNSEL. 


27? 


FD.  I. 

CH.  IL 

1796. 

French 

iiggrres- 
sions. 


Nationa] 

pros- 

jKsrity. 


to  flatter  and  cajole  the  Americans  into  aiding  them  P'T.  iv. 
in  their  European  wars ;  but  iBnding  a  steady  sys- 
tem of  neutraUty  maintained,  they  began  depreda- 
ting on  the  American  commerce — their  cruisers  be- 
ing encouraged  in  capturing  the  vessels  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

!''>.  As  the  period  for  a  new  election  of  president 
£  the  .United  States  approached,  Gen.  Washing- 
ton publicly  signified  his  determination  to  retire  to 
private  life.  lie  received  addresses  from  evei-y  part 
of  the  country,  which,  though  expressing  regret  at 
the  loss  of  his  sei-vices,  yet  congratulated  him  on 
the  astonishing  increase  of  national  wealth  and  pros- 
perity, during  the  period  of  his  administration  over 
a  country,  which  was  more  indebted  to  him,  than  to 
any  other  human  being,  not  only  for  its  prosperity, 
but  for  its  very  existence. 

16.  On  retiring,  Washington  published  a  Fare- 
well Address,  in  which  he  called  on  his  countrymen 
to  cherish  an  immovable  attachment  to  the  xatioxal 
tJ>noN.  He  recommended  the  most  implicit  obedi- 
ence to  the  acts  of  the  established  government,  and 
reprobated  all  obstructions  to  the  execution  of  the 
laws, — all  combinations  and  associations,  with  the  de- 
sign to  overawe  the  constituted  authorities.  Good 
faith  and  equal  justice  should  be  observed  towards 
all.  Honesty,  no  less  in  public,  than  in  private  af- 
fairs, is  the  best  policy.  Religion  and  morality  are 
the  pillars  of  human  happiness.  These  great  truths, 
with  others,  were  taught  us,  as  parting  precepts,  by 
our  PARENTAL  FRIEND,  whose  fame,  for  wisdom, 
gathers  brightness  as  time  passes  on. 


Wash- 

farewell 
address 


14.  What  was  the  conduct  of  the  Freneli? — 15.  What  deter- 
mination had  Waahinston  made? — 16.  What  can  you  repeat  of 

Washington's  Farewell  Address  ? 

12* 


274  X.    T.    AND   Z.    MISSION. 


CHAPITER  III. 

America  resents  the  indignities  of  France. — Adams's  Administra- 
tion.— Jefl'ert^on's. 

FT.  IV.  1.  The  party  candidates  for  president,  were 
P'D.  I.  Thomas  Jefferson,  on  the  part  of  tlie  republicans. 
*'"•'"•    and  John  Adams,  on  tliat  of  the  federalists,     INIu 

1797.  Adams,  was  elected  president,  and  Mr.  Jeffer.son, 
Adams'  vice-presidcnt.  .  .  Mr.  Adams  received  intelligence 

president,  of  an  Open  insidt  on  the  part  of  the  French  govern- 
vfoe-""  nient,  now  in  the  hands  of  the  directory.    They  had 

president  (Jesircd  the  American  minister  to  quit  France,  and 
Insult  determined  not  to  receive  another,  until  the  United 
Fnuice.  States  had  complied  AA-ith  their  demands. 

2.  Mr.  Adams,  to  show  liis  desire  for  peace,  not- 
withstanding this  ill-usage,  appointed  three  envoys- 
extraordinary  to  the  French  republic ;  but   tliey, 

Pinkney,  jngtead  of  being  openlv  received,  were  privately  be- 

Marshall,  •   i       •         .^      ^  -,  ,  .  /.        i  •    i  "^ 

uDd  Gerry  set  With  intngucs ;    the  object  oi  which  was,  to 

the*x.*Y.  ra-T-ke  them  pay  money,  to   bribe  the  persons  in 

ai.d  z.    power.     These  shameful  proposals  were  made  in  let- 

mu,sion.  ^^^^  signed  X.  Y.  and  Z.  .  .  Nothing  seemed  now 

to  remain,  but  war.     An  army  was  provided  for  by 

Congress,  and  Washington  appointed  to  the  coni- 

^aval^B.  niand.     Capt.   TpvUxton   of  the   American   frigate 

Am.     Constellation,  fought  and  captured  the  French  frig- 

"°     '^'  ate  ZPlnsxirgente. 

3.  The  French  government  at  length  became  con- 
■  eAA  vinced,  that  although  the  Americans  might  choose 
Sept.  30.  to  quarrel  among  themselves,  yet  they  would  not 
^rcHdi  s^^ff^^'  foreign  interference ;  and  they  made  over- 
Treaty,  tures  for  a  renewal  of  negotiations.     Mr.  Adams 

promptly  met  them  by  appointing  three  envoys  to 

Chapter  III. — 1.  Wlio  were  the  candidates  of  the  two  parties 
for  president?  AVho  was  made  president?  Wlio  vice-president? 
In  wliat  year?  AVliat  government  treated  our  republic  with  inso- 
lence?— 2.  (rive  some  aecfmnt  of  the  X.  Y.  and  Z.  mission  as  it 
was  called.  What  was  done  in  reference  to  the  expected  war? 
— 3.  Ulwlmt  did  liic  French  goveniuieut  become  convinced? 


Washington's  example,  a  national  teeasitke.        275 

Paris.     They  found  the  goverament  in  the  hands  of  ft.  iv. 
Napoleon  Bonapaete.     With  him  they  amicably   fd.  l 
adjusted  all  disputes.  '^^  '"• 

4.  Washington  calmly  and  peacefully  expired  at 
Mount  Vernon,  in  the  sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  ^lygn^ 
His  history  is  that  of  his  country,  during  the  period  Dec.  14. 
of  his  public  services.     What  may  be  said  of  many  ^^^]^^ 
of  the  worthies  of  the  Revolution,  may  be  eminently   ington. 
said  of  him ;  in   no  instance  has  he   rendered  his 
country  a  more  important  service,  than  in  leaving 

to  her  future  sons,  his  great  and  good  example, 

5.  Suitable  buildings  having  been  erected,  the  seat  1  eoo 
of  government,  agreeably  to  the  law  passed  by  Con-    Nov. 
gress  in    1790,   was  transferred  from  Philadelphia  g^yl^. 
to  the  city  of  Washington,     A  territory,  ten  miles    ment 
square,  in  which  it  was  to  be  permanently  located,  fei^tTto 
had  been  ceded  to  the  general  government,  by  the   .^^'*" 
States  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and  received  the      " 
name  of  "  the  District  of  Columbia.'"  .  .  .  3Iissis- 

ijopi,  and  a  part  of  the  northwest  territory,  called 
Indiana.,  were  this  year  made  territories  with  sepa- 
rate governments. 

6.  The  time  had  now  arrived  for  electing  a  presi- 
dent. It  was  at  this  period,  that  the  feuds  and  ani- 
mosities of  the  federal  and  republican  parties  were  at 
their  greatest  height.  Mr.  Adams  had  lost  the  peo- 
ple's favor  by  one  of  those  changes  of  popular  senti- 
ment which  public  men  often  experience.  He  had 
sanctioned  two  acts  which  were  regarded  as  hostile 
to  the  Constitution ;  "  the  Alien  Law,"  which  author- 
ized the  president  to  order  any  alien,  whom  he  should  seditioa 
judge  dangerous  to  the  peace  and  liberty  of  the  ™^^®* 
country,  to  depart  from  the  United  States,  on  pain 

of  imprisonment, — and  another,  called  the  "Sedi- 
tion Law,"  which  imposed  a  heavy  fine,  and  impris- 
onment for  years,  upon  such  as  should  "  write,  print, 
utter,  publish,  &c.,  any  false,  scandalous,  and  mali- 

3.  Who  was  at  the  head  of  the  French  government,  and  what 
was  done? — 4.  What  interesting  event  is  next  related? — 5.  What 
transfer  was  now  made  ? — 6.  W  hat  two  unpopular  laws  had  beea 
passed  ? 


276  PARTY    spirit's    WORST   DAT. 

P'T.  IV.  cious  writing  against  the  government  of  the  United 
P'D.  L  States,  or  either  house  of  Congress  of  the  United 
OH.  UL    States,  or  the  president,  &c."     Under  the  sedition 

_„-      law,  several  persons  were  actually  imprisoned. 

v.  By  the  Constitution,  as  it  then  existed,  each 
elector  voted  for  two  men,  without  designating 
which  was  to  be  president.  He  who  was  found  to 
have  the  greatest  number  of  votes,  Avas  to  be  presi- 
dent, and  the  second  on  the  list,  vice-president. 
The  republican  electors,  who  had  a  very  considera- 
ble majority  over  the  federal,  gave  their  votes,  to  a 

Jefferson  ^^^^^  ^^r  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron"  Burr  ; 

and  Burr,  intending,  without  question,  that  Jefferson  should 
be  president.  They  had  thus  an  equal  number  of 
votes ;  and  the  election  must,  according  to  the  Con- 
stitution, be  decided  by  the  house  of  representatives. 
8,  The  federalists  considered  that  thev  might  vet 
defeat  their  opponents ;  and  probably  believing  that 
they  should  find  a  grateful  friend  in  Col.  Burr,  they 
determined,  if  possible,  to  raise  him  to  the  presi- 
dency. On  counting  the  votes  in  the  house,  Mr. 
Jefferson  and  Mr.  Burr  had  each  an  equal  number. 
Thirty-five  times  the  voting  went  round,  and  the 
hour  had  nearly  come,  when  if  a  president  had  not 
been  chosen,  the  government  would  have  been  de- 

Are  madeSti^"oyed.     At  length  Jcflferson  had  a  majority  of  one 

president  State. .  .  .  The  constitution  was  afterwards  amended. 

president  SO  that  the  Same  danger  might  never  occur  again. 

The  conduct  pursued  by  both  parties  in  Congi-ess, 

on  this  occasion,  manifests,  how  little  party  spirit 

,   cares  for  public  good. 

census        9.  A  sccond  census  of  the  United  States  was  com- 

ISOO,  pleted,  giving  a  population  of  5,319,762  :  an  increase 

declared    '■  n  ® -ir         X^  -i.        J      A  4.-U  1-4. 

in      of  one  million  lour  hundred  thousand,  in  ten  years. 
1801.  In  the  same  time,  the  exports  increased  from  nine- 

7.  How  did  each  elector  then  vote  for  president  and  vice-pres- 
ident? How  was  the  vote  of  tlie  electors  given  ? — 8.  Wliat  did 
the  federal  party  now  think  and  do?  What  singular  position  oi 
affairs  now  presented  itself  ?  How  did  it  terminate?  Wliat  does 
this  affair  show  with  respect  to  party  spirit? — 9.  In  what  year  was 
the  second  census  taken  ?  How  many  inhabitants  ?  What  increase 
in  population  in  ten  years  ? 


CH.  UL 


1§02. 


TJNPAKALLELED    ADVANCE.  277 

teen  to  ninety-four  millions,  and  the  revenue,  from  p't.  iv. 
4,771,000  to  12,945,000  dollars.    This  rapid  advance    fd.  i. 
in  the  career  of  prosperity,  thus  beiifun,  has  con- 
tinued in  a  degree  unparalleled  in  the  history  of 
nations. 

10.  In  1802,  Ohio  was  admitted  as  an  indepen- 
dent State,  into  the  Union.     Much  of  the  territory  owo^ad- 
of  this  State  was  originally  claimed  by  Virginia  and  ™j*^*j^j^^° 
Connecticut,  and  was  ceded  by  them  to  the  United 
States,  at  different  times,  after  the  year  1781.    From 

this  State,  as  a  part  of  the  N.  W.  Temtory,  slavery 
was  excluded. 

11.  In  1802,  the  port  of  New  Orleans  was  closed 
against  the  United  States.      Spain  having  cec?ec? Louisiana 
Louisia7ia  to  the  French,  the  Spanish  intendant  an-  %pain^ 
nounced  that  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  could  ^  France, 
no  longer  be  permitted  to  deposit  their  merchan- 
dise and  effects  in  the  port  of  New  Orleans.     The 
western  States  apprehended  the  ruin  of  their  com-     the 
merce ;  and  great  agitation  was  excited.    The  right  "1,^^ 
of  deposit  was  subsequently  restored ;  but  the  alarm 

had  shown  how  important  was  the  possession  of  the 
waters  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  western  States. 

12.  Negotiations  were  therefore  set  on  foot,  by 
■which  the  United  States  purchased  of  France,  for  i§03. 
the  sum  o/ $15,000,000,  the  whole  territory  of  Lou-'^^^^ 
isian-a.     This  acquisition  doubled  the  extent  of  the  of  Franc* 
republic,  adding  the  vast  western   section  of  the 
basin  of  the  Mississippi,  and  giving  the  United  States 

a  western  boundary  on  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

9.  What  of  exports  and  revenue  ? — 10.  What  account  can  you 
grive  of  Ohio? — 11.  On  what  account  were  the  western  States 
alarmed  and  agitated  ?  Was  the  right  of  deposit  restored  !  What 
had  this  alarm  shown? — 12.  What  negotiations  were  set  on  foot? 
What  purchase  was  made?  For  what  consideration  ?  What  may 
be  said  of  this  acquisition  ? 


MAP  N?  10. 

Prhiclpal  Seals  of 
the  War  of 

1812,  13,  14. 


Decatur  firing  the  Philadelphia. 


PERIOD   II. 


FSOH 


TK 


PUEOHASi:  \    1S03    ]  OF  LOXnBIAKA 
TO 
THB  OESSION  >  IS 20*  ]  OF  7L0BIDA. 

CHAPTER  I. 

War  with  Tripoli. — Troakles  with  England  and  France. 

1,  The  Barbary  Powers  were  nations  of  professed 
pirates.  They  took  and  made  slaves  of  American 
citizens,  as  they  did  those  of  other  countries ;  ap- 
propriating vessels  and  their  cargoes.  If  any  nation 
would  pay  them  annual  tribute,  they  would  not 
take  that  nation's  vessels.  This  was  for  several 
years  done  by  the  United  States,  as  it  had  long 
been,  by  European  nations.  At  length,  the  Ameri- 
can republic  determined  to  resist,  and  declared  war 
against  Tripoli.  This  war  is  memorable,  as  it  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  American  naval  character  and 

Chapter  L— 1.  What  were  the  Barbarjy  Powers?  What  did 
they  with  res|>ect  to  the  citizens  and  vessels  of  the  European  and 
American  nations  ?  In  what  cas^e  would  they  desist  from  their 
piracy?  What  did  the  U.  S.  do?  Why  is  the  Tripolitan  wa 
memorable  \ 

27y 


FT.  IT. 
P'D.  IL 

CH.  I. 


1803. 

Barbary 

powers 

piratical. 

Are  re- 
sisted by 
the  Atner 

leans. 


280  TKIPOLITAN    WAK. 

FT.  ly.  discipline.     Comjiodoue  I'rkule,  who  coramaiuied 
FD.  iL  the  American  fleet  yent  in   180;?  to  the  Mediterra- 
'^^  ^     nean, — was  not  only  an  able  officer  himself,  but  lie 
possessed  the  talent  of  moulding  others. 

2.  The  frigate  Philadelphia,  commanded  by  Capt. 
Bainbridge,  was  one  of  Pi'eble's  squadron,  and  had 

1  «oJ  adventured  too  far  into  the  hai'bor  of  Tripoli ;  where, 
Decatur'8  ignorant  of  the  navigation,  she  grounded.  Lieut. 
exploit  Stephen  Decatuk,  retook  her  from  under  the  guns 
of  the  Tripolitan  battery.  Her  officers  and  crew 
had  been  made  captives,  and,  with  other  Americans, 
treated  with  every  indignity.  Their  suffi^rings  went 
to  the  hearts  of  their  fellow-citizens;  and,  as  an  ex- 
pedient to  oblige  the  bashaw  of  Tripoli  to  release 
them,  the  government  authorized  Capt.  William 
Eaton  to  unite  with  Hamet,  an  expelled  bashaw, 
to  assist  him  to  recover  his  former  station. 

3.  Eaton  was  made  genei-al  of  Hamet's  forces, 
Feb  amounting  to  a  few  hundred  Arabs.  He  marched 
Eaton    from  Egypt  to  Derne,  where  the  American  fleet  co- 

takes  o*'  1    _  ^  ^ 

Derne.    Operated  with  him.     He  assaulted  and  took  Derne. 

The  Tripolitans  sent  an  army,  which  was  defeated 

in  two  engagements.     The  bashaw  then  sued  for 

Jnne  3.  peace ;  and  Col.  Lear,  the  American  consul,  nego- 

yrith*   tiated  with  him  a  treaty,  by  which  the  American 

Tripoli,  prisoners  were  set  at  liberty,  $60,000  ransom  being 

paid.    Support  was  Avithdrawn  from  Hamet ;  but  he 

recovered  his  wife  and  children. 

4.  In  July,  1804,  occurred  the  death  of  Gen.  Al- 
1§04.  exander  Hamilton.  He  died  in  a  duel,  fought 
ton  Tiled  ^^^^  Aaron  Burr,  vice-president  oi  the  United 
In  a  duel  States.      Burr  was  the  challenger.     Hamilton,  not 

""having  the  courage  to  brave  the  opinion  which 
would  call  him  coward,  met  his  antagonist  against 
his  sense  of  right,  and  without  desire  or  intention  to 

1.  Who  was  tlie  commander?  What  can  you  say  of  him? — 2. 
•What  d:iring  exploit  was  performed  by  Decatur?  How  came  the 
Phihidclphla  stranded  ?  Where  were  the  captain  and  crew  ?  What 
was  William  Eaton  to  do  in  this  war? — 3.  Give  an  account  of  his 
movemi'nts.  On  what  terms  was  peace  conchided  ? — 4.  Give  an 
account  of  the  death  of  Hamilton,  and  its  cause. 


FKEXCir    DKCRKKS    ANT)    BRITISH    ORDERS.  281 

injure  him.     By  tliis  lameiitaLle  weakness  of  mind,  pt.it. 
America  lost  one  ot"  lier  most  gifted  sons.  .  .  Mr.  pi).  il 
Jefferson  i-eceived  l>is  secoml   presidential  election  ;     *="•  ^ 
and  such  was  his  ])0]jularity,  that  out  of  176  votes,  igyj,- 
he  received  162.     George  Clinton  of  New  York, 
was  chosen  vice-president. 

5.  Col.  BuiT  was  a  dark  and  subtle  man.    Neither 
party,   any    longer,   had   confidence    in  him.      He  j[§07. 
went  to  the  West,  and  there  set  on  foot  some  great 
scheme,  which  he  was  carrying  on, — when,  becom- 
ing suspected  of  treasonable  designs   against  the   Bnn-'s 
govei'nment,  he  was  seized  and  taken  to  Richmond  "^abie"' 
for  trial.     It  was  supposed  that  he  intended  to  pos-  project. 
sess  himself  of  the  bank  of  New  Orleans,  and  that 

he  was  raising  an  army,  with  which  he  meant  either 
to  subdue  Mexico,  or  some  other  of  the  Spanish 
provinces.  Sufficient  evidence  of  his  guilt  not  ai> 
pearing  on  trial,  he  was  acquitted. 

6.  Although  a  neutral  policy  had  been  steadily 
maintained,  the  American  nation  was  now  made  to       to 
suffer  in  her  commerce,  by  the  measures  which  Eng-  1809. 
land  took,  on  the  one  hand,  to  humble  France,  by 
keeping  all  neutrals  from  trading  at  her  ports ;  and  ^^-  *^*""' 

1  11  11-11  merce 

the  counter-measures  assumed,  on  tlie  other  hand,  by   injurea. 
the  Emperor  Napoleon,  to  keep  all  neutrals  from 
the  ports  belonging  to  Great  Britain. 

7.  The  "  decrees"  made  by  France,  and  the  "  or- 
ders in  council"  made  by  Great  Britain,  for  these 
purposes,  were  unjust,  and  contrary  to  the  laws  of  I'^f;^™^ 
nations.    The  United  States  was  not  in  right  obliged     and 
to  abstain  from  trading  to  the  French  ports,  because    ^^^^ 
the  sovereign  of  Great  Britain  commanded  it ;  nor 

to  abstain  from  trading  to  Great  Britain,  because  it 
was  so  ordered  by  the  French  emperor.  And  when 
these  two  nations  proceeded — which  on  both  sides 
they  did,  to  take,  and  condemn  as  prizes,  American 


5.  "What  farther  account  is  given  of  Col.  Burr? — 6.  How  did 
America  now  suffer  in  her  commerce? — 7.  What  may  be  said  of 
the  decrees  and  orders  in  council  as  refjards  the  right  of  ti.e  c;ise  f 
What  did  both  nations  with  regard  to  the  U.  S.  I 


282  Madison's  administration. 


P'T.  IV.  vessels  for  disobeying  their  niilawfiil  decrees^  they 
P'D.  iL  both  committed  acts  of  war  upon  our  nation. 
CH.  L         g^  rpi^g  American  government  by  its  agents  at  the 
If^A?   <^^^^'"^^  of  Great  Britain  and  France,  remonstrated  in 
*  decided  terms.    As  the  shipping  of  the  country  was 
in  Era-  thus  constantly  exposed   to  seizure,  Congrea^s  laid 
bargo.   an  embargo^  which  deprived  the  nations  injuring  the 
American  commerce,   of  the  advantages   of  their 
trade.     But  the  measure,  in  many  cases,  bore  hard 
on  the  American  people,  and  was  exceedingly  un- 
popular. 

9.  There  were  other  causes  of  complaint  against 
^^^^^J"^®^  the  English.     In  the  exercise  of  what  they  termed 

search,  the  right  of  search  for  British  native-born  subjects, 
their  naval  officers  entered  and  searched  American 
vessels  on  the  high  seas;  and  repeatedly  took,  not 
only  naturalized,  but  native  American  citizens.  The 
the '*ciies- -^^'^i'^^'^i  a  British  ship  of  war,  attacked  and  over- 
ap«ake."  powei'ed  an  American  frigate,  the  Chesapeake,  but  a 
few  miles  from  the  coast,  and  took  from  her  ibur  men. 

10.  This  outrage,  which  happened  before  the  em- 
npon^e  bargo  was  laid,  was  resented  by  the  whole  nation. 

ohesa-   j^y^  i\^q  English  government  sent  out  Mr.  Rose, 

who  made  such  explanations  as  satisfied  the  federal 

1S09.  party.  ...  In  1809,  Mr.  Madison  was  inaugurated 

Madison  president,  and  Mr.  George  Clinton  of  New  York, 

was  re-elected  vice-president.  .  .  The  embargo  met 

with  the  most  violent  opposition  throughout  the 

IVon-    country.     The  government  repealed  it,  and  substi- 

Inter-   tuted  a  law  prohibiting  all  intercourse  with  France 

course  or  Great  Britain  ;  wath  a  proviso,  that  should  either 

tuted.'    revoke  her  edicts,  this  non-intercourse  law  should 

cease  to  be  enforced,  as  it  regarded  that  nation. 

11.  In  April,  a  treaty  w^as  concluded  with  Mr. 
Erskine,  the  British  minister,  which  engaged  that 

8.  What  course  was  taken  by  the  Am.  government? — 9.  What 
other  cause  of  complaint  was  ygiiinst  England?  What  was  done 
by  a  British  armed  ship? — 10.  What  was  the  national  feeling  re- 
specting this  outrage  ?  Who  were  made  president  and  vice-pres- 
ident of  the  U.  S.?  In  what  \ear?  Wliat  law  was  subBtituted 
for  the  embargo? 


THE    TWIN    BROTHERS.  283 

the  orders  in  council,  so  far  as  they  affected  the  P't.  it. 
United  States,  should  be  \vithdi"a\vn.     The  British  pd.  il 
ministiy  refuse<l  tlieir  sanction,  alleging  that  their     *"'•  *• 
minister,  whom  they  recalled,  had  exceeded  his  pow-  .saq 
ers.     His  successor,  Mu.  Jackson,  insinuated  in  a     Mr. 
correspondence  with  the  Secretary  of  State,  that  the  Erskine's 
American   ixoverninent  knew  th:it  Mr.  Erskine  was     ment 
not  authorized  to  make  the  arrangement.   This  accu-   Ji*y"bo 
sation  was  denied  by  the  American  Secretary,  but  re-  ministry 
peated  by  Mr.  Jackson.    The  president  then  declined 
any  further  diplomatic  intei'course  with  England. 

12.  In    1810,  France  repealed   her  decrees;  and 

the  president  issued  a  proclamation  on  the  2d  of  .c^ 
jS'oyember,  declarmg,  that  all  the  restrictions  im-  French 
posed  by  the  non-intercourse  law,  should  cease,  in  repea^el 
relation   to  France  and    her  dependencies.  .  .  The 
population  of  the  United  States,  by  the  third  cen     xwrd 
BUS,  taken  in  1810,  was  7,239,903.  «*"»•*«• 

13.  An  encounter  took  place  off  Cape  Charles, 
between  the  American  frigate  President^  command-  -g,  - 
ed  by  Com.  Rogers,  and  the  British  sloop  of  war,  j^ay  le.* 
Little  Belt^  commanded  by  Capt.  Bingham.  The  Naval  B. 
attack  was  commenced  by  the  Little  Belt,  but  she  President^ 
was  soon  disabled.  This  was  a  token  that  war  was  '^''r^?'^* 
at  hand,  Br.  l.  32. 

14.  The  appearance  of  a  hostile  confederacy,  had 
been  discoveied  among  the  Indians  on  the  western 
frontier.     At  its  head,  -was  the  great  chief  Tecum-  iosttk! 
SEH,  and  his  twin  brother,  Elskwatawa.     Tecum- 

seh,  who  was  the  master-spirit,  took  upon  himself 
the  department  of  war  and  eloquence;  while  Elsk- Tecnmseh 
watawa  was  to  invest  liiinself  with  the  sacred  and  *w»tewa.* 
mysterious~chai-acter  of  "  Prophet."  Pretending  to 
be  favored  with  direct  communications  from  the 
Great  Spiiit,  he  by  tricks  and  austerities,  gained  be- 
ll. What  arrangement  was  made  by  Mr.  Erskine  ?  What  was 
done  by  the  British  ministry  ?  What  was  Mr.  Jackson's  behavior, 
and  the  consequence  ?— 13.  What  was  done  by  France  ?  What 
by  the  presidiMit^  What  was  the  population  of  the  U.S.?  Of 
what  year?— 13.  What  encounter  took  place? — 14.  What  two 
reniarkal)le  characters  appeared  among  the  Indians  1  Give  au  ac- 
count of  Tecumsfch.     Of  Elskwatawa. 


284 


PREPARATIONS    FOR    "WAR. 


1811. 

The  Indi 


Teciim- 
seirs 
move- 
ments. 


P'T.  IV.  lief.     He  then  began  a  species  of  drill,  the  object  of 

P'D.  II.  which  seems  to  have  been  to  discipline  the  Indiuns 

*="•  ^     to  obedience  and  union.     He  ordered  them  to  kill 

their  dogs,  and  these  faithful  friends  were  instantly 

sacrificed.     They  must  not,  he  said,   permit  their 

aiis  led  by  iires  to  go  out :  and  at  once  the  lire  of  every  wis- 

their  su-  ■• 

perrtition.  wam  was  watchcd  as  by  vestals. 

15.  While  the  Prophet  thus  manifested,  that 
priestcraft  in  its  worst  tbrm  may  inhabit  the  desert 
as  Avell  as  the  city,  Tecumseh  was  going  from  one 
Indian  confederacy  to  another,  and,  by  his  eloquence, 
inflaming  their  minds  against  the  whites. 

16.  Gov.  Harrison,  of  the  Indian  territory,  was 
directed  to  mai'ch  against  them  ^with  a  military 
force.  On  the  7th  of  November,  he  met  a  number 
of  the  Prophet's  messengei-s  at  Tippecanoe,  and  a 
suspension  of  hostilities  was  agreed  upon  till  the 
next  day.  Harrison  formed  his  men  in  order  of  bat- 
tle ;  and  they  thus  reposed  upon  their  arms.     Just 

^'^C/^^  before  dav,  the  faithless  savaires  rushed  upon  them. 

Am.  k."  But    the    war-whoop    was  -not   unex[)ccted.      The 

'J^ij*2\o"- Americans  stood,  repelled  the  shock,  and  repulsed 

'  the  assailants.     Tecumseh   was   at  a  distance,  not 

having  expected  that  the  whites  would  be  prepared 

to  strike  the  first  blow. 

17.  The  French  decrees  being  annulled,  commerce 
had  beofun  with  France.  Nine  hundred  American 
vessels^  richly  laden^  had  been  captured  by  the 
British  since  the  year  1803.  The  president  recom- 
mended to  Congress,  that  the  United  States  should 
be  placed  in  an  attitude  of  defence.     Provision  was 

Prepara-  accordingly  made  to  increase  the  regular  army  to 
tions     35,000  men,  and  to  enlarge  the  navy.     The  presi- 
dent was  authorized  to  borrow  811,000,000,  and  the 
duties  on  imported  goods  were  doubled. 

18.  Mr.  Madison  laid  before  Congress  documents, 


Nov.  8. 


Am. 
losses. 


for  war. 


15.  What  was  made  manifest  bj  the  Indian  prophet?  What 
was  Tecumseh  doinof  ? — 16.  Wlio  was  sent  atjainst  the  Indians? 
Describe  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe. — 17.  How  many  of  the  Amer- 
ican vessels  had  the  British  taken?  Since  what  year?  What 
measures  ware  taken  to  prepare  for  war  ? 


WAR, CONDITION    OF   THE   COXJNTET.  285 

which  proved,  that  in  1809,  the  British  government,  pt.  iv. 
by  its  agent,  Sir  James  Craig,  governor  of  Can-  p  d.  iiT 
ada,  had  sent  Joiijf  Henry,  as  an  emissary  to  the    ™-  '^ 
United  States,  to  intrigue  with  tlie  leading  members  jo^q 
of  the  federal  party,  and  lead  them,  if  possible,  to  Henry-/ 
form  the  eastern  part  of  the  Union  into  a  nation  or  ^'*<=ios»''* 
province  dependent  on  Great  Britain,     Henry  pro-  ^^g^^ 
ceeded  through  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  to    secret* 
Boston ;  but  returned  without  effecting,  in  any  de-  niission. 
grce,  his  purpose. 


War  I)K- 

CLAEED. 


CHAPTER  II. 

War  of  1812. — Condition  of  the  country. — IIiiU's  surrender. 

1.  Ok  the  18th  of  June,  1812,  tear  xoith   (^feat  mi^, 
JBritam  was  fonnaUy  declared.    In  1775,  the  Araer-  June  is, 
leans  were  comparatively  a  warlike  people;  they  """"" 
bad  now  become  enervated  by  a  peace  of  moi'e  than 
thirty  years.     In  1808,  the  regular  array  consisted 

of  only  3,000  men  ;  but  during  that  year,  the  gov- 
ernment increased  it  to  9,000.     The  act  to  raise  an  Military 

tore©  4*1 

additional  force  was  passed  so  short  a  time  previous  the  u.  s. 
to  the  declaration  of  war,  that  not  more  than  one-    ^^^^^ 
fourth  of  the  number  were  enlisted  at  that  time ; 
and  those  were,  of  course  raw  and  undisciplined. 

2.  The  state  of  the  revenue  in  1812,  was  extremely 
unfavorable  to  the  prosecution  of  an  expensive  war.  Bad  state 
Derived  almost  solely  from  duties  on  merchandise  reveime. 
imported,  it  was  abundant  in  a  state  of  commercial 
prosperity ;  but  in  time  of  war  and  trouble,  the  ag- 
gressions of  foreign  powers,  while  they  produced  an 
increase  of  public  expenditure,  almost  destroyed  the 
means  of  defraying  it.  The  navy 

3.  The  condition  of  the  navyAvas  better  than  that'comiuinn' 
•of  the  army.    The  situation  of  the  United  States,  as  'army"* 

18.  What  disclosures  were  inside  by  tlie  president? 
Chaptek  II. — 1.  At  what  time  w;us  war  declared?     What  was 
Ihe  condition  of  tlie  army  ?— 3.  What  was  tiiat  of  the  revenue  ? 


286  hull's  lvvasion. 

FT.  IT.  a  maritime  and  commercial  nation,  had  kept  it  pro- 

P'D.  IL  vided  with  seamen.     Tlie  recent  contest  with  Trip- 

cH.  IL    q\[^  Y^r^tX  given  to  the  officers  and  men,  some  experi- 

ence  in  war.    ]>ut  the  navy  was  small.    Ten  frigates, 

*  ten  sloops,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty-live  gun-boats, 

was  ail  the  public  naval  force,  which  America  could 

Geneiai  Oppose  to  the  thousand  ships  of  Great  Britain.  .  .  . 

Dearborn,  IIe^^ky  Deakbokx,  a  Surviving  officer  of  the  lievo- 

der-in-   lutiou,  was  appointed  major-general  and  command 

chief,    er-in-chief  of  the  American  army. 

4.  The  plan  of  the  campaign  was  formed  at  Wash- 
ington. It  was  intended  to  invade  Canada,  at  De- 
troit and  Niagara,  and  that  the  armies  from  these 
places  should  be  joined,  on  the  way,  by  the  force 
stationed  at  Plattsburg,  and  all  proceed  to  Montreal, 
The  army   destined  for  Detroit,  was  collected  at 

Army  of  J^<^yton,  in  Ohio,  some  time  before  the  declaration 

the  north-  of  War.     The  forces  consisted  of  three  regiments  of 

^®**'    volunteers,  commanded  by  Cols.  M'Arthur,  Cass, 

and  Findlay,  and  300  regulars  under  Col.  Miller ; — 

the  whole  under  Gen.  Hull,  who  had  been,  for  some 

time,  governor  of  the  Michigan  Territory. 

5.  Gen.  Hull,  moving  slowly  through  an  unculti- 
Tnneso.  vated  region,  reached  the  rapids  of  the  Maumee, — 
Hull  at  and  on  the  first  of  July  sent  off  his  hospital  stores, 
Kapids.  his  sick,  and  part  of  Ms  baggage,  in  a  vessel  to  go 

by  water  to  Detroit.  This  vessel,  in  which  was  his 
^^^^l'  trunk  of  private  papers,  containing  accounts  of  the 
placed,  army,  and  plans  of  movements,  was  taken  by  the 
British.  Gen.  Hull  arrived  at  Detroit  on  the  5th, 
and  on  the  12th,  invaded  Canada.  At  Sandwich 
he  issued  a  bold  and  imposing  proclamation,  invit- 
ing the  Canadians  to  join  him.  The  British  force, 
which  it  was  expected  his  army  would  attack,  w^as 
at  Fort  Maiden.  He  waited  near  it  for  artillery 
from  Detroit.     A  detachment  of  the  army  took  a 


3.  What  tliat  of  the  navy?  Who  was  made  commander? — 4. 
What  was  the  plan  of  the  campaign?  Describe  tlie  army  of  tlie 
Northwest.— 5.  Doscribe  Hull's  "progress  from  Daytou  to  the 
vicinity  of  Maiden. 


CIL  II. 

1§12. 


MACKINAW    TAKEN.  28' 

bridcre  leadinor  to  the  fort ;  but  be  would  not  suffer  pt.  iv. 
them  to  retain  it.  pd.  ii. 

6.  As  the  British  had  the  command  of  the  waters, 
the  road  from  Ohio,  by  which  Hull  expected  a  party 
under  Capt.   Brush,  to  bring  provisions,  was  in- 
fested by  warriors,  whom  their  shipping  landed  on     vsn 
the  American  side.     Hull  sent  a  detachment,  under  nome's 

^  '  party  a&» 

Van  Home,  to  keep  open  the  road.    Tecumseh  and    featM 
his  Indians,  lay  in  ambush,  and  killed  thirty  of  his  cnmL^. 
men,  when  the  remainder  fled  to  Detroit. 

7.  On  the  17th,  the  important  fortress  of  Macki- 
naw was  taken,  by  a  party  of  British  and  Indians, 

the  small  garrison  being  allowed  the  honors  of  war.  Circnm- 
The  victorious  party  were  now  bearing  down  upon    which 
Hull.     Nor  was  this  all.  Gen.  Dearborn  was  drawn    ^*^™ 
by  the  British,  on  pretence  of  treating  for  peace, 
into  an  armistice,  in  which  Hull's  array  was  not  in- 
cluded.    This  set  free  the  whole  British  army  of 
Canada  to  come  against  him,  as  nothing  was  to  be 
feared  from  any  other  quarter. 

8.  Gen.  Hull  took  counsel  of  his  fears,  and  against 

the  entreaties  of  his  officers,  returned  to  Detroit.   Ans.  ^ 
He  sent  immediately  Col.  Miller,  with  600  ''^^t^-,  guagjl. 
to  escort  Capt.  Brush.     In  the  woods  of  Maguaga^  ^.m.  l.  »a 
he  routed,  in  a  severe  fight,  Tecumseh  and  his  In- 
dians ;  and  then  returned  to  Detroit,  having  learned 
that  Capt.  Brush  had  taken  another  route.  .  .  .  Fifty     qo.  ' 
persons,  mostly  the  garrison  of  Chicago^  were  slain  -^^  ^  ^ 
by  a  party  of  savages,  as  they  were  attempting  to 
pass  from  that  place  to  Detroit. 

9.  On  the  13th,  Brock,  the  most  able  of  the  Aug.  i5. 
British  generals,  arrived  at  Maiden^  and  took  com- ^^r^Hch'^ 
mand.  On  the  14th,  he  moved  the  British  forces  Detroit 
to  Sandwich,  and  the  next  day  sent  a  summons  to 

Hull  to  surrender ;  threatening  him  that  the  In- 

6.  What  happened  to  the  first  party  sent  by  Hull  to  escort  Capt. 
Brush'— 7.  What  cireumstauces  alarmed  Gen.  Hull?— 8.  What 
retrograde  movement  did  he  make  ?  What  second  party  send  out  ? 
W  hat  battle  was  fought  ?  What  hapjpeued  on  the  15th  of  August  ? 
—9.  Who  took  command  of  the  British  army?  Describe  th» 
me*vements  of  Brock. 


288 


surrkni)i:k  ok  nicrRorr. 


FT.  IV.  diaiis  would  be  let  loose  upon  Detroit  unless  he  did. 
P'l).  II.  On  the  morning  of  the  16th,  Brock  crossed  to  Spring 
CH.  UL     '\Yells^   and    moved   towards    Detroit.      Gen.   Hull 
1S19   <3re\v'  up  his  men  in   order  of  battle;  then,  while 
*  they  were  eager  for  the  tight,  ordered  them  to  re- 
tire to  the  fort.    Tlie  indignation  of  the  army  broke 
forth,  and  all  subordination  ceased.     They  crowded 
in,  and  without  any  order  from  the  general,  stacked 
their  arms,  some   dashing  them  with  violence  upon 
the  ground.     Many  of  the  soldiei's  wept, — and  even 
the  women  were  angry  at  such  apparent  cowardice. 
10.  Hull  perceiving  that  he  had  no  longer  any 
authority,  and  believing  that  the  Indians  were  ready 
to  fall  upon  the  inhabitants,  was  anxions  to  put  the 
Hull  sur-  place  under  the  protection  of  the  British.     A  white 
renders  flj^or  wjjg  hm^g  out  upon  the  walls  of  the  fort.     Two 

Ais  artny,  ,   ,  o  i 

Am.  Lu  British  officers  rode  up,  and  a  capitulation  was  con- 
pr.  800.  c]u(jg(j  \yj  Hull,  with  the  most  unbecoming  haste. 
His  officers  were  not  consulted,  and  every  thing  was 
left  at  the  mercy  of  the  British  commander.  .  .  Gen. 
Hull  was  soon  after  exchanged,  and  brought  to  trial. 
He  was  sentenced  to  death,  for  cowardice  and  unof- 
ficer-like  conduct ;  but  pardoned  by  the  president, 
as  he  had,  in  his  youth,  been  a  brave  revolutionary 
officer,  and  as  there  were  strongly  extenuating  cir- 
cumstances. 


CHAPTER  in. 

Naval  successes, 

1.  Three  days  after  the  disgraceful  surrender  of 
Ang.  19.  Detroit,  occurred  off  the  Grand  Bank  of  Newfound- 
Naval  V.  land,  the  capture  of  the  British  frigate   Guerriere^ 
te'w!  63.  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Dacres,  by  the  Amer- 
Ani.  L  k.  ican  fi-igate  Constitution^  commanded  by  Captain 

9.  What.wa.'^  dono  by  Ilnll  ?  Wliat  was  the  conduct  of  tlie 
army,  when  bid  to  retire  to  the  foit? — 10.  Wliat  was  then  done? 
What  was  the  manner  of  the  t;urrender?  What  sentence  wjts 
passed  against  Hull  ?     Was  it  e»-cuteil  ? 

Ch.\pter  III. — 1.  What  iinportinit  naval  victory  happened  ^boiU 
the  time  of  Hull's  snrrender  i     What  was  the  loss  on  both  sides? 


OHIO    AIJD   KENTUCKY    VOLUNTEERS.  289 

K»*iJL,.     Capt.  Dacres  had  challenged  any  American  pt.  iv. 
vessel  of  her  class,  and  in  various  ways,  manifested  fd.  ii. 
his  contempt  of  "  the  Yankees."     In  thirty  minutes   *^-  ™- 
after  the  tirst  broadside  of  the  Constitution,  the  |e«« 
Guerriere  had  her  masts  and  rigging  shot  away,  and 
her  hulk  so  injured,  that  she  was  in  danger  of  sink-  scptr. 
ing,  .  .  .  Capt.  Porter,  of  the  United  States  fiigate  ^^^l^- 
Essex,  captured,  near  the  same  place,  the  British  sloop  captures 
of  war  Alert,  after  an  action  of  only  eight  minutes,    f^i^^^^'ert 

2.  On  the  1 3th  of  October,  the  army  stationed  at 
Lewiston,  under  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer,  mostly 
composed  of  New  York  militia,  made  an  unfortunate 
and  unsuccessful   attempt   to  invade   Canada.     A 

part  of  the  army  crossed,  and  a  battle  was  fought  ^^^^  ^g 
at  Queenstown.    During  the  battle,  Gen.  Brock  was  queens 
killed,  by  a  party  headed  by  Capt.  Wool.     But^^^^^ 
Gen.  Sheaffe  coming  up  with  1,000  British  and^o,  ^- 1"*** 
Indians,  while  the  militia  on  the  American  shore  ^'" 
refused  to  cross,  the  republican  troops  on  the  Can- 
ada side  were  obliged  to  surrender. 

3.  Gen.  Smyth  succeeded  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer, 

and  late  in  the  season,  made  another  abortive  "^at-  Last  at- 
tempt to  cross  an  army  into  Canada.     Capt.  King,  -^^^l  ^V 
with  a  party,  had  prepared  the  way,  by  gallantly  Niagara, 
storming  a  battery  opposite  Slack  liock ;  but  the 
army  did  not  follow  him,  and  he  was  made  prisoner. 

4.  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  had  aroused  at  the  call 
of  Hull,  for  assistance ;  and  an  army,  on  its  march 
for  Detroit,  was  in  the  southern  part  of  Ohio,  when 

the  news  met  them,  of  the  surrender  of  that  post,  ^^^f 
This  rather  stimulated  than  repressed  their  ardor,  the  west. 
Kentucky  put  on  foot  7,000  volunteers,  Ohio  nearly 
half  that  number.     Congress  appointed  Gen.  Har- 
KisoN  to  the  command  of  these  forces. 

5.  The  Indians  of  the  northwest  had  murdered 
twenty-one  persons  at  the  mouth  of  White  river ; 
and  had  committed  other  atrocities.     For  the  de- 

1.  What  other  naval  victory  occurred  ? — 2.  Describe  the  affair  of 
Qneenstown  ? — 3.  What  account  can  you  ffive  of  Gen.  Smytli's 
atteJiipt? — 4.  Wliat  troops  had  b?en  raised  in  ihc  West?  Wlio 
appoinied  to  conunaiid  ? — 5.  Wliat  had  been  done  by  the  Indians  ? 

13 


290  NAVAL    riCTOKIES. 

FT.  IV.  fence  of  the  Indiana  and  Illinois  Territories,  a  large 

P'D.  IL  number  of  mounted  volunteers  was  collected,  by 

OH.  m.    Qqy,  Shelby  of  Kentucky.     Under  Gen.  Hopkins, 

181  a  ^^®y  attempted  an  expedition  against  the  Kickapoo 

'  and  Peoria  towns ;  but  being  gentlemen-volunteers, 

Hopkins'  and  feeling  on  an  equality  with  their  general,  they, 

essfoi  ex-  ^^^^  Several  days'  march,  put  it  to  the  vote  of  the 

pediUon.  army,  whether  or  not  they  would  proceed  further ; 

and  a  majority  of  the  troops  voting  against  it,  they 

turned  about,  and,  to  the  grief  of  the  general,  went 

home. 

6.  Gen.  Hopkins,  at  the  head  of  another  party, — 
and  after  him  Cols.  Russell  and  Campbell,  made 
predatory  incursions  into  the  Indian  towns.     They 
put  the  savages  in  fear,  and  protected  the  white  in- 
habitants. .  .  .  Capt.  Jones,  in  the  American  sloop 
Oct  la  of  war  Wasp,  captured,  after  a  bloody  engagement, 
Naval  V.g^  British  warlike  vessel,  the  Frolic.     Two  hours 
Naval  D  after  the  battle,  a  British  seventy-four  took  Capt. 
"  Jones  and  his  prize.  .  .  .  Com.  Decatue,  in  the  frig- 
Oct  25.  ate  United  States,  defeated  and  made  prize  of  the 
EnL^iwlBritishfrigate  J/acec?omaw,  Capt.  Caeden.  .  .  .  The 
Am.  L.  12.  fortunate  frigate  Constitution,  commanded  by  Com. 
Bainbeidge,  captured,  off"  the  coast  of  Brazil,  the 
Br.  L  i6i'.  British  frigate  Java.    Besides  these  public  successes, 
the  American  privateers  took  250  British  vessels, 
and  3,000  prisoners. 

v.  The  warmth  of  party  feeling  had  not  abated. 
state  of  The  enemies  of  the  administration  declared,  that  the 
ledin^    iU-success  of  the  war  was  owing  to  their  inefficiency ; 
while  its  friends  attributed  the  failure,  to  the  inter- 
ference of  the  opposite  party.     Both  were  right  in 
a  degree ;  as  the  government,  imused  to  war,  had 
doubtless  failed  of  making  judicious  and  seasonable 
provisions :  but  all  its  difficulties  were  increased,  by 
an  ungenerous  and  almost  treasonable  opposition. 
8.  The  most  alarming  opposition  was  not,  how- 

5.  Describe  the  expedition  against  them,  headed  by  Gen.  Hop- 
kins.— 6.  What  officers  made  successful  incursions?    What  naval 
victory  occurred  Oct.  18th  ?   What  on  the  25th  of  Oct.  ?— 7.  Wha 
was  the  state  of  party  feeling  ? 


Madison's  second  teem.  291 

ever,  that   arising   from   mere   individual   clamor,  ft.  iv. 
The  States  of  Massachusetts  and  ConneCT:iCut  had  pt).  h. 
refused  their  militia  to  the  call  of  the  general  gov-   *^  "^• 
emment.    They  alleged  that  the  State  governments  jgjg. 
ought  to  determine  when  the  exigencies  of  tiie  nation  Qnestion 
require  the  sei-vices  of  their  militia.  They  also  declared  °^^ 
that  it  was  unconstitutional  for  the  president  to  del- 
egate his  power  to  any  officer,  not  of  the  militia,  and 
who  was  not  chosen  by  the  respective  States.     It  was 
probably  owing  to  the  disapprobation  with  which 
the  great  body  ojF  the  people  viewed  these  opinions  Mr.  Madw 
and  measures  of  the  opposition,  that  the  result  of  n,»j'orftjr 
the  election  of  president  was  not  only  favorable  to  increa»e<L 
Mr.  Madison,  but  showed  a  diminution  ol  tne  fed- 
eral, and  an  increase  of  the  republican  pany.  leio 
9.  Congress    passed   acts — authorizing   the   con-  ^ongrMs 
Btruction  of  four  large  ships  of  war  for  the  increase  make  laws 
of  the  navy  on  the  lakes, — ^for  increasing  the  bounty   on'rtZ 
given  to  recruits, — and  for  enlarging  the  regular     ■^*'- 
army.     The  previous  law  authorizing  the  employ- 
ment of  volunteers,  as  they  had  been  found  insubor- 
dinate, was  repealed.     To  provide  for  the  revenue, 
they  authorized  a  loan  of  $16,000,000;  and  gave  inangn 
power  to  the  president  to  issue  treasury  notes  to  the  M»dison 
amount  of  five  millions.     Mb.  Madison  received  his   ^^ 
second  inauguration  on  the  4th  of  March,  and  El- 
BEiDGE  Geeey  was,  at  the  same  time,  made  vice- 
president. 


CHAPTER  rV. 

,  Campaign  of  1813. — Massacra  of  Frenchtown. 

1.  The  head-quarters  of  Gen.  Haeeison,  were,  at  ^^"^ 
this  time,  at  Franklinton,  in  Ohio.    Gen.  Winches-  his  army; 

8.  What  alarming  symptoms  of  rebellion  occarred  in  New 
England  ?  What  effect  had  the  proceedings  of  the  opposition  on 
the  election  ? — 9.  What  laws  dia  Congress  make  to  carry  on  the 
war?   Who  was  made  president  and  vice-president?  What  year? 

Chapter  IV. — 1.  Wnere  wai  Gen.  Harrison  with  the  western 
army?    Whom  did  he  detach? 


292  INDIAN    MASSACRE. 

FT.  IV.  TER  had  been  detached  to  proceed  in  advance  of  the 
P'D.  II.  main  party.     Hearing  that  a  party  of  the  British 
CH  IV.    ^yere  stationed  at  Frenc/dotcn^  he  attacked  and  dis- 
persed  them.     But  on  the  morning  of  the  22d,  he 
*  was  surprised  and  assaulted  by  the  combined  force 
of  the  British  and  Indians,  under  the  command  oi 
Col.  Proctor.     Gen.  Winchester  was  taken  ;  and, 
Jan.  22.  being  territied  with  Proctor's  threat  of  an  Indian 
Massacre  massacrc,  he  presumed,  though  a  prisoner,  to  send 
FRE'OH-  a  command  to  the  troops  still  fighting,  to  surrender ; 
aui^l"  Proctor  having  promised  them,  in  that  case,  protec- 
k.  500,   tion.     They  laid  down  their  arms,  and  the  scenes  of 
Br."  L^^k.  Fort  William  Henry  were  reacted.     Proctor  aban- 
24,  w.  158.  doned  them,  now  unarmed  and  defenceless,  to  the 
savages.    Five  hundred  were  slain.   They  were  most- 
ly volunteers  from  respectable  families  in  Kentucky. 

2.  Gen,  Harrison   removed   his    army   to    Fort 
FT. '  Meigs.     Proctor  here   besieged  him  with  a  com- 

MEiGS.  bined  force  of  British  and  Indians.  Gen.  Clay, 
with  1,100  Kentuckians  coming  to  his  assistance,  a 
plan  was  laid  to  attack  the  army  of  Proctor  with 
the  combined  forces  of  Harrison  and  Clay.  A  party 
headed  by  Col.  Dudlet,  fell  into  an  ambuscade,  and 
were  slaughtered  by  Tecumseh  and  his  Indians.  But 
Proctor  was  defeated  and  obliged  to  raise  the  siege. 

3.  Xhe  Indians,  as  success  failed,  began  to  desert 
their  allies.     But  Tecumseh  was  faithful.    The  Five 

.^        Nations  now  declared  war  against  the  Canadas.  .  .  . 

FT.  STE-With.  500  men,  Proctor  attacked  Fort  Stephenson^ 

^so^'  on  the  Sandusky  river.     Major  Croghan,  a  youth 

Br.  L.  150.  of  twenty-one,  defended  the  fort  with  160  men;  and 

repulsed  Proctor  with  the  loss  of  150. 
Feb.  22.       4.  On  the  22d  of  February,  the  British  attacked 
Br.  take   Ogdensburg  with  500  men.     The  Americans,  infe- 
DEif^s-  rior  in  numbers,  retired  and  abandoned  their  artil- 
BUEG.  leiy  and  stores  to  the  British.     Two  schooners,  two 

1.  What  account  can  you  give  of  the  sliockinsr  scenes  of 
Frenchtown  ? — 2.  Give  a  further  account  of  the  military  opera- 
tions near  Lake  Erie? — 3.  What  was  now  done  among  the  liuli- 
juDs?  Give  an  account  of  the  affair  at  Fort  Stephenson. — 4.  0/ 
tlio  invasion  of  Ogdensburg. 


GENERAL    PIKE.  293 

gunboats,  together  with  the  barrack?,  were  comniit-  ft.  iv. 
ted  to  the  lianies.  .  .  .  On  Lake  Ontaiio,  Commo-  fd.  ii. 
DORE  CiiAUNCEY,  had  by  great  exertions  made  ready   ^"-  ''• 
a  flotilla,  to  aid  in  the  operations  of  the  coining  1^13. 

campaign.  ^        .  .  .  '  A-^fl;'?iiia 

5.  The  first  important  service  of  the  flotilla,  was  on  Lake 
that  of  transporting  the  army  of  Gen.  Dearborn,  ^"^'■"*- 
from  Sa^Jcett's  Harbor  to  York,  the  capital  of  U'|> 

per  Canada.     Gen.  Pike,  by  whose  advice  the  de-  Ann!  27. 
scent  was    made,   defeated  Gen.  Sheafee  at  the  ^"r^ 
landing,  in  a  severe  contest.    In  the  moment  of  vie- 90!  «•.  206, 
tory,  this  excellent  ofticer,  with  100  Americans  and   ^^^^^j^ 
40  English,  was  killed  by  the  blo\ving  up  of  a  mag-     100. 
azine.     The  Americans  took  possession  of  the  town. 
After  three  days  they  recrossed  the  lake  to  SackeWs 
Harbor,  where  they  left  their  wounded. 

6.  On  the  27th  Gen.  Dearborn  re-embarked  his 
army  and  proceeded  to  attack  Fort  George.     After     ^7?^* 
fighting  for  its  defence,  the  British  commander.  Col.  geo'ge. 
St.  Vincent,  spiked  his  guns,  and  abandoned  the  t  and  w. 
fort.     The  Americans  took  possession  of  Fort  Erie,  ^^j^- g2_ 
that  having  also   been  evacuated  by  the  British. 

Col.  St.  Vincent,  had  retired,  with  his  army  to  JBur- 
lington  Heights,  near  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario.    To 
pursue  him.  Gen.  Dearborn  detached  Gens.  Chand- 
ler and  Winder.   Col.  St.  Vincent,  at  dead  of  night.  Affair  of 
stole  upon  them  and  attacked  the  camp.     In  the  ci>£ek. 
confusion  and  carnage  whiijh  ensued,  Chandler  and 
Winder  were  both  made  prisoners.    The  Americans, 
however,  maintained  their  post,  and  forced  the  ene-    „_ , 
my  to  retire.  .  .  .  Col.  Bcerstler  being  sent  against  a    ver 
British  force  at  the  Beaver  Dams,  which  proved  much  Am'^ 
larger  than  his  own,  surrendered  his  detachment.       pr-  570. 

7.  The  American  fleet,  now  formed  on  Lake  Erie, 
was  commanded  by  Com.  Perrt.     It  consisted  of 

4.  Who  commanded  the  American  marine  on  Lake  Ontario? 
"What  had  lie  done?— 5.  What  was  tlie  first  important  service  of 
the  flotilhi?  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  at  the  landing.  Oftiie 
subsequent  disaster.  Of  the  further  movements  of  the  Ameri- 
cans.—6.  Give  an  account  of  the  military  movements  at  Fort 
Erie.  Of  the  atfair  at  Stony  Creek.  What  was  done  at  Beaver 
Uaius?     What  loss  in  prisoners  ? 


294  DEATH  OF  tecumsp:h. 

PT.  rv.  the  Niagara  and  Lawrence^  each  of  twenty-five 
PT).  II.  guns,  and  several  smaller  vessels,  carrying  two  guns 
<==•  ^^-    each.     The  enemy's  fleet,  of  equal  force,  was  com- 

manded  by  Com.  Barclay,  a  veteran  officer.    Perry, 

Sept- 19*  ^t  twelve  o'clock  made  an  attack.    The  flag-ship  be- 

Na^l  V.  came  disabled.     Perry  embarked  in  an  open  boat, 

Br.  i"1"  and  amidst  a  shower  of  bullets,  carried  the  ensign 

whole    ^^  command  on  board  another,  and  once  more  bore 

fleet,     down  upon  the  enemy  with  the  remainder  of  his 

fleet.     At  four  o'clock,  the  whole  British  squadron, 

of  six  vessels,  surrendered. 

8.  This  success  on  Lake  Erie,  opened  a  passage  to 
the  territory  which  had  been  surrendered  by  Hull ; 
and  Gen.  Harrison  lost  no  time  in  transferring  the 
war  thither.  On  the  23d  of  September,  he  landed 
his  troops  near  Fort  Maiden,  but  Proctor,  despite 
the  spirited  remonstrance  of  Tecumseh,  an  abler  man 
than  himself,  and  now  a  general  in  the  British  army, 
had  evacuated  Maiden,  burnt  the  fort  and  store- 

Sept  29.  houses,  and  retreated  before  his  enemy.  The  Ameri- 
Detroit  cans,  on  the  29th,  went  in  pursuit,  entered,  and  re- 

recovere     pQgggggg^  Detroit. 

9.  Proctor  had  retired  to  the  Moravian  vil- 
lage^ on  the  Thames,  about  eighty  miles  from 
that  place.     His  army  of  2,000,  was  more  than  half 

Oct  5    Iii'iians.     Harrison  overtook  him  on  the  5th  of 
THE     October.     The  British  army,  although  inferior  in 
Br.  L.  '  numbers,  had  the  advantage  of  choosing  their  ground. 
Ind'k,i20.  ^®"-  Harrison  gained  much  reputation  for  his  ar- 
Am.  L.  50,  rangements,  especially  as  he  changed   them  with 
judgment,  as  circumstances  changed  on  the  field  of 
battle.     Col.  Johnson,  with  his  mounted  Kentucki- 
ans,  was  opposed  to  Tecumseh  and  his  Indians.     In 
Tecum-  the  heat  of  the  battle  the  chief  fell,  bravely  fighting. 
"«^-     His  warriors  fled.     Proctor,  dismayed,  meanly  de- 
serted his  army,  and  fled  with  two  hundred  dra- 
goons. 

7.  Describe  the  battle  on  Lake  Erie. — 8.  What  good  effect  im- 
mediately followed  this  victory?  What  movement  was  made  by 
Proctoi '  By  the  Americans? — 9  What  account  can  yon  givo  of 
the  battle  of  the  Thnmea  I 


NORTHERN    ARSnT.  295 

10.  The  Indian  confederacy,  in  which  were  still  pt.  iv^ 
3,000  warrioi's,  liad  lost  witli  Tecuniseh  their  bond  pd.  ii. 
of  union  ;  and  the  Ottawas,  Chippewas,  Miamis,  and    *="•  "^• 
Potawatomies,  now  sent  deputies  to  Gen.  Harrison,  1§13. 
and  made  treaties  of  alliance.  Jj^'^^^ 

11.  In  the  early  part  of  this  year,  the  hays  o/'^******* 
Ckesapeake  and  Delaware  were  declared   by  the 
Biitish  government  to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade. 

To  enforce  this  edict,  fleets  were  sent  over  under  . 

Admirals  Warren,  Cockburn,  and   Beresford. 
Admiral   Cockburn   made  his  name  odious  by  his 
disgraceful  behavior  in  the  Chesapeake.     He  took 
possession  of  several  small  islands  m  the  bay,  and 
from  these  made  descents   upon  the   neighboring  -^s^^e  de 
shores.     Frenchtown,  Havre  de  Grace,  Frederick- Giaee.&.t. 
toio7i,  Sampton,  and  Georgetown,  were  successively 
the  scenes  of  a  warfare,  of  which  savages  would  ^ui^^^ 
have  been  ashamed;  and  which  did  much  to  hurt  ,^"f'^. , 
the  cause  of  the  British,  by  incensing  the  Ajneri-  marines 
cans,  more  and  more,  against  them. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Northern  army. — Loss  of  the  Chesapeake. — Creek  "War. 

1.  On  Lake  Ontario,   Com.  Chaihstcey,  encoun- 
tered a  fleet  of  seven  sail,  bound  for  Kingston  with 
troops  and  provisions.     Five  of  the  vessels  he  cap-jjaval  V. 
tured.  .  .  .  The  general  plan  of  the  American  gov-  ^-  <^ta- 
ernment,  was  still  to  take  Montreal.     An  army  was  Br.  lost 
at  Sackett's  Harbor,  partly  composed  of  the  troops  ^  '****^ 
from  Fort  George,  of  which  Gen.  Wilkinson  took 
the  command.     This  army  was  embarked  to  pi'o- 
ceed  down  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  w^as  to  be  joined 
by  the  army  from  Plattsburg,  commanded  by  Gen. 
Wade  Hampton. 

10.  Did  the  death  of  Tecuniseh  produce  consequences  of  import- 
ance?— 11.  What  happened  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Chesapeake? 

Chaptkr  v.— 1.  What  was  done  by  Com.  Chauneey?  What 
was  still  the  plan  of  the  Americans?  What  mov«meuts  were 
made,  and  by  whom  ? 


29G  "don't  give  up  the  snip." 

P'T.  IV.       2.  A  detachment  of  the  army  landed  imdcr  CrY.yt. 
~FD.  11.  Boyd,  and  engaged  a  paily  of  the  British  at   Wil- 
^■^-  "^-    liamsburg,  and  was  defeated.  ,  .  .  Gen.  PIami'ton,  in 
1§13.  attempting  to   move  towards  Montreal,  had  found 
^wil-    ''^^^'^i^  opposition  from  the  British  troops ;  and  he  )"e- 
LTAMS-  turned  to  PlatUhuTg  for  the  winter.     He  was  s(»()n 
Am.  L.'  succeeded  in  command  by  Gen.  Izard.  . 
'IfVn      ^'  ^^^  George  Prevost,  no  longer  fearing  an  at 
'tack  on  Montreal,  sent  Gens.  St.  Vincent  and  Drum 
mond  to  recover  the  forts  on  the  Niagara.     Gen. 
Nov.     M'Clure,  the  American  commander  at  Fort  George^ 
^Newirk^'  having  too  sinall  a  force  to  maintain  his  post,  with- 
Biiffitio,'  drew  his  troops,  but  burnt  as  he  retreated,  the  Brit- 
'°  Rock*^  ish  village  of  Newark.     The  American  government 
burned,  disowned  the  act ;  but  the  British  retaliated,  by 
burning  the  villages  oi  Buffalo  and  Black  Rock. 

4.  Naval,  Affairs. — Another  naval  victory,  the 
sixth  in  succession,  now  did  honor  to  the  sea-ser- 

Naval  V.  vice.     Captain  Lawrence,  in  the  Hornet.^  defeated 

Am\^5  ^"  ^^®  ^^  ^^  February,  the  British  sloop  of  war 

Peacock.,  after  an  action  of  only  fifteen  minutes.  .  .  . 

Lawrence  was  promoted  to  the  command  of  the 

frigate  Chesa2?eake.    She  was  lying  in  the  harbor  of 

Boston,  ill-fitted  tor  sea.     Her  crew  were  in  a  state 

Jnnei.   of  dissatisfaction  from  not  having  had  their  pay.    The 

Shamwm  British,  mortified  at  their  naval  defeats,  had  prepared 

and  Ches-  the  frigate  Shannon,  with  a  picked  crew  of  officers 

Am.  l!  and  seamen.      Capt.  Broke,  the, commander,  sent 

*^'Br^^'^  challenge  to  Lawrence,  which  he  injudiciously  ac- 

haifthe  cepted.    The  frigates  met.     In  a  few  minutes  every 

numjer.  Q^^.gj.,  and  about  half  the  men  of  the  Chesapeake, 

were  killed  or  bleeding  and  disabled.     Lawrence, 

mortally  wounded  and  delirious,  continually  raved, 

"  Don't  give  up  the  ship  !  "     The  British  boarded 

her ;  and  they,  not  the  Americans,  lowered  her  colors. 

5.  Another  naval  disaster  followed.     The  United 

2.  What  happened  at  Williamsbiir?  ?  What  was  the  loss  ? 
What  further  Kccount  can  you  give  of  Gen.  Wilkhison  ?  VVluit  of 
Gen.  Hampton  ? — 3.  What  wa.*  now  done  on  the  Niagara  frontier  ? 
— 4.  Give  an  account  of  Capt.  Lawrence's  victory.  Of  his  defeat 
and  death. 


JACKSON   AMONG    THE   CKEEKS,  297 

States  sloop  of  war  Argus^  commanded  by  Lieut,  ft.  iv, 
Allen,  was  captured,  in  St.  George's  channel,  by  px).  il 
the  British  sloop  of  war  Pelican;  Allen,  mortally  ^n.  v. 
wounded,  died  in  England.  .  .  .  The  Americans  were  1S13. 
again  successful  in  an  encounter  between  the  brig.^"?-^^ 
JEnterjrrize^  commanded  by  Lieut.  Burrows,  and  the  Am  L.40! 
Britisli  bi-ig  Unxer.   Buri'ows  was  mortally  wounded.  ^'"'  ^  ^ 

6.  Ci:ep:k  War. — The  Creek  Indians  had  become 
in  a  degree  civilized  by  the  eiforts  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  those  of  benevolent  individuals.     Tecum- 

seh  Avent  among  them  ;  and  by  his  feeling  of  the  .P^^*^* 
wrongs  of  their  race,  infused  by  his  eloquence  into  bvTe- 
their  minds,  he  wrought  them  to  a  determination  of  ''°™*®'^ 
war  and  vengeance. 

7.  Without  declaring  war,  they  committed  such 
acts  of  violence,  that  the  white  families  wei-e  put  in 

fear,  and  fled  to  the  forts  for  shelter.     At  noon-day,  n^ggsacre 
Fort  Mlms  was  suddenlv  surrounded  bv  the  Creek       at 
warriors.     They  mastered  the  garrison,  set  fire  to  mtms. 
the  fort,  and  butchered  helpless  babes  and  women,      273 
as  well  as  men  in  arms.     Out  of  three  hundred  per-    ter^ 
sons,  but  seventeen  escaped  to  tell  the  tale. 

8.  What,  in  such  a  case,  could  the  American  gov- 
ernment do,  but  to  defend  its  own  population,  by 

such  means  as  alone  have  been  found  effectual,  with  "^^p^n,^" 
this   terrible   foe  ?     Gen.   Jackson,   probably  the   rioyd. 
most  efficient  commander  ever  enffaijed  in  Indian 
warfare,  went  among  them,  at  the  head  of  2,500  bk'oa' 
Tennesseeans.     Gen.  Floyd,  the  governor  of  Geor-  -^^J^^ 
gia,  headed  about  1,000  Georgia  militia.    They  laid  eccak- 
waste  the  Indian  villages ;  they  fought  with  them  '^'^r^^' 
bloody  battles,  at  Talladega,  at  Autosse,  and  at  Ec- 
cannachaca.  topo- 

9.  Finally,  at  the  bend  of  the  Tallapoosa,  was  Yi^jl" 
the  last  fatal  field  of  the  Creeks;  in  which  they  lost     ^w. 
600  of  their  bravest  warriors.     Then,  to  save  thcM,"^.  i5& 

5.  In  what  other  case  were  the  Americans  nnsuceessful  ?  What 
yietory  was  achieved? — 6.  What  was  the  state  of  the  Creeks? 
How  were  their  minds  excit&l  ? — 7.  Give  an  account  of  the  mas- 
iacre  at  Fort  Mims.— 8.  Who  went  against  the  Creeks  ?  At  what 
places  were  thej  defeated  ?— 9.  Whdre  was  the  final  battle? 

13* 


298  ■WELLmGTON's    VETERANS    SENT    OVER. 

FT.  IV.  residue  of  their  wasted  nation,  they  sued  for  peace ; 

P'D.  IL  and  a  treaty  was  accordingly  made  M'ith  them.    But 

CH.  Ti.    while  it  remains,  with  the  Indian  nations,  an  allowed 

custom  to  make  war  without  declaring  it,  treaties 

with  them,  are  of  no  permanent  value. 


CHAPTER  YI. 

The  Niagara  Frontier. — Battles  of  Chippewa  and  Bridgewatei . 

1.  Various  proposals  to  treat  for  peace  having 
been  made  since  the  commencement  of  the  war,  the 

^onera'to  American  government  sent  Messrs.  Adams,  Gala- 

treat  for  TIN,  and  Bayard,  in  the  month  of  August,  to  Ghent, 

meeTat  the  place  of  meeting  previously  agreed  on.     They 

Ghent,   were  there  met  by  Lord  Gambier,  Henry  Gol- 

BOURN,  and  William  Adams,  commissioners  on  the 

part  of  Great  Britain.    On  that  of  America,  Henry 

Clay,   and  Jonathan  Russell,  were   afterwards 

added  to  the  delegation. 

2.  Congress  met  in  extra  session, — and  with  the 
firmness  of  the  days  of  the  Revolution,  taxed  the 

A*boid'  people,  regardless  of  popular  clamor,  for  the  neces- 

congress.  g^^^.^  expenditures  of  their  government.  They  also 
authorized  a  loan.  ...  At  the  regular  session.  Con- 
gress, desirous  of  an  efficient  army,  gave,  by  law, 
124  dollars  to  each  recruit. 

1814       ^'  C-^^PAiGiN  OF  1814. — Gen.  Wilkinson,  having 

'  received  orders  from  the  secretary  of  war,  detached 

Gen.  Brown,  with  2,000  troops,  to  the  Niagara 

14000  a  frontier,  and  then  retired  to  Plattsburg. 

Welling-      4.  After  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  a  fonnidable  array 

v^eran  ^f  14,000,  wlio  had  fought  under  the  Duke  of  W«l- 
troops   lington,  were  embarked  at  Bordeaux  for  Canada; 

■en  over.  ^^  j^  ^^  ^j^^  same  time,  a  strong  naval  force,  was  di- 

9.  What  then  occurred  ?    Kepeat  the  eonchiding'  sentence. 

Chapter  VI. —  1.  What  persons  were  sent  to  treat  for  peace  on 
each  side  ?  To  wiiat  place? — 3.  W hut  was  done  by  Congress  in 
their  extra  session  ?  In  the  rejjular  session  ? — 3.  What  was  dona 
by  Gen.  Wilkinscjn  ?— 4.  What  threatening  mea.*urcs  were  now 
taken  by  the  British  ?  * 


CHIPPEWA. BEIDQEWATER.  299 

rected  against  the  maritime  frontier  of  the  United  ft.  iv. 
States,  to  blockade  and  ravage  the  whole  coast  from  p'd.  il 
Maine  to  Georgia.  ^"^  ^ 

5.  In  June,  Gen.  Browk  marched  his  army  from  jgj* 
Sackett's  Harbor  to  Buffalo,  expecting  to   invade 
Canada.     Here  were  added  to  his  army  Towson's 
artillery,  and  a  corps  of  volunteers,  commanded  by 
Gen^.  Porter,  making,  in  the  whole,  about  3,500 
men.      On  the  2d  and  3d  of  July,  they  crossed  the     oen. 
Niagara,  and  invested  Fort  Erie,  where  the  garri-   ?^^^ 
son,  amounting  to   100  men,  surrendered  without  Ft  Erie, 
resistance.     A  British  army,  of  the  supposed  invin- 
cibles,  and  commanded  by  Gen.  Riall,  occupied  a 
position  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chippewa. 

6.  The  two  armies  met  at  the  battle  of  Chippewa, 

in  fair  and  open  fight.      The  republican  8oldiei*s,  ^^^• 
headed  by  the  able  officers  that  had  now  come  for-  pewa. 
ward,  defeated,  with  inferior  numbers,  the  veterans  ®^^* 
who  had  fought  with  Wellington.     Soon  after  the     »!». 
battle.  Gen.  Riall  fell  back  to  Fort  George,  where 
in  a  few  days  he  was  joined  by  Gen.  Dkummond, 
when  his  army  amounted  to  5,000  men. 

1.  Gen.  Brown,  being  encamped  at  Chippewa,  or- 
dered Gen.  Scott,  with  a  brigade,  and  Towson's 
artillery,  to  make  a  movement  on  the  Queenstown 
road,  to  take  off  the  attention  of  the  British  from 
his  stores  on  the  American  side,  which,  he  had  heard, 
they  threatened.     Instead  of  this,  Gen.  Riall  was 
moving  towards  the  Americans  with  his  whole  force,    g'^^'s 
Gen,  Scott  passed  the  grand  cataract,  and  then  be-    move- 
came  apprised  of  the  enemy's  presence  and  force.  ™ b^id** 
Transmitting  an  account  to  Gen.  Brown,  he  instantly  attack, 
marched  on,  and  fearlessly  attacked. 

8.  His  detachment  maintained  the  fight  for  more 
than  an  hour,  against  a  force  seven  times  their  num- 

5.  What  movements  were  made  by  Gen.  Brown  ?  What  addi- 
tion was  made  to  his  army  ?  What  was  the  position  and  streng^th 
of  the  British  army  ? — 6.  Wiiat  account  can  you  give  of  tho  battle 
of  Chippewa  ?  What  was  now  the  amount  of  the  force  under  Gen. 
Riall  ? — 7.  Describe  the  commencement  of  tlie  remarkable  battle 
«f  Bridge  water. — 8.   What  was  done  by  Scott's  detachment! 


300 


MILLER  S    BEAYEEY. 


P'D.  II. 

CH.  VI. 


1814. 

Gens.  Rip- 
ley and 
Druin- 
mond 

wounded. 


ber ;  and  it  became  dark  before  the  main  army  of 
the  Americans,  under  Gen.  Brown,  came  up.  Gen. 
Ripley  then  perceiving  liow  fatal  to  Scott's  brigade 
Avas  a  British  battery  of  nine  pieces  of  artillery,  said 
to  Col.  Miller,  "Will  you  take  yonder  battery?" 
"I'll  try,"  said  Miller;  and  at  the"^  head  of  the  21st 
regiment,  he  calmly  marched  up  to  the  mouth  of  the 
blazing  cannon,  and  took  them. 


BRiDG'-      9-  T^i®  eminence  on  which  they  were  planted,  was 

WATER,  the  key  of  the  British  position;  and   Gen.  Ripley 

Am.  L    following  with  his  regiment,  it  was  kept, — notwith- 

^6'%      standing  the  enemy,  by  the  uncertain   light  of  the 

k.  11,    waning  moon,  charged  with  the  bayonet,  till  they 

w.  66.    ^ygre  four  times  repulsed.      About  midnight   they 

8.  When  were  they  joined  bythe  main  army?  Whatwa.'s  done 
by  Ripley  and  Miller? — 9.  Was  Miller'.s  taking:  the  battery  im- 
portant to  the  success  of  the  Americans  ?  Learn  from  the  slJo- 
nete  what  was  the  kiBs  on  both  sides. 


IS  14. 


SCENES    AT    FORT   ERIE.  301 

ceased  to  contend.  The  roar  of  the  cataract  alone  ft.  iv. 
was  heard,  as  they  retired,  and  left  their  position  p'd.  il 
and  artillery  to  the  Americans.  Gens.  Brown  and  ^^  ^"• 
Scott  were  both  wounded  ;  and  the  command,  after 
the  battle,  devolved  on  Gen.  Kipley. 

10.  The  American  army,  now  reduced  to  1,600, 
retired  to  M>rt  Arie,  and  there  entrenched  them- 
selves.    The  enemy,  to  the  number  of  5,000,  fol- 
lowed and  besieged  them.     Col.  Drumniond  had  An?.  i5. 
partially  succeeded ;  and  was  in  the  act  of  denying  ^^Jig. 
mercy  to  the  conquered,  who  were   begging  forsr.  l.  500. 
quarter,  w^hen  a  barrel  of  powder  beneath  him  be--^'"-^*^ 
came  ignited,  and  he  and  they  were  blown  together 

into  the  air. 

11.  Gex.  Brown,  observing  that  a  portion  of  the 
British  army  was  divided  from  the  rest,  ordered  a  ^^/g' 
sortie  from  the  fort ;  which  was  one  of  the  best  con- sortie. 
ducted  operations  of  the  war.  Gen.  Porter  herew..%dpr. 
distinguished  liimself,  as  did  many  others.  But  the  ^^'"^'k. 
loss  w^as  heavy  for  the  wasting  army  of  the  Ameri-andw.so* 
cans ;  and  the  country  became  anxious  for  the  fate 

of  those  whose  valor  had  shown  the  foe,  that  when 
once  inured  to  war,  there  are  no  better  officers  or 
soldiers,  than  those  of  the  American  Republic.  Gen. 
Izard  had  been  sent  to  their  relief  from  Platts- 
burg ;  and  now  with  5,000  troops,  he  joined  Gen. 
Brown.  The  British,  after  this,  retired  to  their  en- 
trenchments behind  Chippewa. 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

Washington  taken  by  the  British. — Baltimore  threatened. 

1.  The  British  fleet  in  the  Chesapeake  was  aug-  ^     yj 
mented  by  the  arrival  of  Admiral  Cochrane,  who  Cochr»a» 

9.  What  happened  at  midnight  1 — 10.  What  was  the  condition 
of  the  American  army  after  the  battle  ?  What  the  strength  of  the 
British?  What  was  done  by  each?  What  loss  occurred  ?— 11. 
Describe  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie.  What  was  the  loss?  What 
feeling  had  the  country  now  respecting  this  army  ?  What  had  the 
array  nhown !     W  ho  joined  Gaik  Brown  f    With  what  force  ? 


302  WASHINGTON   TAKEN. 

PT.  IV.  had  been  sent  out  with  a  large  land  force,  cora- 

P'D.  II.  manded  by  Gen.  Ross,  in  pursuance  of  the  resolu- 

OH.  VII.   tion  which  had  been  taken  by  the  British  govern- 

ment,  "to  destroy  and  lay  waste  such  towns  and 

Army  *  districts  upou  the  coast,  as  might  be  found  assaila- 

under    blc."     It  was  ou  the  19th,  that  Gen.  Ross  landed  at 

"**    Benedict,  with  5,000  infantry,  and  began  his  inarch 

to  Washington,  distant  twenty-seven  miles,  keeping 

Ah?.  22.  along  the  right  bank  of  the  Pawtuxent.     At  Pig 

Barney's' ^^^^^'   ^^^^   Stationed   an    American   flotilla,  cora- 

flotiiia.    manded  by  Com.  Barney.     He  blew  up  the  boats, 

and  retired  with  his  men. 

2.  The  enemy's  approach  to  Washington  was  by 
^BLA^  the  JBladensburg  road.     Here  he  was  met  by  Gen. 
^URa  Stansbukt,  with  the  militia  from  Baltimore, — by 
Am.  L.  80.  Com.  Barney's  marines ;  and,  finally,  by  the  small 
Br.  L.  249.  army  under  Gen.  Winder,  to  which  had  been  as- 
signed the  defence  of  the  capital.    The  British  were 
victorious. 
An<'  25       ^'  ^®°'  Ross  entered  Washington  at  eight  in  the 
GenrKoss  evening.     His  troops  burnt,  not  only  the  capitol, 
'^pTua*  which  was  in  an  unfinished  state,  but  its  extensive 
hbrary,  records,  and  other  collections ;  appertaining 
not  to  war,  but  to  peace  and  civilization.    The  pub- 
lic oflSces  and  the  president's  house,  were  wantonly 
sacrificed,  together  with  many  private  dwellings. 
This  barbarous  usage  irritated,  as  it  insulted  the 
American  nation,  and  made  the  war  popular  with 
all  parties. 

4.  Admiral  Cochrane  having  received  on  board 

8ept  11  ^^^  ^®®^  ^^®  elated  conquerors, — the  combined  land 

The  Br."  and  sca  forces  moved  on  to  the  attack  of  Baltimore. 

iwttoiore. -Ascending  the  Chesapeake,  they  appeared  at  the 

mouth  of  the  Patapsco,  fourteen  miles  fi'om  that 

city.     Gen.  Ross,  with  his  army,  amounting  to  about 

i  Chapter  VII. — 1.  What  barbarous  resolution  had  been  taken 

(  by  the  British  government  ?    What  sea  and  land  forces  had  been 

Bent  out? — 3.  What  opposition  did  Gen.  Ross  meetl  What  was 
the  loss  in  the  battle  of  Bladensburg  ?^^.  When  did  the  British 
enter  Washington  ?  What  did  they  destroy  ? — 1.  Where  did  tiiey 
DflXt  go? 


peeyost's  peoclamation.  303 

6,000,  debarked  at  North  PoinU  and  commenced  P*r.  ly. 
his  march  towards  the  city.  p^d.  il 

5.  Gen.  Smith,  commanded  the  defenders.     He  ^'^  ^^ 
dispatched  2,000  men,  imder  Gen.  Stricker,  who  *o^» 
advanced  to  meet  the  enemy.     A  skii-mish  ensued,  sept.  12.* 
in  which  Gen.  Ross  was  killed.     Col  Brooke,  hav-  SkirmUk 
ing  the  instructions  of  Gen.  Ross,  contmued  to  move  -^^^va  of 
forward.      The   Americans    gave   way,    and    Gen.    Eoaat 
Stricker  retired  to  the   heights,  where  Gen.  Smith 

was  stationed  with  the  main  ai'my. 

6.  Col.  Brooke  could  not  draw  Gen.  Smith  from 
his  entrenchments.     His  supporting  fleet  had  not 

been  able  to  pass  Fort  McHenry ;  and  he  removed  Bept*i4 
his  troops  in  the  night,  and  re-embarked  at  North  The  Br. 

•  •  •  •   withdr&w 

Point ;  to  the  great  joy  of  the  inhabitants  of  Balti- 
more. 

7.  The  eastern  portion  of  the  coast  of  Maine,  was 
taken  into  quiet  po.ssession  by  "^tfee  British.     The  "^^J^^^ 
frigate,  John  Adams,  had  been  placed  in  the  Penob-  Maiaa. 
scot  river,  near  Hampden,  for  preservation.    On  the 
approach  of  the  British,  the  militia  who  were  there 
stationed  as  a  guard,  blew  up  the  frigate  and  fled. 

8.  A  British  fleet  under  Com.  Hardy  appeared  Ang.  9. 
before  Stonington.  The  marines  landed  and  attacked    ^^^ 
at  different  points ;  but  were  met  by  the  militia  with  stoning- 
much  spirit.     After  bombarding  the  place  for  three    conn! 
days.  Com.  Hardy  drew  off  his  fleet. 

9.  The  British  army  in  Canada  was  augmented  g   .  » 
by  another  body  of  those  troops,  who  had  served    sirs, 
under  Wellington.     With   such  an  army,   14,000  ^^^ 
strong.  Sir  George  Peevost  invaded  New  York  at  ch«n 
by  the  western  bank  of  Lake  Champlain.    From  the    ^^**°" 
village  of  Champlain,  he  proclaimed,  that  his  arms  Hisproo 
would  only  be  directed  against  the  government,  and  '^'^^ 
those  who  supported  it ;  while  no  injury  should  be      the 
done  to  the  peaceful  and  unoffending  inhabitants,        ?*<>?•"•  ^ 

5.  "What  steps  were  taken  to  defend  Baltimore? — 6.  Why  did 
Coi.  Brooke  withdraw? — 7.  What  happened  in  Maine? — 8.  What 
in  Connecticut? — 9.  What  reinforcement  had  Sir  G.  Prevost  re- 
ceived ?  What  was  his  force  ?  How  did  he  emplov  it  ?  What 
proclamation  make  at  Champlain  ? 


304:  A    GREAT   DAY    AT    PLATTSBCKG. 

FT.  IV.       10.  The  lire  of  genuine  patriotism  rekindled  m 

FD.  11.  tlie  breasts  of  the  Americans,  wlien  they  heard  that 

OH.  viL  an  invading  enemy  had  dared  to  call  on  l^.ie  peo- 

pie  to  separate  themselves  from  their  government. 

They  rise  '^^^^  inhabitants  of  the  northern  part  of  New  York, 

to  "op-    and  the  hardy  sons  of  the  Green  Mountains,  without 

invaders,  distmction  oi  party,  rose  m    arms,   and   hastened 

towards  the  scene  of  action, 

11.  Sir  George  Prevost  advanced  upon  Platts- 
burg.     His  way  was  obstructed  by  the  felling  of 

Skirmish  ^^'^^^i  ^^^  ^Y  ^  party,  who  in  a  skirmish,  killed  or 
wounded  120  of  his  men.  But  there  was  not  a 
force  at  Plattsburg,  which,  at  that  time,  could  have 
resisted  so  formidable  an  army.  Gen.  Izard's  de- 
parture had  left  Gen.  Macomb,  his  successor,  not 
more  ihan  2,000  regulars.  Volunteers  were,  how- 
ever, hourly  arriving. 

12.  Sir  George ''waited,  expecting  that  his  navy 
would  get  the  control  of  the  watei'S  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain.     It  was  commanded  by  Com.  Dowxie,  and 

force^if  ^^'3,8  composed  of  the  Conjiance^  a  frigate  of  thirty- 
L.  Cham-  nine  guns,  with  several  smaller  vessels,  mounting, 
m  the  whole,  ninety-five  guns,  and  having  1,000 
men.  The  American  squadron,  under  Com.  Mac- 
DONOirGH,  which  was  anchored  in  the  bay,  mounted 
no  more  than  eighty-six  guns,  and  had  only  820 
men.  It  consisted  of  the  Saratoga.^  of  twenty-six 
guns,  three  small  vessels,  and  ten  galleys. 

13.  Com.  Downie  chose  his  position  and  made  the 
Naval  V.  attack.     The  fleets  engaged  at  nine  in  the  morning. 

GiTAsr-  The  eager  crowds  upon  the  shore,  beheld  the  com- 
Bnifk!  bat  nuder  circumstances  of  intense  and  various 
84,  w.  110,  interest.  The  powerful  army  of  Prevost,  was  formed. 
Am.  L.  k.  in  order  of  battle,  to  follow  up  the  striking  of  the 
52,  w.  58.  American  flag,  with  an  assault,  which  the  Ameri- 

10.  What  effect  did  it  produce? — 11.  What  was  now  done  by 

Sir  G.  l^revost?  What  resistance  was  made  by  the  Americans! 
What  force  had  Gen.  Macomb  ? — 12.  Why  did  Sir  George  suspend 
his  attack  ?  What  naval  force  had  the  Britisli  on  the  lake  ?  Wha* 
had  the  Americans?— 13.  Describe  tho  naval  batUe  on  Lfttt 
C}iAui}>lain. 


THK    KS^KX    CAITURED.  305 

cans,  wlio  belield   the  fio-Jit,  had  reason  to  beliove  pt.  iv. 
must  be  successful.     But  it  was  the  British,  not  the  pd.  il 
American  tiag,  which    was  struck.     Great  was  the   ^"-  ''■*■ 
joy  ol'the  inhabitants.     Sir  George  Prevost  retreat-  ,c| - 
ed  in  such  haste,  that  he  left  a  quantity  of  stor<?s 
and  ammunition  beiiind.     He  was  pursued  by  the 
Vermont  vohmteers  under  Gen.  Stroxg,  wlio  cut 
off  a  straggling  party.     The  whole  of  the  British 
fleet  remained  a  prize  to  the  Americans.     • 

14.  Com.  Porter,  who  sailed  in  the  frigate  Essex, 

had  cruised  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.     He  had  greatly  com.  Por- 
annoyed  the  enemy's  commerce,  having  captured  "^t;'"'^® 
twelve  armed  whale-ships,  M'hose  aggregate  force 
amounted  to  107  guns,  and  302  men.     One  of  these 
prizes  was   equipped, — named   the   Essex  Junior^ 
and  c^iven  in  command  to  Lieut.-  Dow?rES. 

15.  To  meet  the  Essex,  the  British  Admiralty 

had  sent  out  Com.  Hti.lyar,  with  the  Phebe  frigate  com.  hiiu 
and  the  Cherub  sloop  of  war.    Com.  Porter  finding  {^""^^j 
that  this  squadron  was  greatly  his  superior  in  force,     him. 
remained  in    the   harbor   of  Valparaiso,      But   at 
length  the  Phebe  approached,  when  by  a  storm  the 
Essex  had  been  partially  disabled.     Porter,  how- 
ever, joined  battle,  and  fought  the  most  severe  naval xheEUx 
action  of  the  whole  war.     He  did  not  surrender  un-  captured, 
til  all  his  officers  but  one  were  disabled,  and  nearly     22T. 
three-quarters  of  his  crew. 

16.  The  sloop  of  war  Frolic,  was  captured  by  a  April  21. 
British  frigate.  The  American  sloop  of  war  Pea-  Naval  D. 
cock,  fought  and  took  the  brig  Epervier.    The  Wasp, 

in  command  of  Capt.  Blakeley,  sailed  from  Ports- uaval  V. 
mouth,  New  Hampshire.  She  fought  the  brig  Pebv- 
deer,  and  was  conqueror  after  a  desperate  battle. 
Continuing  her  cruise,  she  next  met,  fought,  and  con- 
quered the  brig  Avon.  Three  British  vessels  hove 
in  sight  and  the  Wasp  left  her  prize.  She  after- 'r|;«,^g"^ 
wards  captured  fifteen  merchant-vessels.     But  the    ats«a. 

14.  Where  was  Com.  Porter?  Wnat  had  he  done  ?— 15.  Who 
■was  sent  to  meet  him  ?  What  was  the  consequence  ?  What  was 
the  American  loss? — 16.  What  naval  actiona  ocourrsd  in  April 
and  May?    Give  an  account  of  the  Wasp. 


806  JACKSON    AT   MOBILK. 

PT.  IV.  gallant  ship  was  heard  of  no  more ;  and  she  prol)- 
P'D.  II.  ably  went  down  at  sea. 

CH.  viiL       2  7_  q^j^p  discontents  of  the  opposition  party,  pro- 
1S14.  duced  a  Convention^  which  met  at  Hartford.     Del- 
egates were  appointed  by  the  legislatures  of  three 
States,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Rliode  Isl- 
Ha^nford  ^"^*     This  assemblage,  and  the  resolutions  which 
conven-  they  passed,  were  considered  by  the  people  gener- 
''°*     ally,  as  tending  to  sepai-ate  New  England  from  the 
Union,  at  least  in  degree ;  and  the  convention  Avas, 
therefore,  so  unpopular,  that  of  the  leading  men  en- 
■  gaged  in  it,  perhaps  no  one  was  ever  afterwards 
elected  to  office.     The  committee  by  whom  the  res- 
olutions were  to  be  transmitted  to  the  government, 
met  the  news  of  peace  on  their  way  to  Washington. 
That  conservative  patriotism  which,  in  monarchical 
governments  produces  loyalty  to  the  Sovereign,  in 
Amebica,  becomes  fealty  to  the  Union. 


CHAPTER  Vin. 

British  invasion  and  defeat  at  New  Orleans. 

1.  Aftee  the  treaty  with  the  Creeks,  Gen.  Jack- 
^uLTm*  son  had  fixed  his  head-quarters  at  Mobile.     Here 
a  hostile  he  learned  that  three  British  ships  had  entered  the 
^^      harbor  of  Pensacola,  and  landed  about  300  men,  un- 
der Col.  Nicholls, — together  with  a  large  quantity 
of  guns  and  ammunition,  to  arm  the  Indians. 
La  Fitto       ^-  ^^®  JBarratarians  were  a  band  of  pirates,  so 
and  the  called  from  their  island  of  Barrataria.    Col.  Nicholls 
attempted  to  gain  La  Fitte,  the  daring  chief  of  the 
band.    He  gave  Nicholls  to  think  that  he  would  aid 

17.  On  what  occasion  did  a  convention  meet  at  Hartford? 
Was  this  an  affair  of  individuals  acting  in  their  private  capacity, 
or  one  in  which  State  erovernments  were  implicated?  Why  was 
it  unpopular?     Repeat  tlie  concluding  sentence. 

Chaptek  VIII. — I.  Where  was  Gen.  Jackson  after  the  peace 
with  the  Creeks ?  Wliat  did  he  there  leara  had  happened? — 2. 
Give  an  account  of  the  Barratarians. 


Barrata' 
rians. 


INVASION  AT  NEW  ORLEANS.  30T 

him,  until  he  had  learned  from  him  that  the  British  pt.  iv. 
wei'e  to  make  a  powerful  attempt  upon  New  Orleans.  prxTL" 
La  Fitte  then  went  to  Claiborne,  the  governor  ol  *'^  "^™- 
Louisiana,  and  laid  open  the  whole  scheme.     The  -g,- 
pirates  were  promised  pardon,  if  they  would  now 
come  forward  in  defence  of  their  country.     These 
conditions,  they  gladly  accepted ;  and  they  rendered 
efficient  service. 

3.  Gen.  Jackson,   seeing  that  the  British  were 
using  a  Sj)anish  port,  for  hostile  acts  against  the   n„t,.  7. 
United  States,  went  to  Pensacola,  and  forcibly  took  Jackson 
possession  of  the  place.     The  British  destroyed  the    sacoia. 
the  forts  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor,  and  with 
their  shipping  evacuated  the  bay. 

4.  There  Gen.  Jackson  was  informed,  that  Admi- 
ral Cochrane  had  been  reinforced  at  Bermuda,  and 
that  thirteen  ships  of  the  line,  with  transports,  and 
an  army  of  10,000,  were  advancing.  Believing  New 
Orleans  to  be  their  destination,  he  marched  for  that 
place,  and  reached  it  on  the  1st  of  December.  D«ci. 

5.  The  inhabitants  were  already  preparing  for  in- 
vasion, particularly  Gov.  Claiborne  and  Edward 
Livingston.     On  Gen.  Jackson's  arrival,  all  agree-     ^^ 
ing  to  put  him  at  the  head  of  aiFairs,  he  spared  no  Jackson 
pains,  nor  forgot  any  possible  resource  to  enable  the  fiJe'^hcad! 
Louisanians  to  meet  the  coming  shock.     He  had  a 
motley  mass  of  persons  under  his  direction ;  and  a 

few  days  must  decide  the  fate  of  New  Orleans.  To 
direct  their  energies,  and  to  keep  them  from  favor- 
ing the  enemy,  which  he  had  reason  to  fear  some 
were  inclined  to  do,  he  took  the  daring  responsibil- 
ity of  proclaiming  martial  law. 

6.  The  enemy  passed  into  JLake  JBorgne.     They 

then  mastered  a  flotilla,  which,  commanded  by  Capt.  Dec  la 
Jones,  guarded  the  passes  into  Lake  Pontchartrain. 
Gen.  Kean,  at  the  head  of  3,000  British  troops, 
landed  at  the  head  of  Lake  Borgne,  and  took  post 


Dec.9i 


3.  What  course  did  Jackson  take  "Vv'itli  respect  to  Pensacola  ? 
— 4.  Wluit  did  he  lieiir,  and  wliat  do?— 5.  What  course  did  the 
inhabitants  of  New  Orleans  take  ?  What  bold  measures  did  Geu. 
Juckflon  pursue?— 6.  Describe  the  course  of  the  enemy. 


308  THE    EIGHTH    OF   JANUARY. 

FT.  iv.  on  the  Mississippi,  nine  miles  below  ISIew  Orleans?, 
FDriir 'J^'lie  next  day,  late  in  the  afternoon,  Gen.  Jackson 
OH.  VIII.  attacked   him;  but  the   J3ritisli  troo}>s  stood   tlieir 

1814.  ground.  The  Americans  retired  to  a  strong  pt)si- 
Dec  28   tioii   which  was  tbrtitied  with  ijreat  care  and  skill, 

the     and  in  a  novel  and  effectual  manner.     Bags  ot"  eot- 

^S/'p'pL  ^^'^  ^ere  used  in   making  the  breast-woi'k,  wliicli 

Whole    received   balls,   like    mounds  of  earth.     The   river 

"do.  ■   was  on  one  side  of  the  army,  and  a  thick  wood  on 

.  ^""./^    the  other. 

unknown.  7.  SiR  Edward  Packe^tham,  the  coiumander-in- 
chief  of  the  British  force,  accompanied  by  Major 
Gen.  Gibbs,  arrived  at  the  British  encampment 
with  the  main  army  and  a  large  body  of  artil- 
lery. .  .  .  On  the  first  day  of  the  new  year,   both 

1815.  armies  received  reinforcements.  That  of  the  British 
Jan.  1.   now  amounted  to  14,000,  while  all  that  Jackson  had 

under  his   command  were  6,000, — and  a  part  of 
these  undisciplined. 

8.  On  the  8th  of  January,  the  British  made  their 
grand  assault  on  the  American  camp,  and  were  cn- 
j^EW   tirely  defeated.     They  attacked  three  times  with 
^^^f"  great  spirit,  and  were  three  times  repulsed  by  the 
Br.  L.    well-directed  fire  of  the  American  marksmen.     Sir 
Am.  L.  Edward  Packenhani  was  killed,  and  the  two  gen- 
k.  7,  w.  6.  erals  next  in  command  were   wounded.     The  dis- 
parity of  loss,  on  this  occasion,  is  utterly  astonish- 
ing.    While  that  of  the  enemy  was  2,600,  that  of 
the  Americans  was  but  seven  killed,  and  six  wound- 
ed.     Completely  disheartened,   the   British   aban- 
doned the  expedition  on  the  night  of  the  1 8th,  leav- 
ing behind  their  wounded  and  artillery. 

6.  What  occurred  on  the  23d  of  Dec?  What  was  the  loss  on 
both  sides?  What  can  you  say  of  the  position  wliere  Gen.  Jack- 
Bon  entrenched  his  army?  Of  his  manner  of  fortification? — 7. 
What  was  the  numerical  force  of  each  army  5 --8.  Desciibe  the 
remarkable  battle  of  the  8lh  of  January  ?  What  was  the  loss  on 
both  sides  \ 


PEACE.  309 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Peack  with  England. — Naval  combats. — War  with  Algiers. 

1.  Oisr  the   l7th  of  February,   1815,  while   the  pt.iv. 
Americans  were  yet  rejoicing  for  the  victory  at  po.  ii. 
New  Orleans,  a  special  messenger  arrived  from  En-    ^^-  '^ 
rope,  bringing  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  the  com-  1§15. 
missionei"s  had  concluded  in  the  month  of  December,  ^^^'-  ^'• 
at  Ghent.     This  treaty,  which  was  immediately  rat-  1814. 
iiied  by  the  president  and  senate,  stipulated  that  TWatv 
all  places  taken  dui-ing  the  war  should  be  restored,  ^f  peace 
and  the  boundaries  between  the  American  and  Brit- at  Ghent, 
ish  dominions  revised.  .  .  .  The  motives  for  the  im- 
pressment of  seamen  had  ceased  with  the  wars  in 
Europe;  but  America  had  failed  to  compel  Eng-  . 
land  to  relinquish  M^hat,  by  a  pei*version  of  language, 

she  calls  the  "  right  of  search." 

2.  On  the  6th  of  April,  a  barbarous  massacre  was  jsj.^. 
committed  by  the  garrison  at  Dartmoor  prison^  in  dart- 
England,  upon  the  defenceless  Americans  who  were  ^^[2!^^^^ 
there  confined.     The  British  government  was  not,     t.  oa. 
however,  implicated  in  the  transaction. 

3.  The  United  States  declared  war  against  Al- 
giers.    The  Algerines  had  violated  the  treaty  of  Aigilrs. 


1795,  and  committed  depredations  upon  the  com- 
merce of  the  republic.  A  squadron,  under  Coii.  ..I^^^S'l 
DECATirK,  captured  in  the  Mediterranean,  an  Alge-  Jane  \i 
rine  frigate ;  and  also  a  brig,  carrjdng  twenty-two  ^^^  ^^' 
guns.  He  then  sailed  for  Algiers.  The  Dey,  intira-  rp_patv 
idated,  signed  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  was  highly  ^.jtij 
honorable  and  advantageous  to  the  Amencans.  Algiers. 

4.  At  the  dose  of  the  war,  the  regular  anny  of 
the  United  States  was  reduced  to  10,000  meu.    For  ^^l^^^ 
the  bett-er  protection  of  the  country,  in  cas€   of  an- 

Chapter  IX.— 1.   Wliat  news  arrived  on  the  I7th  "^f  February, 

1815  ?    At  what  time  was  the  treaty  coneJiided  ?    What  were  !?otne 

<^f  its  Ktipiilatioiis? — 2.  Wliat  uh-ussiicre  occurred  ?— 3.   Wliat  war 

wai*  declared  ?     What  squadron  was  sent  outi     Wliat  was  doao 

by  Decatur  ? — 4.  W  hat  was  the  number  of  the  army  ? 


310  CXDTTON    FACr01{II':S. — TARIFF. 

P'T.  IV.  Other  war,  Congress  appropriated  a  large  sum  for 

P'D.  II.  fortifying  the  seorcoast  and  inland  frontiers,  and  for 

*^-  ^^   the  increase  of  the  navy,  .  .  .  An  act  was  passed 

1816.  by  Congress,  to  establish  a  national  bank,  with  a 

A na'Jionai  capital  of  $35,000,000.  ...  In  December,  Indiana 

bank,    was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State. 

5,  MANUFACTUKEa. — As  early  as  the  year  1790, 
factories  for  the  spinning  of  cotton,  and  manufactur- 
ing of  coarse  cotton-cloths,  were  attempted  in  the 
State  of  Rhode  Island.     They  were  first  on  a  small 

Progress  scale ;  but  as  the  cloths  found  a  ready  market,  their 
factories  number  and  extent  gradually  increased.  The  em- 
*'^j'^*^^*'°  barrassments,  to  which  commerce  was  subjected 
previous  to  the  war,  had  increased  the  demand  for 
American  goods ;  and  led  the  people  to  reflect  upon 
the  importance  of  depending  upon  themselves,  inde- 
pendent of  the  manufactures  of  foreign  nations. 

6.  During  the  war,  large  capitals  were  vested  in 
manufacturing  establishments,  from  which  the  capi- 
tali.sts  realized  a  handsome  profit.     But  at  its  close, 

EevniBion  the  English  having  made  great  improvements  in 
*^'"^"^'  labor-saving  machines,  and  being  able  to  sell  their 
goods  at  a  much  lower  rate  than  the  America  nnian- 
ufacturers  could  afford,  the  country  was  immedi- 
ately filled  by  importations  from  England.  The 
American  manufactures  being  in  their  infancy,  could 
not  stand  the  shock,  and  many  failed. 

v.  New  Tariff. — The  manufacturers  then  peti- 
tioned government  for  protection,  to  enable  them  to 
withstand  the  competition ;  and  in  consequence  of 
this  petition,  the  committee  on  commerce  and  man- 
Mannfac-  ufactures,  in  1816,  recommended  that  an  additional 
turesen-  duty  should  be  laid  on  imported  goods.     A  new 
^^^     tariff,  or  arrangement  of  duties,  was  accordingly 
formed,  by  which  a  small  increase  of  duty  was  laid 

4.  What  was  done  to  put  the  country  in  a  state  of  defence? 
What  act  was  passed  in  April,  ISlfil  What  State  was  admitted  ? 
— 5.  Give  some  account  of  the  progress,  before  the  war,  of  manu- 
facturing cotton  cloth. — 6.  How  did  the  manufacturers  .succeed 
during  the  war?  How  after  the  war? — 7.  What  did  the  inunu- 
factnrers  then  desire  the  government  to  do?  What  was  accord- 
ingly' done? 


ROADS    AND    CANALS.  311 

upon  some  fabrics,  such  as  coarse  cotton  goods;  ft.  iv. 
but  from  the  strength  of  the  opposition,  it  was  not  p'd.  il 
sufficient  to  afford  the  desired  protection.  '^^  ^• 

8.  Colonization  Society. — A  Society  for  colo- ^^^„ 
nizing  free  blacks  was  formed.     Tlie  society  pur- First  pro*, 
chased  hind  in  Africa,  where  they  yearly  removed    p°**^*^ 
considerable  numbers  of  the  free  blacks  from  Amer- 
ica.   The  colony  thus  formed  is  named  Liberia.  .  .  . 

On  the  4th  of  March  James  Moneoe  was  inaugu-  1§]7. 
rated  president  of  the  United  States,  and  Daniel  D.  M'»'cL4. 
Tompkins,  vice-president. 

9.  A   treaty   was   made  with  the  chiefs  of  the  r  jj-_ 
Wyandot,  Delaware,  Shawanese,  Seneca,  Ottowa,  rpp^jl^g^ 
Chippewa,   and  Potawatomie   Indians.       Each   of 
these  tribes  ceded  to  the  United  States,  all  lands  to 
which  they  had  any  title  within  the  limits  of  Ohio. 

The  Indians  were,  if  they  chose,  to  remain  on  the 
ceded  lands,  subject  to  the  laws  of  the  State  and 
country.  .  .  .  The  Territory  of  Mississippi  was  this 
year  admitted,  as  a  State,  into  the  Union. 


CHAPTER  X. 

Internal  Improvements. — Seminole  War. 

1.  The  political  feuds  which  had,  since  the  Rev-  ***'• 

olution,  occasioned  so  much  animosity,  were  now  jn^grnai 
gradually  subsiding.  A.  spirit  of  improvement  was  improve- 
also  spreading  over  the  country.  Facilities  for  ^^^^ 
travelling^  and  conveying  merchandise  and  produce^  Dewitt 
were  continually  increasing.  These  improvements  cuntou. 
Avere,  however,  made  by  the  State  governments; 
among  which,  the  wealthy  State  of  New  York,  at  canaiTof 
whose  head  was  the  illustrious  De  "VVitt  Clinton,    ^-  ^• 

8.  What  society  was  formed  ?  What  is  the  African  colony 
called?  Who  were  made  president  and  vice-president  of  the  U. 
S.  ?— 9.  What  treaty  did  the  government  make  ?  What  Territory 
was  admitted  as  a  State  ? 

Chapter  X. — 1.  What  was  at  this  time  the  condition  of  the 
country  ?  By  what  authority  were  the  improvements  in  roads, 
canals,  &c.,.made  ?     What  State  and  what  man  took  tlje  lead  ? 


t§16. 


312  8KMTNOI.K    WAK. 

FT.  IV.  took  the  lead.     The  fjreat  v^estern  canal^  connecting 
r'D.  Tl.  Lake  Erie  with  the  waters  of  the  Hudson  ;  and  tlie 
cu.  X.    northern  canaL  brin2:infr  to  the  same  river  the  waters 
of  Lake  Chatnplain,  were  in  1823,  fully  completed. 

2.  Congress,  however,  V)y  th6  consent  of  the  leg- 
islatures of  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia, 

The  Cum- caused  the  great   G  umber  la)  id  road  to    be  made; 
beriand   conncctins:,  throu2:h  the  seat   of  o^overnment,  the 

road.  o?  o  o  ? 

eastern  with  the  western  States,  and  passing  over 
some  of' the  liighest  mountains  in  the  Union.  3Iil- 
Itary  roads  were  opened  from  Plattsburg  to  Sack- 
ett's  Harbor,  and  from  Detroit  to  the  rapids  of  the 
Mauraee.  Military  posts  were  established  in  the 
far  West.  One  of  these  was  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Yellow  Stone  River. 

3.  Seminole  War. — Outlaws  from  the  Creek  na- 
TbeSemi-tion,  and  negroes,  who  had  fled  from  their  masters, 
note  war.  j^^^  united  with  the  Seminole  Indians  of  Florida, 

and  massacres  became  so  frequent,  that  the  inhabi- 
tants were  obliged  to  flee  from  their  homes  for  se- 
curity.    They  were  incited  by  an  Indian  prophet, 
and  by  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister,  two  English  em- 
issaries. 
1817.      '^'  ^  detachment  of  forty  soldiers,  near  the  river 
Dec.  *  Ajyalachicola,  were  fired  upon  by  a  body  of  Indians 
8wu"and  ^^^^^  ^^J  ^"  ambush,  and  Lieut.   Scott,   Mho  com- 
84  men  mandcd,  and  all  the  party,  except  six,  were  killed. 
The  oifenders  were  demanded,  but  the  chiefs  re- 
Generai  fused  to  give  them  up.     Gen.  Jackson,  with  a  body 
Jackson  Qf  Tcnnessceans,  was  ordered  to  the  spot.     He  soon 
a  short   defeated  and  dispersed  them.      Persuaded  that  the 
campaign,  gpaniards  furnished  the  Indians  with  supplies,  and 
were  active  in  fomenting  disturbances,  he  entered 
Florida,  took  possession  of  forts  St.  Marks  and  Pen- 
sacola,  and  made  prisoners  of  Arbuthnot,  Ambris- 
ter, and  the  Indian  prophet. 

'Z.  What  great  work  was  accomplished,  and  at  what  time? 
"What  road  Wiis,  however,  made  by  C^n^ress  ?  What  military  roads 
were  made  ?  Wiiat  post.s  established  ? — 3.  What  was  the  cause  of 
tlie  Seminole  war?  By  whom  were  the  Indians  incited? — 4.  Re- 
late the  catastrophe  of  Lient.  Scott  and  his  party.  Who  was  sent 
against  the  Indians  ?     What  did  lie  do? 


A   JTIST    AND    A    HUMANE    POLICY.  313 

5.  A  court-martial  was  ordered  by  Gen.  Jaekson,  ft.  iv._ 
for  the  trial  of  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister.     They  pd.  il 
were  found  guilty  of  "  exciting  and  stirring  up  the    '"^  ^ 
Creek  Indians  to  war  against  the  United  States,"  .g^iy 
and  also  of  supplying  them  the  means  to  carry  on  two  bad 
the  war.     Gen.  Jackson  caused  them  both  to  be  ex-    ™®"- 
ecuted. 

6.  Pensions. — The  indigent  officers  and  soldiers 
of  the  Revolution  had  already  been  partially  pro- 
vided foi-.  A  more  ample  provision  was  now  made,  ^^  ^^j.  ^^ 
by  Avhich  every  officer,  who  had  served  nine  months  justice, 
at  any  period  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  whose 
annual  income  did  not  exceed  one  hundred  dollars, 
received  a  pension  of  twenty  dollars  a  month ;  and 
every  needy  private  soldier  who  had  served  that 
length  of  time,  received  eight. 

7.  Indians. — This  year  the  OhicJcasaws  ceded  to 

the  government  of  the  United  States,  all  their  lands  1818. 
west  of  the  Tennessee  river,  in  the  States  of  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee.  .  .  .  The  condition  of  those 
tribes  living  within  the  Territories  of  the  United-     ., 

o  •  /•     1  Provision 

States,  now  attracted  the  attention  oi  the  govern-    made 
ment,  and  a  humane  policy  dictated  its  measures.  {^^^^ 
The  sura  of  10,000  dollars  was  annually  appropriat- 
ed for  the  purpose  of  establishing  schools  among 
them,  and  to  promote  in  other  ways  their  civiliza- 
tion.     Missionaries,  supported   by   societies,   went 
among  the  Indians ;  and  success,  in  many  instances, 
ci'owned  their  efforts.  .  .  .  Alabama  Territory  was  is  19. 
this  year  admitted  into  the  union  of  the  States ;  Alabama. 
and  the  Territory  of  Arkansas  separated  from  Mis- 
souri Territory. 

8.  Female  Education. — ^In  December,  1818,  De  *f  ^ut 
Witt  Clinton,  then  governor  of  New  York,  recom-  ciiHton 
mended  in  his  message  to  the  legislature  of  that.me^f,|rat. 

■ — _____ — _ teiuion 

to  feiimlo 
5.  What  did  he  order?  "What  was  done  in  reference  to  Ar- cduratiou 
hnrthiiot  and  Ambrister?— 6.  What  measure  of  justice  did  Con- 
gress adopt?— 7.  What  tribe  ceded  their  lands  to  the  United 
States  ?  Wiiat  was  done  in  respect  to  the  Indian  tribes  ?  What 
State  was  admitted  ?  WIiml  territory  was  made  ?— 8.  What  State 
patronized  female  education  i     Wlio  reconiinende<.l  it? 

14 


314  CESSION    OF    FLORIDA. 

P'T.  IV.  State,  some  special  attention  to  the  education  of  fe- 

P'B.  II.  males.     The  legislature  passed  an  act,  in  the  course 

CH.  X.    Qf  ^jjg  session,  which  was  probably  the  first  act  of 

IS  19.  any  legislature,  making  public  provision  for  the  ed- 

rpi,f^egj8.uGation  of  young  women.     It  provides  that  acade* 

lature    mics  for  their  instruction  in  the  higher  branches  o1 

acfac-  learning,  shall  be  privileged  to  receive  a  share  oi 

eordingiy.  ^he  literature  fund. 

9.  Several  of  the  States,  especially  among  thos« 
recently  admitted,  have  since  made  provision  foi 
the   same   object.      Religious   denominations    and 

Large edi-^^^*^y  parents  of  daughters,  have  also  favored  it; 
flees,    and  throughout  the  country,  female  schools  have 
'^^lof**'  sprung  up.    Large  and  handsome  edifices  are  erect- 
furbished,  ed ;  and  adequate  teachers,  libraries,  and  apparatus, 
are  provided  for  the  use  of  the  students. 

10.  On  the  23d  of  February,  1819,  a  treaty  was 
Iteaty  negotiated  at  Washington,  between  John  Quincy 

with    Adams,  secretary  of  state,  and  Don  Onis,  the  Span- 
Spain    ish  minister ;  by  which,  Spain  ceded  to  the  United 
u^tedL    States,  East  and  "West  Florida,  and  the  adjacent 
islands.     The  United  States  agreed,  on  their  part, 
to  pay  to  their  own  citizens,  what  Spain  owed  them 
1§20.  on  account  of  unlawful  seizures  of  their  vessels ;  to 
Eatifled.  ^^  amount  not  exceeding  five  millions  of  dollars. 
1821.  The  treaty  was  ratified  by  the  Spanish  government 
^f"  in  October,  1820,  and  possession  of  the  Floridas 
given,    given  the  following  year. 

8.  What  act  was  passed  ? — 9.  What  has  since  been  done  in  re- 
gard to  female  education? — 10.  What  treaty  was  negotiated? 
When  ?  What  Territory  was  ceded  ?  What  was  the  American 
government  to  pay  for  it  ?  When  was  the  treaty  ratified  ?  When 
was  possession  given  2 


LIST  OF  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Geokge  "Washington,  of  Virginia ; 

(Two  terms,  8  years) Ms  first  inauguration,  April  30, 1789. 

His  second,  March  4, 1793. 

John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts ; 

(One  term,  four  years),  March  4, 179?. 

Thomas  Jbfpebson,  of  Yirginia ; 

(Two  terms),  March  4, 1801. 

James  Madison,  of  Yirginia ; 

(Two  terms),  March  4, 1809. 

Tames  Monroe,  of  Yirginia ; 

(Two  terms),  March  4, 1817. 
John  Quinoy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts ; 

(One  term),  March  4, 1825. 
Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee ; 

(Two  terms),  March  4, 1829. 

Martin  Yan  Bueen,  of  Few  York ; 

(One  term),  March  4, 18S7. 
♦William  Henry  Harrison,  of  Ohio ; 

(Who  dies  after  one  month),  March  4, 1841 

John  Tyler,  of  Yirginia; 

Vice-president,  becomes  President,  April  4,  1841. 

James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee ; 

(One  term),  March  4, 1845. 

*Zaohary  Taylor,  of  Mississippi ; 

(Who  dies  after  1  year  and  4  months),  March  4, 1849 
Millard  Fillmore,  of  New  York ; 

Vice-president,  succeeds,  July  9, 185a 

Franklin  Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire ; 

(One  term),  March  4, 1853. 
James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania ; 

(One  term),  March  4,  1857. 

The  presidents  were  all  members  of  the  national  legislature 
before  their  election,  and  had  all  studied  law,  except  Wash- 
ington, Harrison,  and  Taylor. 

*  Died  in  office.  If  from  this  list  is  copied  the  names  of  the  presidents, 
to  place  on  the  pillars  of  the  American  Temple  of  Time  enlarged-to  pr^ 
vent  the  drawing  being  crowded  the  two  names  marlteU  with  a  star  sboaia 
be  left  off. 


Osceola's   Attack. 


PERIOD   III. 


THB  CESSION 


THE  CLOSE  OF 


FROU 
TO 

fl§48.-j 


OF  FLOEIDA, 


THB  MBXlOAIf  ■WAR. 


CHAPTER  I. 

The  Vlissouri  Question. — The  Tariff. — Gen.  Lafayette's  Visit. 

1.  A  QUESTION  was   now  debated   in  Congress,  P'T.  iv. 
which  agitated  the  whole  country.    It  had  reference  P'D.  iil 
to  a  subject,  which,  at  this  time,  more  threatens  the    '^^  ^ 
stability  of  the  Union,  and  consequently  the  exist-  ijaou 
ence  of  this  nation,  than  any  other.    This  is  slavery. 
The  question  arose  on  a  petition  presented  to  Con-     The 
gress  from  the  Territory  of  Missouri,  praying  for  ^j^^^^ 
authority  to  form  a  State  government,  and  to  be 
admitted  into  the  Union.     A  bill  was  accordingly 
introduced .  for  that  purpose,  but  with  an  amend- 
ment, prohibiting  slavery  Mdthin  the  new  State.    In 
this  form,  it  passed  the  house  of  representatives,  but 
was  arrested  in  the  senate. 

Chaptkr  I. — 1.  What  very  important  question  was  now  debate<' 
ill  (jougress ?     What  was  done  in  reference  to  it? 

31" 


318  IIONROe's    SICOOND    TKKM. 

PT.  IV.       2.  After    much    discussion,    a    compromise  was 

PD.  III.  agreed  on,  and  a  bill  passed  for  the  admission  ol 

CH.  L     MissouKi  without  any  restriction,  but  with  the  ^V^- 

1821.  hibition  of  slavery  throughout  the  Territories  of 
mSed  ^^®  United  States,  north  o/  36°  30'  north  latitude. 

without  Maine  was  also  received  into  the  Union.  .  .  .  Mr. 

restnc-  j^oueou,  by  a  vote  nearly  unanimous,  entered  upon 

*  Maine  a  ^^  sccond  term  of  office.     Mr.  Tompkins  was  also 

seiiarate  continued  in  the  vice-presidency.  .  .  .  By  the  fourth 

census  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  1820,  was  found 

to  be  9,625,734,  of  whom  1,531,436  were  slaves. 

Jackson       3.  President  Monroe  appointed  Gen.  Jackson  gov- 

o^FroVidL  <^™<5i'  <5*'  Florida  in  March,  but  it  was  not  until 

August  that  the  reluctant  Spanish  officers  yielded 

up  their  posts.  .  .  .  The  AUigator,  a  United  States 

1822.  schooner,  was  sent  against  pirates  in  the  West  Indian 
Allen's    seas,  and  recaptured  five  vessels  belonging  to  Amer- 

"icans.      She  also  took  one  piratical  schooner;  but 
His  death.  Allen,  the  brave  commander  of  the  Alligator,  was 

mortally  wounded  in  the  engagement. 

1§23.      ^*  ^y  recommendation  of  the  president  the  inde- 

Eepubiics  pendence  of  the    South  American  Republics   was 

°^^-^-  acknowledged,    and    ministers   were   appointed   to 

1824.  ]].fQxico^  JBuenos  Ayres,  Columbia,  and  Chili. . . .  Ar- 

with    tides  were  entered  into,  by  the  United  States  and 

Gt.  B.  Great  Britain,  authorizing  the  commissioned  officers 

concern-  Qf  Q2ic\\.  nation,  to  Capture  and  conderai?  the  ships  of 

'eiave-    the  Other,  which  should  be  concerned  in  the  slave 

*''^«-    trade. 

5.  Notwithstanding  the    depression   which    suc- 
ceeded the  war,  the  manufacture  of  cotton  had  ulti- 
mately proved  successful.    Domestic  cottons  almost 
Manufae-  supplied  the  country,  and  considerable  quantities 
begin  to  were  exported  to  South  America.     Factories  for 
prosper,  ppini^jug  calicocs,  had  been  erected  in  a  few  places ; 
and  in  some  instances  the  manufacture  of  lace  had 

2.  What  coinpromise  was  made  ?    What  other  State  was  admit- 
ted at  the  same  time  ?     What  was  the  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1820? — 3.   Wlio  was  made  govertior  of  Florida?     What  was  done 
in  the  West  Indian  seas  ?— 4.   What  was  done  in  reference  to  tk 
South  Americun  Republics  ?    In  regard  to  t-he  slave-trade  ? 


THE  nation's  guest.  319 

boon   attempted.      The   manufacturei*s    and    their  p-t.  tv. 
friends,  still   wished  the  government  to    lay   such  fd.  hi. 
a  duty  on   imported  cotton  goods,  as  must  make    '^"-  ^• 
tiiem  so  high  in  the  market,  that  they  could  afford  1§24. 
to  undersell  foreign  goods  of  the  kind.     After  much  ^  pmtec- 
discussion,  a  bill  for  a  new  tariff  passed.    It  afforded  tive  t&nS. 
the  desired  protection   to  cotton  goods;    but  the 
question  was  still  agitated  in  favor  of  the  manufac- 
tures of  wool,  iron,  &c.   . 

6.  General  Lapateite*  arrived  in  New  York, 
in  consequence  of  a  special  invitation,  which  Con- 
gress had  given  him,  to  become  tlie  guest  of  Amer-  A.ng.  i5. 
ica.     His  feelings  were  intense  at  revisiting  again,  arrives. 
in  prosperity,  the  country,  which  he  had  sought  and 
made  his  own  in  adversity.     Esteemed,  as  he  was, 

for  his  virtues,  and  consecrated  by  his  sufferings  and 
constancy,  no  good  man  of  any  country  could  view 
him,  without  an  awe  mingled  with  tenderness ;  but  ^q^I^/^l' 
to  Americans  there  was  besides,  gratitude  for  his 
services,  and  an  associated  remembrance  of  those 
worthies  of  the  Revolution,  with  whom  he  had 
lived. 

7.  Thousands  assembled  to  meet  Lafayette  at 
New  York ;  who  manifested  their  joy  at  beholding 
him  by  shouts,  acclamations,  and  tears.  He  rode, 
uncovered,  from  the  Battery  to  the  City  Hall,  re- 
ceiving and  returning  the  affectionate  gratulationsHisrecep. 
of  the  multitude.  At  the  City  Hall,  he  Avas  wel-  ^"4" 
comed  by  an  address  from  the  mayor.     He  then 

met  with  a  few  gray-headed  veterans  of  the  Revo- 
lution, his  old  companions  in  arms;  and  though 
nearly  half  a  century  had  passed  since  they  parted, 
his  Ikithful  memory  had  kept  their  countenances 
and  names. 

*  In  the  (lays  of  the  Revolution,  The  Marquis  de  la  Fayette  was  the  style 
by  ■which  the  hereditary  nobleman  was  known.  Subsequently  he  renounced 
all  distinctions  of  this  kind,  and  would  receive  no  other  title  than  that  given 
by  his  military  rank.    His  address  was  then  General  Lafayette. 

5.  "What  protection  did  the  manufacturers  still  desire?  Was  a 
new  tariff  formed  which  met  their  wishes  ? — 6.  What  is  here  said 
of  Geii.  Lafayette? — 7.  How  was  he  receis'ed  in  New  York? 


820  "  THE    ERA    OF    GOOD    FEELING." 

PT.  IV.       8.  He  travoUed  first  cast ;  then  south  and  west, 

P'i>.  iiL  "^'isiting  all  the  princi])al  cities,  and  every  State  in 

^"-  '•     the  Union.     His  whole  progi-ess  througli  the  United 

„._,         States  was  one  continued  triumph,  the  most  illustri- 

oftri-    ons  of  any  recorded  in  history.     Nor  w^as  it  merely 

ninph.    ]jonor,  whlch  the  grateful  republic  gave  to  lier  fo]-iner 

_„5j_   defender.     Congress  voted  him  the  sum  of  two  hun- 

Jainmi'y!  dred  thousand  dollars,  and  a  township  of  land  iu 

Florida. 

9.  During  Mr.  Monroe's  administration,  Amei-ica 
1817  enjoyed  profound  peace.  Sixty  millions  of  her  na- 
1§25.  ^i^"^^  debt  were  discharged.      The  Floridas   were 

peacefully  acquired ;  and  the  western  limits  of  the 
National  Republic  were — on  account  of  the  discoveries  of 
and  peacl  ^-^PT.  Grey,  of  Boston,  and  the  expedition  of  Clark 
and  Lewis,  under  Mr.  Jeiferson — now  acknowl- 
edged to  extend  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  The  voice  of 
party  spirit  had  died  away,  and  the  period  is  still 
spoken  of,  as  the  "era  of  good  feeling." 

10.  Mr,  Monroe's  second  term  of  office  havinor 
Four  can- expired,  four  among  the  principal  citizens  were  set 
for  presi- i^ip  as  candidates  for  the  presidency — John   Qr.incy 

dent     Adams,  Andrew  Jackson,  Henry  Clay,  and  William 

.,    ,  ,    H.  Crawford.     No  choice  being  made  by  the  elect- 

by  the    ors,  a  president  was  to  be  chosen  bv  the  house  of 

*eiecfors.  representatives,   from  the   three  candidates  whose 

number  of  votes  stood  highest.    These  were  Messrs. 

Adams,  Jackson,  and  Crawford.     Mb.  Adams  Avas 

chosen. 

11.  On  the  4th  of  July,  1826,  died  John  Adams 
July  4.'  and  Thomas  Jefferson.     Their  deaths  occurring 

on  the  same  day,  and  that,  the  birth  of  tlie  nation, 
18*31.  caused  intense  public  feeling.  .  ,  .  Another  anniver- 
Juiy  4   sary  witnessed  the  death  of  Mr,  Monroe. 

12.  A  man  by  the  name  of  William  Morgan, 
who  M'as  preparing  to  publish  a  book,  purporting  to 


8.  "What  can  you  s:iy  of  his  travels  and  proo:ress  throusrh  the 
country?  Of  the  gratitiule  of  our  republic  on  this  occasion  ? — 9. 
Wliat  was  now  tlie  condition  of  the  country? — 10.  What  was  tiic 
course  of  tlie  election? — 11.  W)iat  three  ex-presiJents  died  uv 
tb«  4th  of  July  ?     In  what  years  ? 


MOKGA:^  S    ABDUCTION.  321 

disclose  the  secrets  of  Free-masonrj,  was  taken,  on  ft.  i^. 
the   11th  of  September,  under  color  of  a  criminal  pd.  hl 
process,  from  Batavia,  Genesee  county,  Xew  York, —    ^^  "- 
to  Canandaigua,  in  Ontario  county, — examined  and  ,-gg,^ 
discharged;  but  on  his  leaving  the  pnson  in  the 
evening,  he  was  seized  by  persons  unknown,  forced  (Supposed 
into  a  carria<?e,  I'apidiv  driven  out  of  the  villasre,     '^"^ 

1  11,-      r  -J  •  rp!    '  to  punish 

and  was  never  seen   bv  his  mends  acram,  ...  1  ne    bis  re- 
legislature  of  New  York  appointed  a  committee  ofj^j^Y^^grftg 
mvestigation,   who  reported  that  William  Morgan  of  Free- 
had  been  put  to  death.    Morgan's  abduction  excited  "he'^w^' 
a  strong  prejudice  against  Free-masonry  ;  and  a  po- browned.) 
litical  party  was  formed,  called  the  Anti-masonic, — 
the  time-honoi"ed  institution  of  Masonry  has,  how-  masonic 
ever,  in  a  great  measure,  recovered  from  the  blow    p*^- 
which  it 
votaries. 


which  it  thus  received  from  a  few  of  its  misguided 


CHAPTER  n. 

Black  Hawk's  war. — The  cholera. — Xullification. 

1.  The  tariff  act  was  again  amended  and  addi-  i§2§. 
tional  duties  were  laid  on  wool  and  woollens,  iron.  Another 
hemp   and   its   fabrics,  lead,   distilled   spirits,    silk '"^'J^^*^* 
stuffs,  windo%y-glass,  and  cottons.     The  manufactur- 
ing States  received  the  law  with  warm  approbation ; 
while  the  southern  States  regarded  it  as  highly  preju- 
dicial to  the  interests  of  the  cotton  planter.  .  .  .  Ges.  1§29. 
Jacksox  Avas  inaugurated  president,  and  Johx  C.  j^ckwi 
Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  vice-president  of  the  inansa- 
United  States.  ~*'"" 

2.  Though  the  tariff  bill  found  but  few  friends  in 
the  southern  States,  the  citizens  of  most  of  them 
were  in  favor  of  seeking  its  repeal  by  constitutional 

12.  What  offence  had  William  Morgan  £ri%'en  the  Masonic  so- 
cieties ?  Give  an  accouni  of  Moraran's  abduction.  "What  w;is  done 
in  consequence  of  Morgan's  abduction  ? 

Chaptkr  II. — 1.  Wliat  further  was  done  in  reference  to  the 
tariff  I  In  what  vear  was  President  Jackson's  first  inauguration  I 
Who  was  made  vice-pre^ide^t  ? 

14* 


ration. 


322  ASIATIC    CHOLERA. 

P'T.  IV.  measures.      In   Soiith   Carolina,   however,   a   sjnall 
P'D.  III.  majority,  now  first  called  tlie  "  State  rights"  party, 
OH.  iL    jjj^^    afterwards    the   "  nullifiers,"    were    pre])ariiig 
1  «ta  themselves,  by  high  excitement,  for  rasli  measures. 

3.  The  Winnebagoes,  Sacs,  and  Foxes,  inhabiting 
April,    the  upper  Mississippi,  became  hostile.     Under  their 

iilwk's  ^^^^6^5  Black  Hawk,  they  scattered  rapidly   their 
war.     well-mounted  war  parties  over  that  defenceless  coun- 
try, breaking  up  settlements,  and  killing  whole  fam- 
ilies.    Gens.  Atkinson  and  Scott,  were  charged 
with  the  defence  of  that  frontier. 

4.  The  Asiatic  cholera  made  its  appearance  in 
<!hoiM-a  "at  ^^'^^^^i  on  the  9th  of  June,  among  some  newly  ar- 

Quebec.  rived  Irish  emigrants.     It  proceeded  rapidly  along 
the  valleys  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Champlain,  and 
Hudson,  and  on  the  26th  several  cases  occurred  in 
At^New  the  city  of  ISTew  York.     A  great  proportion  of  the 
York,    inhabitants  left  the  place  in  dismay ;  but,  notwith- 
standing the  reduction  of  numbers,  the  ravages  of 
the  disease  were  appalling.     It  spread  with  great 
Prosress  rapidity  throughout  the  States  of  New  York  and 
cholera  Michigan,  and  along  the  valleys  of  the   Ohio  and 
*^the°''  Mississippi,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.      From  New 
Uaion.   York,  it  went  south  through  the  Atlantic  States,  as 
far  as  North  Carolina.     It  apparently  followed  the 
great  routes  of  travel,  both  on  the  land  and  water. 

5.  Gen.  Scott,  hastening  to  the  seat  of  the  war, 
embarked  a  considerable   force  in   steamboats,  at 

Qen°g^'„tt  Buffalo.    The  season  was  hot,  the  boats  were  crowd- 
and  the  ed,  and  the  cholera  broke  out  among  the  troops, 
forthe   Language  cannot  depict  the  distress  that  ensued, 
Indian   "both  before  and  after  their  landing ;  and,  although 
Gen.  Scott  watched  over  the  sick  soldiers  with  a 
father's  tenderness,  yet  many  died,  and  many  de- 
serted from  dread  of  the  disease  and  perished  in  the 
woods — either  from  cholera  or  starvation.  .  .  .  Gen. 

2.  What  party  now  arose  in  South  Carolina  ?— 3.  Give  some 
account  of  Blacli  Hawk's  war. — 4.  At  what  time  did  the  Asiatio 
cholera  make  its  appearance,  and  where  ?  What  course  did  it 
pursue  ? — 5.  By  what  cause  waa  Gen.  Scott  detained  with  his 
troops  ? 


THE   NULLIFYING    OKDINANCE.  323 

Atkinson  came  up  with  Black  Hawk's  army,  near  pt.  iv. 
the  mouth  of  the  upper  Iowa,  and  routed  and  dis-  p'd.  iil" 
persed  them.     Black  Hawk,  his  son,  and  several    '^^^^ 
warriors  of  note,  were  made  prisoners. 

6.  The  /State  rights  party,  in  /South   Carolina, 

held  a  convention  at  Columbia,  from  whence  they  j(foy  jg^ 
issued  an  ordinance  in  the  name  of  the  people,  in  NnUifica* 
which  they  declared  that  Congress,  in  laying  pro-  ^^^  ®^" 
tective  duties,  had  exceeded  its  just  powers;  and      *"*** 
that  the  several  acts  alluded  to,  should,  from  that 
time,  be  utterly  null  and  void/  and  that  it  should  be 
the  duty  of  the  legislature  and  the  courts  of  justice 
of  South  Carolina,  to  adopt  measures  to  arrest  their 
operation,  from  and  after  the  1st  of  February,  1833. 

7.  The  friends  of  the  Union,  in  South  Carolina, 
also  held  a  convention,  at  Columbia,     They  pub- 
lished a  solemn  protest  against  the  ordinance.   Meet-  ^^-  ^ 
ings  were  held,  and  similar  resolutions  passed,  in  al-  Unionisu 
most  every  part  of  the  United  States.     When  the  "^^''^f 
legislature  of  South  Carolina  convened,  Gov.  Ham- 
ilton, in  his  message,  expressed  his  approval  of  the 
ordinance.    He  recommended  that  the  militia  should  Nov.  27. 
be  reorganized ; — that  the  executive  should  be  au-  thoruiM 
thorized  to  accept  of  the  services  of  12,000  volun-  approve, 
teers ; — and  that  provision  should  be  made  for  pro- 
curing heavy  ordnance,  and  other  munitions  of  war. 

8.  On  the  10th  of  December,  President  Jackson 
published  a  proclamation,  in  which  he  said,  "  I  con- 
sider, then,  the  power  to  annul  a  law  of  the  United  President 
States,  assumed  by  one  State,  incompatible  with  the  g^^,* "i^"^^ 
existence  of  the  Union, — contradicted  expressly  by  lamation. 
the  Constitution, — unauthorized  by  its  spirit, — in- 
consistent with    every  principle  on  which  it  was 
founded,  and  destructive  of  the  great  object  for 
which  it  was  formed." 

5.  What  was  done  by  Gen.  Atkinson? — 6.  "What  convention 
was  held  ?  What  was  declared  in  the  celebrated  ordinance  ? — 7. 
What  did  the  friends  of  the  Union  in  S.  C.  ?  What  did  the  gov- 
ernor?— 8.  When  did  the  President  issue  a  proclamation?  What 
\ii;w  did  he  take  of  the  que-tion  of  a  State's  annulling  the  laws  of 
tlir<  geatjral  government? 


324  A    CRISIS    MET    Bi"    GREAT   MEN. 

P'T.  IV.       9.  In  conclusion,  the  president  plainly  said, — that 

P'D.  luTthe  laws  ot"  the  United  States  must  he  executed., — • 

*"^  "'-    that  he  had  no  discretionary  power  on  the  subject; 

that  those  who  said  they  might  peaceabli/  prevent 

their  execution,  deceived  them ;  that  nothing  but  a 

Shows  the  forcible   opposition   could  prevent   their  execution, 

nuiiiflers  and  tliat  such  opposition  tnust  be  repelled ;  for  "  dis- 

their  error        .         ,  -5-',.  „  ,  •  1     tt  ■      ^  i>       x.'- 

ana  their  uuion  by  armed  lorce,"  he  saul,  "is  treason,"     J^i- 
danger.   nally,  he  appealed  to  the  patriotism  of  South  Caro- 
lina, to  retrace  her  steps ;  and,  to  the  country,  to 
rally  in  defence  of  the  Union. 

10.  This  proclamation  of  Gen.  Jackson  was  popu- 
lar— with  all  ranks  and  parties.     It  was  not,  how- 
ever, immediately  followed   by  submission  on  the 
part  of  South  CaroUna;  but  preparations  for  war 
went  on, — both  on  the  side  of  the  general  govern- 
ment, and  that  of  the  opposing  State. 
-___        11.  On   the   12th  of  February,  Mr.  Clay  intro- 
Feb.  12.*  duced  into  the  Senate  his  plan  of  compromise.    The 
Mr.  Clay's  }jii[  reduced  the  duties  on  certain  articles,  and  lim- 
mise     ited  the  operation  ot  the  tarift'  to  the  30th  Septem- 
Tanff  bill,  j^yj.^  1842.     Mr.  Glay''s  compromise  bill  was  signed 
by  the  president,  and  became   a  law  on  the  3d  of 
March.     It  gave  content  to  the  citizens  of  the  Uni- 
ted  States ;    for  the  Union   is  the  life   of  the  na- 
March  4.  ^i<^"-  •  ■  •  GrEN.  Jackson  having  been  I'e-elected  pres- 
jackson  ident,   and  Martin  Van   Buren,   of  New  York, 
*Buren.°  choscu  vice-president,   they   were,   on   the   4th   of 
March,  inaugurated. 


CHAPTER  ni. 

The  aboriginal  tribes  of  the  Mississippi  sent  to  the  Far  West.— 
The  Florida  war. 

1.  Gen.  Jackson,  in  his  message,  p-oposed  that 
an  ample  district,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  with- 

9.  What  did  he  say  in  regard  to  tlie  laws  being  executed? — 10. 
Was  this  proclamation  popular?  Did  S.  C.  immediately  submit  J 
— 1 1.  What  was  introduced  into  Congress  ?  How  was  it  received  I 
What  may  be  said  of  the  Union?  At  what  time  was  Gen.  Jaok- 
•on's  second  inauguration  ?     Who  was  made  vice-  president? 


REMOVAL    OF   THE   INDIANS.  325 

out  the  limits  of  any  State  or  Territory,  should  be  P't.  iv. 
set  apart  and  guaranteed  to  the  remaininsr  Indian  pd.  iil 
tribes;  each  to  have  distinct  jurisdiction   over  the    cu.  m. 
part  designated  for  its  use,  and  free  fiom  any  con-  1§30. 
trol    of  the  United    States,  other  than  miglit   be  p^o^.^es 
necessary  to  pi-eserve  peace  on  the  frontier.     Con-      the 
gress  approved  the  plan,  and  passed  laws  authoriz-  '^ofThe 
ing  the  president  to  carry  it  into  execution,  Indians, 

2.  With  the  Chickasaws  2i.xidi  Choctaws^  treaties  -goi 
were   made  by  which  they  exchanged  lands,  and  a  ^  ^* 
quietly  emigrated  to  the  country  fixed  on;  which  "riie 
was  the  temtory  west  of  Arkansas,     The  United  ^^g^and 
States  paid  the  expense  of  their  removal,  and  sup-  cuoctaws 
plied  them  with  food  for  the  first  year,  ,  .  ,  When  '^^"°^^' 
Georgia  ceded  to  the  United  States,  April  2,  1802,  i§03. 
all  that  tract  of  country  lying  south  of  Tennessee,  Georgia 
and  west  of  the  Chatahoochee  river,  the  government  Alabama. 
paid  in  hand  to  that  State  $1,250,000,  and  further 
agreed,  "at  their  own  expense,  to  extinguish,  tor 

the  use  of  Georgia,  as  early  as  the  same  could  be 
peaceably  obtained  upon  reasonable  terms,  the  In- 
dian title  to  the  lands  lying  within  the  limits  of  that 
State," 

3.  The  CheroTcees^  in  the  meantime,  exercised  a 

sort  of  independent  dominion,  within  their  i-eserva- <^«r°^««« 
tions ;  by  which  a  retreat  was  furnished  for  runaway  pendent 
slaves,  and  fugitives  from  justice,  who  were  ever    ^^^ 
ready  for  violence.     The  legislature  of  Georgia,  an- 
noyed by  their  aggressions,  extended  its  laws  and 
jurisprudence  over  the  whole  Indian  territory.    The 
Indians,  offended,  appealed  to  the  general  govern- 
ment for  redress.     The  well-known  policy  of  Presi-  1831. 
dent  Jackson,  was  to  remove  them ;  and  the  Geor- 
gians, thus  encouraged,  sought  to  make  their  posi-r'l^lf^Jutu 
tion  untenable.     They  put  in  prison  two  missiona-   prison. 

Chapter  III. — 1.  What  did  Gen.  Jackson  propose  with  regard 
to  the  remaining  Indian  tribes?  What  did  Congress  ? — 2.  What 
tribes  peaceably  emigrated  ?  What  contract  was  made  between 
the  general  government  and  Georgia?— 3.  In  what  situation  were 
the  Georgians  placed  ?  What  did  their  legislature  ?  W  hat  did  the 
ludians  ?  Wliat  did  Gen.  Jackson  ?  Whut  was  done  in  refereaoe 
tu  tho  inisaiouurieti  f 


326  THE    FLOEIDA    WAR   BEOINS. 

FT.  lY.  ries,  whom  they  suspected  of  dissuading  the  Indians 

P'D.  III.  against  the    removal.      The    president   would    do 

™-  '"•    nothing  to  check  these  irregular  proceedings. 

1  fi^fi       ^'  ^  treaty  was  at  length  obtained  by  the  agents 

*  of  the  general  government,  from  a  few  of  the  chiefs, 

Treaty  ^^  which  the  removal  of  the  tribes  was  to  take  place. 

vith  the  The  fairness  of  this  treaty  was  denied;  and  the  In- 

Chero-  dians  were  averse  to  leaving  their  pleasant  land,  and 

kces.    the  graves  of  their  fathers.     But  their  removal  was 

at  length  effected  without  bloodshed. 

5.  Flokida  "War. — The  greatest  difficulty  was 
Sept     found  with  the  Seminoles,  inhabiting  East  Florida. 

Ft.     A  treaty  was  made  at  Fort  Moultrie,  with  their 

Monltrie  chiefs,  by  which  they  relinquished  a  large  portion  of 

8em-*  their  lands,  but  reserved  a  part  for  the  residence  of 

inoiea.    their  people.  ...  A  further  treaty  was   made   at 

Payne's  Landing,  in  Florida ;  by  which  they  gave 

May  9.*  up  all  their  reservations,  and  conditionally  agreed  to 

Payne's  remove.     Subsequently,  some  of  their  chiefs  made 

I^*nding. this  agreement  absolute;  but  the  transaction  was 

regarded  by  the  Seminoles  generally,  as  unfair  and 

treacherous. 

6.  President  Jackson,  in  1834,  sent  Gen".  Wiley 
G^     Thompson  to  Florida,  to  prepare  for  the  emigra- 

Thomp-  tion.     He  soon  found  that  most  of  the  Indians  were 
eeirtto   unwilling  to  leave  their  homes.     On  holding  a  con- 
Fiorida.  ference  with  them,  Osceola,  their  favorite  chief,  a 
jj^^^j^  man  great  in  Indian  talents,  took  a  tone  that  dis- 
pleased him.    He  put  him  in  irons,  and  confined  him 
to  prison  for  a  day.   Osceola  seemed  penitent,  signed 
the  treaty  to  remove,  and  was  released.    But  he 
dissembled,  and  concerted  with  the  Indians  a  deep 
and  cruel  revenge. 

7.  The  government  ordered  troops  fi'om  the  south- 
ern posts  to  repair  to  Fort  Brooke,  at  Tampa  Bay. 
The  command  was  given  to  Gen.  Clinch,  who  was 

4.  What  treaty  was  obtained  ?  And  what  was  at  length  effec- 
ted ? — 5.  Where  was  the  greatest  difficulty  found  ?  What  treaties 
were  made  with  the  Seminoles?  At  what  times? — 6.  Who  was 
Bent  as  government  agent,  and  what  were  his  fiwt  measures  ? — 7. 
Wlio  was  appointed  to  the  commaud? 


A    FATAL    FIELD,  327 

at    Camp  King.    Major  Dade,   Avith    112   men,  p-r.  iv._ 
marched  from  Fort  Brooke  to  join  him.     About  p'd.  iil 
eighty  miles  of  the  toilsome  journey  had  been  ac-   *''*•  "^ 
complished,  when,  on  the  raorniuo:  of  the  28th,  Ma-  -co* 
jor  Dade  rode  m  tront  oi  nis  troops  and  cheered    oade's 
them  with  the  intelligence  that  their  march   was    ™'^''<=^ 
nearly  at  an  end.     A  volley  was  tired  at  the  mo-  ^^^  ^^ 
ment,  from    hundreds  of   unseen    muskets,      The  dadets 
speaker,  and  those  he  addressed,  fell  dead.     Thirty  ^/^2:7>. 
alone  remained,  when  the  Indians  drew  off.     They^ni.L.82. 
improved  the  respite  afforded  them,  to  construct  a 
breastwork  of  trees  which  they  felled.     While  they 
were  thus  engaged,  where  was  Osceola  ?     It  is  sup- 
posed that  he  went  the  twenty  miles  from  Dade's 
battle-field  to  Camp  King,  to  perform  a  work  there. 

8.  On  that  day.  Gen.  Wiley  Thompson,  with  a 
convivial  party,  was  dining  at  a  house  within  sight  ot 
the  garrison.    As  the  company  sat  at  table,  believing 
themselves  in  perfect  security,  a  discharge  of  muskets  ^^    , 
was  suddenly  poured  through  the  doors  and  windows,  massa- 
A  part  fell  dead,  and  a  part  escaping  from  the  house,  ^^fj^p 
were  followed  and  killed  in  the  bushes  without.     Of  kino. 
the  latter  was  Gen.  Thompson,  who  was  scalped  by 
the  revengeful  Osceola.     He  and  his  mounted  party 
then  returned  triumphant,  and  completed  the  massa-    of  tbo 

«,i  •    •         J.-U-  J  •  tragedy. 

ere  of  the  remainmg  thirty  survivors. 

9.  Gen.   Clinch  collected   a  force,  and  marched 
from  Fort  Drane  to  the  Withlacoochee.     But  he  fol- 
lowed  a  guide  who  was  in  league  with  the  Semi-  clinch's 
noles.     When  the  soldiers  had  in  part  crossed  the    ^j^^"| 
Withlacooche,  Osceola  and  his  warriors  rose  from  witb- 
concealment  and  attacked  them.      They  charged,  ^chek 
and  drove  the  Indians,  but  met  a  considerable  loss ;  Am.  L.  it 
and  returned  without  effecting  their  object.  ^'  ^'    ' 

10.  Emboldened  by  success,  the  Seminoles  ap 
peared  in  the  neighborhood  of  almost  every  settle- 
ment in  Florida.     Houses  were  burned,  crops  de- 

7.  Where  was  he  ?  Who  marched  to  join  him,  and  with  what 
force  ?  What  befell  the  paity  ?— 8.  What  was  done  next  by  the 
savages  ?— 9.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Clindi's  battle  of  the 
Withlacoochee. 


The  last 
scene 


32S  SICCOND   BATTLE    AT   THE   WrTHLACOOCHEE. 

PT.  IV.  stroyed,  negroes  carried  off,  and  families  murdered 
FD  III.  in  every  direction.     Gen.  Sooit,  now  invested  with 
uii.  iiL    ti^g  chief  command,  ari-ived  at  /St.  AtigusfAne.     The 
-__      savages  having  followed  Gen.  Clinch,  his  position 
i?eb.  7.  *  at  Fort  Drane  was  critical.     Gen.  Scott  sent  troops 
Scott     to  his  reliefj  and  was  preparing  a  plan  of  offensive 
operations,  when    Gen.  Gaines  landed  at  Tampa 
Bay,  four  days  after  Scott  arrived  at  St.  Augustine. 
Aie  brought  a  force  from  Ncav  Orleans,  and  consid- 
Feb.  11.  ered  it  as  his  right  to  command  in  the  peninsula. 
^Y.oM       1^-  Graines  marched  his  troops  to  Fort  Di-ane; 
fromN.o.  and  taking  from  there  four  days'  provisions,  he  set  out 
for  the  Withlacoochee,  to  seek  the  Seminoles.    Hav- 
ing reached  that  river,  the  Indians  attacked  him,  and 
a  battle  enaued.     The  Americans  kept  the  ground, 
thougii  not  without  considerable  loss.     The  Indians 
then  besieged  them  in  camp.  Gen.  Clinch  approached 
Gaines''  with  an  army.     Osceola  contrived  to  amuse  Gen. 
of  the    ^^^^^^  w'\t\i  a  parley,  until  the  Indian  women  and  chil- 
wiTH-  dreu  were  removed  to  the  south.     There,  among  the 
^chee'  everglades  and  hammocks,  the  American  troops  vain- 
ly sought  the  tribe  through  bogs  and  fens, — in  dan- 
ger from  serpents  and  other  venomous  reptiles, — tor- 
tured by  poisonous  insects,  and  often  the  victims  of 
the  climate. 

12.  Gen.  Jesup  soon  arrived  to  take  the  com- 
mand ;  Gen.  Scott  having  been  ordered  to  the  coun- 
ISSV.  try  of  the  Creeks.     Osceola,  under  protection  of  a 
Be^^ure  of  ^^^'  ^^tii  about  Seventy  of  his  warriors,  came  to  the 
Osceola.  American  camp.     Gen.  Jesup  had  reason  to  believe 
him  to  be  treacherous ;  and  he  caused  him  with  his 
*  jan^*  escort,  to  be  forcibly  detained,  and  subsequently  to 
His  death,  be  placed  in  a  prison  at  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C.,  where, 
a  few  months  after,  he  died  of  a  complaint  in  the 
throat. 

10.  What  was  the  conduct  of  the  Indians  ?  Who  arrived  at  St. 
Angustine  ?  What  did  he  do  ?  What  was  done  by  Gen.  Gaines! 
— 11.  Where  did  he  march?  Describe  Gen.  Gaines'  battle  of  the 
Withlacoochee.  What  happened  after  the  battle  ?  To  what  evUa 
have  the  armv  been  subjected  in  search  in?  for  thesse  Indiana  I 
— 13.  What  clianffe  of  otncers  occurred?  What  happeued  wiUi 
respect  to  Osceola  1 


I,AKE    OKEE-CHDBKE  329 

13.  Gen.  Jesup,  at  first  supposed  tliat  the  war  pt.  iv 
would  soon  be  brouglit  to  a  close,  but  finding  him-  p-n.  hl 
self  mistaken,  he  directed  Col.  Zachary  Taylou   "^^  ^^ 
to  act  ottensively.     This  officer  set  out  with  a  thou-  --g„«, 
sand  resolute  men,  who  marched  four  days  through  Dec.  20.' 
wet,  swampy  grounds.     On  tl>e  fifth,  the  Indians, 
whom  they  sought,  attacked  them  at  the  entrance 

of  tlie  ICissimmee  river  into  lake  Okee-  Chobee.    The 
troops  engaged  them  with  coolness.     The  brunt  of  5^>^* 
the  battle  fell  at  first  on  the  sixth  regiment.     Co\..'chobes 
Thompso:n^,  their   commander,   mortally  wounded,  ^Jgated. 
died,  encouraging  his  men.    The  Indians  were  routed    100  pr. 
and  dispersed,  and  a  hundred  gave  themselves  up  tOatTw.isi 
be  carried  to  the  West.   Gex.  Worth  had  the  honor 
of  bringrinor  this  hard  and  difficult  contest  to  a  close. 

14.  Creek  Wak. — Early  in  May,  the  Creeks  be-  jeog 
gan  hostilities — setting  fire  to  houses,  and  murder- 
ing families.    They  attacked  a  steamboat  which  was    oeek 
ascending  the  Chatahoochee,  eight  miles  below  Co-  outrages, 
lumbus, — killed  her  pilot,  woimded  several  others, 

and  burned  the  boat.    Another  steamboat  was  fired 
at  the  wharf  of  Roanoke,  and  the  passengers  were 
consumed  in  the  flames.     The  barbarians  then  set 
fire  to  the  town,  and  destroyed  it.    The  governor  of 
Georgia  raised  troops,  took  the  field  in  person,  and  ^l^' 
Gen,  Scott  arrived  on  the  30th  of  May.    Their  com-  are  over- 
bin  ed  efforts  quelled  the  Creeks,  and  peace  was  re-  ^'^*" 
stored  early  in  the  summer. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

The  Bank  Question. — The  Eevulsion. — Van  Buren's  Administra- 
tion.— Harrison's  Election  and  Death.  1S03 

1.  Mr.  Rives,  at  Paris,  negotiated  with  the  min-  ^'^^^' 
ister  of  Louis  Philippe,  king  of  the  French,  a  treaty    ^^^^ 

13.  What  were  the  circumstances  connected  with  the  battle  of  ^J"^"*** 
Okee-Chobee  ?     Who  brought  the  Florida  war  to  a  close  ?— 14. 
Give  an  account  of  the  atrocious  acts  of  the  Creeks.    How  were 
Ihey  brought  to  terms  ? 

OaAPTEB  IV.— 1.  WliGt  treaty  was  negotiated  by  Mr.  Rives? 


380  THE    01  ,D   THTRTICKN,    DOUBLED. 

PT.  IV.  by  which  that  nation   ao:roed  to   give  25,000,000 

P'D.  III.  francs  to  indemnify  the  United  States  for  spoUations 

OH.  IV.    on  American  commerce,  made  under  the  operations 

of  the  decrees  of  Napoleon.     The  French,  however, 

had  neglected  to  pay  the  money.     Gen.  Jackson 

took  such  prompt  measures  and  so  decided  a  tone, 

1S36.  that  in  18;^6  the  demand  was  Hquidated  agreeably 

to  the  treaty.  ...  In  September,   1835,   Wisconsi7i 

was  made  a  Territory,  and  Arkansas  a  State.    Mich- 

1§3'7.  iGAN  was,  in  1837,  admitted  to  the  Union,  making 

MtchS  the  twenty-sixth  State ;  the  original  number,  thir- 

a  State,  feen,  being  now  exactly  doubled. 

2.  Extravagance  and  luxuiy  had  prevailed,  and 
national  adversity  followed.    The  opponents  of  Gen. 

ls<S7.  Jackson  attributed  the  revulsion  to  circumstances 

connected  with  the  overthrow  of  the  national  bank, 

caused  by  his  hostility.  .  .  In  1832,  the  directors  of 

the  bank  apphed  for  a  renewal  of  its  charter.    After 

much  debate.  Congress  passed,  by  a  considerable 

l<2Qo  naajority,  a  bill  granting  their  petition.     This  bill 

The  veto!  Gen.  Jackson  defeated  by  the  presidential  veto.  .  .  . 

The  funds  of  the  government  had  been  deposited  in 

1833.  the  national  bank.     In  1833,  the  president  caused 

drawai. '  them  to  be  withdrawn.     The  public  treasure,  was 

by  act  of  Congress,  placed  in  certain  selected  State 

1§35.  banks,  known   at   the  time   as   the   "pet  banks." 

bankf "'  Thcsc  wcrc  cncouragcd  to  discount  freely,  as  it  might 

accommodate  the  people. 

3.  Mr.  Jackson  was  succeeded  by  Martin  Van 
1837.  BuREN,  who,  during  the  last  four  years,  had,  as  vice- 
Van*^Bu-  President,  presided  with  great  ability  in  the  Senate. 

ren  and    RiCHARD  M.  JoHNSON,  of  KcntUCky,  WaS  made  vice- 
Johnson.  .  1       ,  '  •' ' 

president. 

4.  After  the  public  money  went  into  the  State 

1.  When  was  the  money  paid?  What  Territory  and  States 
were  organized?  What  can  you  say  concerning  the  number  of 
States  at  this  time? — 2.  What  had  prevailed?  What  followed? 
How  was  this  change  in  public  prosperity  accounted  for  by  the  op- 
ponents of  Gen.  Jackson?  What  happened  in  1832?  Where  had 
the  national  funds  been  deposited?  Who  caused  them  to  be 
withdrawn?  Wliere  were  they  then  placed  ? — 3.  Who  wa-  made 
president?     In  what  year? 


THE    REVULSION.  331 

banks,  facilities  too  great  before,  were  increased,  pt.  iv. 
whereby  men  might,  by  pledging  their  credit,  pos-  fd.  iil 
sess  themselves  of  money.  The  good  old  roads  of  "^^  '^• 
honest  industry  were  abandoned,  while  fortunes  1835 
were  made  in  an  liour  by  speculation.  This  unnat-  leoy 
ural  state  of  things  had  its  crisis  in  1837.  Mania  of 

5.  Before  this  ciisis,  every  one  was  making  money,  ^uiatioir* 
Afterwards  all  were  losing.     Many  had. contracted 

large  debts ;  when  some  began  to  fail,  others,  who     The 
had  depended  on  them,  were  obliged  to  fail  also ;   ^IJ^ 
and  so  the  disaster  went  on  increasing:  its  circle,  un-    causes 
til  the  whole  community  felt  it,  in  a  greater  or  less  distress, 
desjree. 

6.  The    banks    now   stopped    specie    payments. 
Those  where  the  public  funds  were  deposited,  shared 

the  common  fate,  and  the  questions  arose  how  was  Mr.  van 
the  government  to  meet  its  current  expenses,  and  <;(]^°e®"es 
what  next  should  be  done  with  the  public  purse?  a  special 
To  decide  these  questions,  Mr.  Van  Buren  issued  s^t'^ 
his  proclamation,  convening  a  special  Congress. 

7.  In  his  message,  the  president  recommended  a 
mode  of  keei^ing  the  public  money,  called  the  "  sub-   "S^b 
treasury"  scheme  j  which  was  rejected  by  Congress.   "^bX"^ 
Treasury  notes  were  ordered  to  be  issued,  and  other 
measures  taken  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  govern-  '^JJ^^'^ 
ment ;  but  the  majority  contended,  that,  as  to  the 
distresses  of  the  people,  the  case  did  not  call  for  the 
interference  of  government,  but  for  a  reformation  in 

the  individual  extravagance  which  had  prevailed, 
and  a  return  to  the  neglected  ways  of  industry. 

8.  Among  the  causes  of  pecuniary  distress,  was  a 
destructive  fire  in  the  city  of  New  York.     Themer-  ^f^** 
cantile  houses,  on  whom,  with  the  insurance  offices,      529 
there  fell  a  loss  of  $17,000,000,  did  not  generally  ^burn^ 
fail  at  the  time ;  for  they  were,  -with  commendable 

4.  What  wa3  the  state  of  pecuniary  afifairs  from  18-35  to  '87  ? 
— 5.  How  was  it  before  the  crisis  ?  IJowarter? — 6.  How  was  it 
with  the  banks?  What  was  done  by  the  president?  When  did 
Congress  meet? — 7.  What  did  Mr.  Van  Buren  recommend  in  hia 
message?  VVliat  was  his  scheme  called  ?  Did  it  succeed  ?  What 
did  Congress  order?  Why  did  they  not  attempt  some  relief  to 
the  people  ? — 8.  Give  an  account  of  the  great  fire  in  New  York. 


332  VAN  buren's  admixtstration. 

P'T.  IV.  humanity,  sustained  by  the  otliers.  But  the  prop- 
FD.  III.  erty  was  gone;  and  thouoh  in  a  measure  equuHzccl 
*'H-  ^^-  at  the  time,  at  length  the  delicit  allected  all.  ...  On 
1838.  the  13th  of  August  the  banks  resumed  specie  pay- 
Aug.13.  n-ients. 

9.  A  party  had  been  gradually  formed  in  Canada 
Canadiane^^'^^^  Were  opposed  to  the  Jjritish  government,  and 

revolt  who  loudly  demanded  independence.  Many  Anu-r- 
icans  on  the  northern  frontier,  regarding  their  cause 
as  that  of  liberty  and  human  rights,  assumed  the 
name  of  patriots,  and  formed  secret  associations,  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  the  insurgents  across  tlie  line. 

10.  In  prosecuting  this  illegal  interference  in  the 
concerns  of  a  foreign  power,  a  party  of  adventurers 

Navy°   took  posscssioH  of  Navy  Island^  in  the  Niagara 

Island,   river,  two  miles  above  the  falls,  and  lying  within 

the  jurisdiction  of  Upper  Canada. — The  president  of 

the  United  States,  and  the  governor  of  New  York, 

both  issued  proclamations  enjoining  strict  neutrality. 

11.  A  small  steamboat,  called  the  Caroline^  was, 
however,  hired  to  ply  tor  unlawful  purposes,  between 

Dec.  'SO.  Navy  Island  and  Schlosser.     At  evening,  a  detach- 

AflFairof  meut  of  150  armed  men  from  the  Canada  side,  in 

Una.     five  boats,  with  muffled  oars,  proceeded  to  Schlosser, 

drove  the  men   who  were  on   board  the  Caroline 

ashore,  cut  her  loose  from  her  moorings,  and  setting 

her  on  fire,  let  her  float  over  the  falls.     A  man 

named  Durfee  was  killed,  and  great  excitement  pre- 

1840.  vailed. ...  A  Bill  to  establish  the  sub-treasury  scheme, 

indepon-  now  Called  the  Independent  Treasury,  at   length 

Treasury  P^sscd ;  and  although  it  was  repealed  early  in  Ty- 

passed,   ler's  administration,  it  was  afterward  re-enacted  and 

June  30.  1  , 

became  popular. 
The  12.  The  census  of  1840,  gave  as  the  number  of 

«««'is.   inhabitants  in  the  United  States,  17,068,666.— The 

8.  When  did  the  banks  resume  specie  payments? — 1>.  Give  an 
account  of  Canadian  affairs  as  eounected  with  American. — 10. 
What  was  done  at  Navy  Island?  What  prochimations  were 
issued  ? — 11.  What  were  the  circumstances  of  the  burning  of  the 
Caroline  ?  What  important  hill  did  Congress  pass,  in  June,  18401 
— 12.  What  number  of  inhabitants  were  there  iji  1840? 


harri8(^n's  brief  peesidenct.  333 

presidency  vvas,  by  a  large  majoiity,  bestowed  upon  P't^tt^ 
Gen.  Hakkison,  wl)ose  social  and  public  virtues  had  ^^-  ^^L 
been   rendered  conspicuous  by  the  various  official 
stations  of  a  long  and  useful  life.     John  Tyler,  of  Mfrfh*4! 
Virginia,  was  made  vice-president.  inangii- 

13,  Fi-om  the  capital,  Gen.  Harrison  went  to  HaJ?is<m 
the  presidential  mansion — where  thousands  flocked  a"^  Xyier 
around  him  with  congratulations  and  proffers  of 
service.*  He  expired  just  a  month  from  the  day  of  Aprils 
his  inauguration.  Mr.  Tyleei,  by  the  Constitution,  HairLon. 
became  president.  He  issued  an  able  and  patriotic 
address,  and  appointed  a  day  of  public  fasting. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Mr.  Tyler's  administration. — Mobs. — Disturbances  in  Rhode 
Island. — Auti-Kentism. — Mormonism,  &c. 

1.  The  Whig  party  were  opposed  to  Mr.  Van  jo- j 

Buren's  independent  Treasury,  and  in  favor  of  a 
National  Bank,  as  a  place  of  deposit  for  the  publi^  National 
revenue.     They  said  it  would  be  more  convenient    ^^"'^• 
and  econoraSeal  to  the  government, — that  it  would  „  .  . 

„.,.  -.  ,*=>  '.  -,  Opinions 

lacilitate  busmess,  and  promote  prosperity;  and  that    of  the 
the  attempt  to  bring  back  a  specie  circulation  was  a   ^'''^• 
dangerous   experiment   upon   the   currency.      The 
Democratic  party,  on  the  other  hand,  maintained  opinions 
that  any  connection  of  the  government  with  banks,    of  the 
or  with  the  business  affairs  of  individuals,  was  for-    cratio 
eign  to  its  purposes,  and  a  fruitful  source  of  bribery    P*""^- 
and    corruption.     They  believed  that  the   govern- 
ment should  keep  its  own   money,  operating  not 
with  paper  currency,  but  with  specie. 

*  Gen.  Harrison  was  fatally  overwhelmed  with  office-seeker^— as  shortly 
before  his  death,  he  told  his  friend,  Mrs.  Peter,  of  Ohio. 

12.  How  did  the  presidential  election  terminate? — 13.  How 
long  did  President  Harrison  live  to  enjoy  his  new  dignity  ?  Who 
■R'as  his  successor? 

•,  Chaptke  v.— 1.  "What  were  the  opinions  of  the  Whig  party  in 
regard  to  a  National  Bank?  What  on  the  other  hand  was  main- 
tamed  by  the  Democratic  party  ! 


334:  Tyler's  administration. 

FT.  IV.      2.  The  majority  of  the  voters  adopting  the  views 

FD.  iiL  of  the  Whigs,  had  chosen  Messrs.  Harrison  and  Ty- 

CH.  V.    lei-^  -^yj^]^   j^u  expectation  that  tliey  would  favor  a 

National  Bank.     General  Harrison,  aware  of  this, 
'  issued  March  1 7th,  his  proclamation,  calling  an  ex- 
May  8t.  tra  session  of  Congress  to  convene  on  the  31st  ol 
Consress  May,  to  Consider  "  simdry  weighty  and  impoi'tant 

matters,  chiefly  growing  out  of  the  revenue  and 

fin.inces  of  the  country."    When  this  Congress  met, 

Mr.  Tyler  was  president. 
Aug.  6.        3.  Congress  repealed  the   Sub-Treasury  law  on 
theSub-T  ^^^  ^^^  ®^  August.     Three  days  earlier,  the  House 

of  Representatives  had  passed  an  act,  establishing  a 

National  Bank.  Mr.  Tyler,  to  the  deep  chagrin  of 
Aug.  16.  the  party  which  elected  him,  defeated  the  measure 
firetveto.  ^y  the  presidential  veto.     The  mortified  Whigs  got 

up  another  scheme  for  a  bank,  and  passed  it  through 

Congress  under  the  name  of  a  "Fiscal  Corporation  of 
Sept  9.  the  United  States."  A  second  time  Mr.  Tvler  de- 
second,  feated  them  by  his  veto.     The  able  cabinet  selected 

by  Harrison,  had  all  remained  in  oftice  up  to  the 

a?i*reSgn  P^^'iod  of  tliis  sccond  vcto,  when  all  resigned,  ex- 

exceptMr.  cept  Daniel  Webster,  the  secretary  o|^.state.     His 

Webster.  gQ^nti-y  needed  him  in  the  office;  and  remaining,  he 

found  occasion  to  render  her  essential  service. 

4.  In  the  unwarrantable  stretch  of  credit  which 

had  existed.  States  over-zealous  for  internal  im])rove- 

revnision  ment,  had  participated ;    and  Avhen   the  revulsion 

whos?ef-  came,*  some  of  these  found  themselves  unable,  with- 

fects  were  out  direct  taxation  (to  which  their  too  timid  rulei'S 

several   dared  not  promptly  resoit),  to  meet  their  engage- 

y?»'^    ments ;  and  the  holders  of  their  bonds,  many  of 

Avhom  were  foreigners,  could  not  obtain  the  interest 

Eepndia-  when  due.     These  States  were  said  to  have  repudi- 

^°'^     ated  their  bonds,  and  this  repudiation  for  a  time 

2.  What  views  were  adopted  by  the  majority  of  the  voters  ?  llow 
manifested?  What  was  done  by  Gen.  Harrison?  Wiiat  chant^a 
occurred  before  the  meeting  of  Conffress  ?— 3.  Wliat  was  done  by 
Congress •v^ith  regard  to  the  Sub-Treasury?  With  regard  to  a 
National  Bank  ?  How  were  tlieir  acts  met  by  Mr.  Tyler  ?  What 
occurred  immediately  after  his  second  veto? — 4.  Give  an  account 
of  what  was  called  repudiation. 


DANGEPwOrS    TENDENCIES    TO    AN^IRCHY.  335 

cast  disgrace  upon  the  whole  nation.     With  return-  p'T.  iv. 
ing  prosperity,  however,  nearly  all  of  these  States  fd.  itiT 
resumed  payment.  ''"•^' 

5.  A  disagreement  between  the  United   States  «ejo 
and   En<2:land  had  lon^:  existed   in   re«:ard   to  the 
northeastern  bomidary.    Much  excitement  prevailed 
between  the  inliabitants  of  Maine  and  New  Bruns- 
wick,— regions  adjoining   the   disputed   line, — and  Aghijnr- 
measures  were  taken  on  each  side,  which  threatened     tou 
Avar.     Lord  Ashbukton  was  sent  from  England,  as  Treatyt 
a  special  envoy,  to  settle  this  dispute ;  and  Mr.  Web-  Aug.  21. 
ster,  with  great  diplomatic  ability,  arranged  with   bv"tho 
him  tlie  terms  of  a  treaty,  by  which  the  important     tJ.  s. 
question  of  a  northeastern  boundary  is  finally  and  ^"^^^^ 
amicably  settled. 

6.  Dangerous  Tendencies  to  Anarchy. — Seri- 
ous riots  occurred  in  the  spring  of  1844,  in  Phila- 
delphia.    They  grew  out  of  a  jealousy  on  the  part  IS44. 
of  native  American  Protestants,  that  the   foreign 
Roman  Catholic  population  intended  to  gain  the  con- 
trol of  the  common-schools,  and  change  the  estab- -P^*^**- 
lished  order  of  instruction,  especially  in  regard  to    Hots. 
the  use  ofHle  Scriptures.    Thirty  dwelling-houses,  a   ^l^\l' 
convent,  and  three  churches  were  burned.     Four-    w.  40. 
teen  persons  were  killed  and  forty  wounded.    These 
disgraceful  scenes  were  renewed  on  the  7ih.  of  June.  k.and  w. 
The   governor   called   out   5,000    of   the   miUtary.      &o. 
Years  have  passed,  and  these  unhappy  jealousies 

have  subsided. 

T.  Rhode  Island  now  became  the  theatre  of  an  un- 
lawful  attempt  to  set  aside  existing  authorities.    The  **'*•*• 
"  suffrage 2:>art !/,''''  by  whom  it  was  made,  did  not,  how- 
ever, regard  the  matter  in  this  light.    They  formed,  ^prj,  ,g_ 
though  by  illegal  assemblies,  what  they  considered  a    Dorr's 
constitution  for  the  State ;  and  then  proceeded  to  "'*™p^ 
elect  under  it  a  governor — Mr,  Dorr — and  members 

5.  On  what  subject  was  there  a  disaofreement  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  ?  How  was  it  settled  ? — 6.  Give 
an  account  of  the  riots  in  Philadelphia,  remember  nig  to  state  the 
times,  and  the  numbers  killed  in  the  first  and  second  riots.— 7. 
What  occurred  in  Khode  Island? 


38fi  ANTI-RKNTKRS. 

FT.  IV   for  a  leo'islaturc.    Their  upiionents, — called  the  "  law 
"fd.  Ill  and  order"  party, — acting-  under  existing  autliorities, 
cu.  V.    elected  State  officers,  Mii.  Kixg  being  made  gov- 
ernor. 

8.  On  the  18th  of  May,  Dorr  went  with  an  armed 
*           force,  and  took  the  State  arsenal.     No  lives  were 

lost,  as  his  directions  to  tire  on  those  uho  opposed 
his  progress,  were  not  obeyed.     Gov.  Kixg,  mean- 
June  25.  time,  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  military.     Sev- 
Dorrat  eral  persons  were  arrested,  and  Dorr  fled,    lie  atler- 
cifeL*  wards  appeared  at  Chepachet,  with  some  two  or 
1§44.  three  hundred  men;  but  a  force  being  sent  by  the 
Dorr  f>ont  general  government,   they   dispersed.     Dorr  after- 
state's    vvards  returned,  was  tried,  convicted  of  treason,  and 
prison,    sentenced  to  the  State's  prison.     Meantime  a  new 
1845.  constitution  was  by   legal   measures   adopted.      In 
ie<ised.    1845  Dorr  was  released  from  prison. 

9.  An  alarming  tendency  to  anarchy  has  been  ex- 
^nti-rent  perienccd  in  the  anti-rent  disturbances  in  the  State 

disturfw    i  -17-1  TT      -1  1        -r>v  1 

ances     01  JS ew  lork.     Under  the  Dutch  government,  cer- 
tain settlers  had  received  patents  of  considei'able 
portions  of  land ;  of  which  that  of  Vai^lensselaer 
lierwyck,  '^^^  ^^^  most  extensive, — comprehendin^lhe  gi-eater 
4S  m.  long',  part  of  Albany  and  Rensselaer  counties.      These 
'^*"'  '^  lands  were  divided  into  small  farms,  and  leased  in 
perpetuity,   on  low  rents,  to  be  paid  in   a  certain 
quantity  of  wheat,  a  certain  number  of  fowls,  &c. 
In  process  of  time,  the  tenants  began  to  consider 
these  legal  conditions  as  anti-republican, — a  relic  of 
feudal  tyranny. 

10.  In  the  summer  of  1844,  the  anti-rent  disturb- 
ances broke  out  with  great  violence  in  the  eastern 

1844.  to^^'f^s  of  Rensselaer,  and  on  the  Livingston  manor, 

Anti-    in  Columbia  county.     Extensive  associations  were 

disguised  fomied  by  the  anti-renters  to  resist  tlie  laws.    They 

•8 Indians,  kept  amicd  and  mounted  bands  disguised  as  Indians, 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  illefful  proceedinsrs  of  Mr.  Dorr,  :ind 
his  punishment.  When  was  lie  released  froui  prison  ? — O.  flow 
in  the  Slate  of  N.  Y.  was  a  tendeiicv  to  annrchy  manifested  ?  Give 
an  ;iocount  of  tlie  Dutch  patents,  with  the  conditions  of  rent..  How 
in  procesd  of  time  had  the  tenants  cunie  to  regard  these  couditioua  I 


IOWA    AND    FLOKIDA    ADMITTED    AS    STATES.  S37 

gcouring  the  country ; — and  the  traveller-— as  ho  met  ^"^-  ^^-^ 
them  issuing  from  some  dark  wood,  with  their  hid-  P'B-  ni. 
eous  masks  and  gaudy  calicoes,  was  required,  on    ™*^' 
penalty  of  insult,  to  say,  "Down  with  the  rent."        1844. 

11.  These  lawless  rangers  foi'cibly  entered  houses, 
— took  men  from  their  homes,  tarred  and  feathered, 
or  otherwise  maltreated  them.  In  Rensselaer  coun- 
ty, at  noonday,  a  man  was  killed  where  about  fifty  (Smith 
"  Indians"  were  present, — some  of  whom  were  after-  Qr^on") 
wards  arraigned,  when  they  swore  that  they  knew 
nothing  of  the  murder.  Sometimes  1,000  of  these 
disguised  anarchists  were  assembled  in  one  body. 
Similar  disturbances  occurred  in  Delaware  county. 

At  length  Steele,  a  deputy-sheriflE^  was  murdered    (Steele 
in  the  execution  of  his  official  duty.  Deivare.) 

12.  Meanwhile  Silas  Wright  was   chosen  gov- 
ernor of  the  State.     Much  does  his  country  owe  him 
for  the  wisdom  and  firmness  of  the  measures  by 
which  public  order  was  restored.     On  the  27th  of 
August  he  proclaimed  the  county  of  Delaware  in  a  1846. 
state   of  insurrection.     Resolute   men   were   made  Wright's' 
sheriffs,  and  competent  military  aid  afforded  them,  measures. 
Leading  anti-renters  were  taken,  brought  to  trial, 

and  imprisoned.    The  murderers  of  Steele  were  con- 
demned to  death, — but  their  punishment  was  commu- 
ted to  that  of  perpetual  confinement.     The  successor 
of  Mr.  Wright,  released  from  the  State's  prison  the  outrage 
whole  number,  eighteen,  who  had  been  committed  g^gi^n.) 
for  anti-rent  offences.     Fresh  outbreaks  followed. 

13.  In  Congress,  March  3d,    1845,    an   act  "w^as 
passed  admitting  two  States  into  the  Union, — Iowa,  Mareh  3 
its  western  boundary  the  river  Des  Moines, — and  lowaand 
Florida,  comprising  the  east  and  west  parts,  as  de-  ^^""'^ 
fined  by  the  treaty  of  cession. 

14.  MoRMONisM. — This  is  the  most  extraordinary 

lO&ll.  Whathappenedin  the  summer  of  1844?— 12.  What 
is  here  said  of  Silas  Wright  ?  What  was  done  in  regard  to  sher- 
iffs ?  What  was  done  in  regard  to  the  leading  anti-renters  ?  The 
murderers  of  Steele?  Were  they  suffered  to  remain  in  prison? 
—13.  At  what  time  were  two  States  admitted  into  the  Union,  aiid 
what  Stales  ? 


338  MORMONISM. 

P'T.  IT.  imposture  of  the  age.     Its  founder,  Joseph  SmitHj 
P'D.  iiL  was  an  obscure,  uneducated  man,  born  in  1805,  in 
°^  ^-    Sharon,  Vermont.     Under  pretence  of  special  reve- 
lation,  he  produced   the  stereotype   plates  of  the 
"  Book  of  Mormon"  *  by  which  he  persuaded  num- 
bers, that  he  was  the  inspired  founder  of  a  new  re- 
ligion— which  was  to  give  to  Mormons  the  same  pre- 
eminence over  all  other  people,  as,  the  Jews  had  over 
the  Gentiles.    Mormonism  gives  its  followers  license 
to  commit  eveiy  crime  which  may  be  sanctioned  by 
the  leading  "  prophet  y" — especially  does  it,  by  al- 
lowing polygamy,  degrade  and  demoralize  women. 
15.  Yet  numbers  of  both  sexes  were  found  to  join 
I  S*tS  ^°^  ^^^  ^^^^  delusion — throwing  their  property  into 
'  common  stock.     On  their  arrival  at  the  Far  West, 
Oct  6.   in  Missouri,  the  Mormons  were  charged  with  vari- 
^afFar''  ^^^  crimes ;  among  others,  an  attempt  to  assassinate 
West    Gov.  BoGGS ;    and  they  were  finally  expelled  the 
State  by  a  military  force  commanded  by  Gen.  Atkin- 
son.   They  then  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Il- 
linois, on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi.    There, 
on  a  beautiftil  slope,  they  built  JVattvoo,  and  erected 
*iSnc^°^  pompous  temple.     But  murders,  robberies,  and 
other  secret  crimes  became  frequent  in  their  neigh- 
borhood.    The  surrounding  people  were  enraged. 
The  Mormon  prophet  and  his  brother  were  seized 
1  S^e  ^^  ^^^  State  ofllcers,  and  confined  in  jail  at  Car- 
te '48.  ttiage.    A  hundred  armed  men,  in  disguise,  broke  in 
Collect  8t  and  murdered  them.    The  Mormons  then  sold  their 
*i^e.^*  possessions  at  Nauvoo,  and  in  1846  migrated  west- 
ward to  the   Cheat  Salt  Lahe.     Their  settlement, 
1S50.  containing  about  10,000  inhabitants,  formed  the  nu- 
^^t,  cleus  of  the  Territory  of  Utah. 

Territory.  *  rpj^^  igg^_  -^^  Spalding  -wrote  the  Book  of  Mormon,  ss  a  work  of  im- 
agination, founded  on  the  Old  Testament  He  died,  after  haT\ng  placed  the 
manuscript  in  the  hands  of  a  publisher.  Sidnky  BiesoN,  a  young  printer 
of  the  office,  thus  became  acquainted  with  it  and  he  showed  it  to  Joseph 
Smith  ;  and  they  two  concerted  the  plan  of  bringing  it  out  as  a  new  reve 
lation.    The  plates  found  were  called  "  the  golden"  plates. 

14.  Give  some  aceonnt  of  Mormonism,  and  its  originators.  (See 
note.) — 15.  Give  a  further  account  of  the  progress  of  Mormonism, 
to  the  building  of  the  temple — to  the  departure  of  th«  Morniona 
to  California. 


MEXICAN    ANTIPATHY.  339 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Texas. — Causes  of  Annexation  and  the  Mexican  War. 

1.  On  account  of  the  discovery  oi  La  SaZle^  the  pt.  ly. 
French  claimed  Texas  to  the  Rio  Grande,  as  form-  fd.  iil 
ing  a  part  of  Louisiana.     The  Spaniards  of  Mexico   *'^  "^ 
remonstrated,  and  sent  thither  an  armed  force,  but  16S5. 
the  French  had  already  dispersed.     The  first  effec-  ^^^1% 
tual  settlement  in  Texas^  was  that  of  San  Antonio   Texas. 
de  Bexar ^  made  by  the  Spaniards  in  1692.    But  1092. 
the  Mexican  authorities  seemed  not  so  desirous  to  -^^*^ 
occupy  this  country,  as  to  keep  it  a  desolate  waste, — 

that  thus  an  impassable  barrier  might  be  maintained 
between  them  and  their  Anglo- American  neighbors. 
This  desire  to  avoid  contact  by  means  of  an  inter- 
vening desert,  was  so  strongly  felt  by  the  Mexicans, 
even  in  1847,  as  to  break  off  negotiations  for  peace, 
when  Gen.  Scott  was  at  the  gate  of  their  capital 
with  a  victorious  army.  The  aversion  to  the  Anglo- 
Americans  thus  manifested,  the  Mexicans  at  first 
derived  from  their  mother-country ;  and  it  may  be 
marked  as  the  first  and  predisposing  cause  of  the 
Mexican  war. 

2,  After  Ferdinand  VII.,  king  of  Spain,  had,  in  igio. 
1810,  fallen  with  the  Spanish  nation,  under  the  power  Mexico 
of  Napoleon,  the  Mexicans  revolted.    But  the  people  '"^^"''^ 
were  not  united ; — and  after  the  bloody  war  of  eight  e^J^ 
years,  called  the  first  revolution^  the  royalists  pre-  prevaiL 
vailed.     The  second  revolution  was  begun  in  1821,  1821 
by  the  Mexican  general  Ituebide.    Under  him  they  — 24. 
threw  off  the  Spanish  yoke.     But  he  made  himself (He'isshp* 
a  monarch.    The  people  wished  for  a  republic ;  and   *'.^"* 

Chapter  VI. — 1.  On  what  account  did  the  French  claim  Texas  ? 
How  was  this  claim  met  by  the  Spaniards  ?  Describe  the  first 
effectual  settlement  made  in  Texas.  How  did  the  Mexicans  man- 
ifest aversion  to  Anglo-Americans,  at  an  early  day,  and  again  re- 
cently ?  Of  what  may  this  aversion  be  regarded  as  the  first  cause  ? 
— 2.  When  did  the  Mexicans  revolt  against  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment ?  Give  some  account  of  the  first  revolution — of  the  second 
— of  Iturbide. 


340  STEPHEN   F.    AUSTIN. 

PT.iv.  they  deposed  Iturbide,  banished, — and,  -on  his  re- 
P'D.  III.  turn,  condemned  and  executed  luni.  In  1824,  a 
federal  Constitutiot}  was  foi-rned  niuler  the  auspices 
1§24.  ^'^  ^  ^^^v  leader,  Santa  Anna  ;  by  which  Mexico,  . 
Fe.ierai  Hke  our  repubUc,  was  divided  into  States,  with  eacli, 
tuti'm'of  ^  legislature,  and  over  the  whole  a  general  govern- 
Mexico.   juent. 

3.  In  1803,  the  United  States,  in  purchasing  Lou- 
1»30.  isiana  of  France,  obtained  with  it  a  just  claim  to 

Texas    Texas ;  but  in  1820  they  ceded  it  bv  treaty  to  Spain 

ceded  t«)J  '  cTir        •  -ni       -i       i      •  '  i  Kt 

Spaiu.    as  a  part  oi  Mexico ;  Jb  londa  being  then  granted  by 
that  power  to  the  United  States.     Two  years  there- 
1§21.  after,  Stephen  F.  Austin  led  a  colony  from  the 
aI"!)*!!,.  United  States  to  Texas,  and  made  a  settlement  be- 
Texas    tweeu  the  rivers  Brazos  and  Colorado.    The  Spanish 
"""  *  ■  authorities  in  Mexico,  desirous  of  defence  against 
the  destructive  incursions  of  the  fierce  and  hostile 
Comanches,  had,  contrary  to  their  ordinary  policy, 
made  laws  favoring  American  immigration  ;  yet  on- 
ly tinder  the  condition  that  the  immigrants  should 
adopt  the  Catholic  religion,  and  send  their  children 
to  Spa7iish  schools. 

4.  Austin's  enterprise  being  joined  by  others  who, 
like  himself,  sought  to  better  their  fortunes,  his  col- 

Mexican  ony  soon  flourished  to  such  an  extent,  that  it  attract- 
cier^gy  ed  the  attention  of  the  Mexican  clergy.  They  found 
' "'"  that  the  law,  which  reqiured  the  settlers  to  make 
oath  that  they  were  Catholics,  and  would  establish 
Spanish  schools,  had  been  disregarded.  They  felt 
the  utmost  alarm ;  desiring  that  those  whom  they  re- 
garded as  foreign  heretics,  should  either  submit  to 
their  national  laws,  and  embrace  their  national  re- 
ligion, or  be  rooted  out.     I£ere  were  soion  the  seeds 

2.  What  was  done  in  1824?— 3.  "When  had  the  United  States  a 
claim  to  Texas?  How  obtained,  and  how  and  when  was  it  relin- 
quished ?  W  hen  and  by  whom  led,  was  the  first  American  colony 
of  Texas?  "Where  establit<hed  ?  What  motives  had  the  Mexicans 
in  admitting  these  settlers,  and  what  conditions  did  they  require 
of  them? — 4.  How  did  the  Mexican  clergy  find  that  these  condi- 
tions had  been  met  on  the  part  of  the  settlers  ?  How  did  tl»a 
clerjfy  regard  thein,  and  what  appears  to  have  been  their  desir* 
respecting  theui  ?    To  what  would  such  feelings  naturally  lead  ? 


alarmed. 


TEXAN    REVOLUTION.  341 

of  future  war;  for  these  supposed  heretics  were  the  pt.  it. 
brothers  of  American  citizens,  and  though  expatri-  p'o.  iil 
ated,  they  were  children  born  of  the  republic.  ch.ti. 

5.  Texas,   under  the  Constitution  of  1824,  was 
united  in  one  State  with  the  neighboring  province  of  .^^  ^ggg 
Coahuila.     The  Spanish  Mexicans  of  this  province  there  were 
outvoted,  and  pursued  an  oppressive  policy  against    fo'ooo 
the  Texans.     Stephen  F.  Austin  was  sent  by  them   Amen- 
to  the  city  of  Mexico  to  petition  against  these  griev-jn  Texaso 
ances,  and  for  the  privilege  of  forming  Texas  into  a 
separate  State.    The  Mexican  Congress  treated  him 

with  neglect.     He  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Texans  ad- 
vising them  at  all  events  to  proceed  in  forming  a 
separate  State  government.      The  party  in  Texas 
opposed  to  Austin,  sent  back  his  letter  to  the  Mexi-   ^ng^n 
can  authorities, — who  made  him  prisoner  as  he  was    taken 
returning, — sent  him  back  to  Mexico,  and  threw  him  ^at^Sai- 
into  a  dungeon.  *'"*'•) 

6.  Meanwhile,  Santa  Anna  subverted  the  Consti- 
tution of  1824,  and  in  the  name  of  liberty,  made  him- 
self the  military  tyrant  of  Mexico.     He  sent  Gen- 
eral Cos  into  Texas,  to  place  the  civil  rulers  there 
in  subjection  to  the  military.     At  this  time,  Austin 
returned,  and  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  central   Tex&n 
committee  of  safety.     Appeals  were  made  through     ^n^' 
the  press  to  the  Texan  people,  and  arrangements  set   i>egiM. 
on  foot  to  raise  men  and  money.    Adventurers  from 

the  American  States  came  to  their  aid.  The  object 
of  the  Texans  at  this  time,  was  to  join  a  Mexican 
party  now  in  arms  against  the  military  usurpation 
of  Santa  Anna,  and  thus  to  maintain  the  Constitu- 
tion of  1824.  ^^^^ 
1.  Mexican  forces  had  been  sent  to  Gonzalez  to  gonza- 
demand  a  field-piece.      The  Texans  attacked  andj^^^^f^p, 

]^^0, 

5.  "With  what  Mexican  province  was  Texas  united,  and  how  Tex.  600. 
treated?  For  what  was  Austin  sent  to  Mexico?  How  was  he 
there  treated,  and  what  course  did  he  pursue?  Why  was  Austin 
thrown  into  a  dungeon? — 6.  What,  in  the  mean  time,  was  the 
course  of  Santa  Anna  with  respect  to  the  constitution  of  1824,  and 
with  regard  to  the  Texans?  What  measures  indicating  resistance 
were  taken  by  the  Texans?  What  was  now  their  object! — T 
Where  was  the  first  blood  shed  ? 


342  TEX  All    INDEPENDENCE. 

FT.  IV.  drove  them  from  the  ground  with  loss.    Santa  Anna 
FD.  iiL  had  now  caused  the  fortresses  of  Goliad  and  the 
CH.  Yi.   Alamo,  or  citadel  of  Bexar,  to  be  strongly  fortified, 
the  latter  being  the  headquarters  of  General  Cos. 
The  Texans,  on  the   8th  of  October,  took  Goliad 
100.  '  with  valuable  munitions.     On  the   28th,  they  ob- 
tained a  victory  near  Bexar. — Texan  delegates,  No- 
vember 22d,  met  in  convention  at  St.  Felipe,  and 
^"pro-^'  established  Si  provisional  govermnent.    On  the  11th 
visional  of  December,  their  forces  under  Gkneral  Burle- 
st^Feiipe.  SON,  took,  after  a  bloody  siege  and  a  violent  strug- 
gle, the  strong  fortress  of  the  Alamo  and  the  city 
of  Bexar;  General  Cos  and  his  army  were  made 
prisoners,  and  not  a  Mexican  in  arms  remained. 
But  Santa  Anna,  ever  active  and  alert,  was  gather- 
ing his  forces,  and  in  February,  1836,  was  approach- 
ing with  8,000  men. 

8.  Unhappily,  divisions  prevailed  in  the  Texan 
counsels,  while  the  small  and  insufficient  garrison  of 
the  Alamo  was  attacked  by  this  powerful  army ; 

1S36.  headed  by  a  man,  who  added  to  the  smoothness  of 
u^^stcr'  ^^^^  tiger,  his  fierceness  and  cruelty.     Travis,  who 

of  the  commanded,  had  only  150  men.  They  fought  all 
^^^^•one  bloody  night,  until  he  fell  with  all  the  garrison 

k.  160.  but  seven ; — and  they  were  slain,  while  crying  for 
quarter ! 

9.  Meantime,  a  Texan  convention  had  assembled 
at  Washington,  on  the  Brazos,  which,  on  the  2d  of 

March  2.  March,  DECLARED  INDEPENDENCE.  They  had  de- 
declare  in- Sired,  Said  the  delegates,  to  unite  with  their  Mexi- 

^cnco.*^  can  brethren,  in  support  of  the  Constitution  of  1824, 
but  in  vain.  Now  appeahng  to  the  world  for  the 
necessities  of  their  condition,  they  declared  them- 
selves an  Independent  Republic,  and  committed 
their  cause  to  the  Supreme  Arbiter  of  Nations. 

10.  Colonel  Fanning  commanded  at  Goliad. 
He  had  besought  the  Texan  authorities  to  reinforce 

7.  Give  some  iiccount  of  the  battle  of  Gonzalez.  "What  wa?  done 
by  the  Texans  under  Burleson? — 8.  Give  some  account  of  the 
massacre  of  the  Alamo. — 9.  Of  the  Texan  declftiation  of  iude- 
pendence. 


SAN    JACINTO.  343 

him ;  and  he  had  been  directed  hy  them  to  abandon  pt.  iv._ 
liis  post,  and  save  his  garrison  by  retreat.*    Tliis  he  fd.  iil 
had  attempted  to  do ;  but  tlie  Mexicans,  by  their    *"*•  "^ 
superior  force,  overpowered  him.     He  surrendered  -.gng 
on  condition  that  he  and  his  men  should  be  treated 
as  prisoners  of  war.     Santa  Anna  ordered  their  exe- 
cution ;  and  four  hundred  unarmed  and  unresisting 
men,  unsuspicious  of  harm,  were  drawn  out.     One  March  2T. 
of  the  fated  soldiers  exclaimed,  "  They  are  going  to  MaMacre 
shoot  us ;  let  ns  turn  and  not  be  shot  in  the  back."  ooliad 
In  another  instant  tlie  fire  was  given,  and  the  pris-    k.™oo!" 
onei's  fell  dead.     Fanning  was  shot  the  next  day  ; — 
and  his  body  denied  a  burial.     These  men  were 
American-born.    Fanning  had  been  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  United  States.     American  hate  and 
sympathy  kindled  as  tho   shockmg   massacre  w^as 
told.     Annexation  followed  in  time^  and  the  Mexi- 
can war. 

11.  On  the  21st  of  April,  the  main  Texan  army, 
under  General  Houston,  met  the  Mexicans,  who 
were  double  their  number,  near  the  San  Jacinto.  ApHi  21. 
Furiously  the  Texans  rushed  to  battle  with  the  cry, ^q^^q' 
"  Remember  the  Alamo  !"    They  fought  at  less  than  Mex.  forc« 
half-rifle   distance,  and  in  less   than   half  an  hour  xe^Tss. 
"wholly  routed  the  Mexicans ;  killing  and  wounding  Mex.  L. 
a   number   greater  than   the    whole   Texan   force,    w.  20^ 
Among  the  prisoners  taken  after  the  battle,  was^Jg^-^^^ 
Santa  Anna  himself.     As  supreme  ruler  of  Mexico, 
he,  by  a  treaty,  acknowledged  their  independence, 
and  allowed  their  western  boundary  to  be  the  Rio 
Grande.     This  treaty  was,  after  his  return,  disa- 
vowed by  Mexico, — and  by  Santa  Anna  himself,  on 
the  plea  that  it  was  made  while  he  was  a  prisoner. 

*  Of  this  fact  the  writer  was,  in  conversation,  informed  by  Gen.  Houston. 
Fanning  h.-id  marched  out  of  the  fortress,  met,  and  contended  with  the 
Mexicans,  w;is  taken  and  carried  back,  so  that  the  massacre  was  at  Goliad, 


10.  Of  the  massacre  of  Goliad.  Who  were  the  men  ma.'spacred 
nt  Goliad,  and  with  what  feelinars  was  their  slauofhter  heard  of  in 
Atnerica?  What  followed? — 11.  Give  some  aeeoiiiit  of  the  battle 
of  San  Jacinto.  What  treaty  did  Santa  Anna  make  with  the 
Texans  ?     How  was  it  observed  ? 


344  TKXANS    INTADE    MEXICO. 

P'T^jv_  12.  AUlicmgh  the  United  States,  England,  and 
P'i>.  iiL  other  powers  acknowledged  the  independence  of" 
Texas;  yet  Mexico,  thi-ough  all  lier  clianges  of 
1S3T  i"ultMs  ever  claimed  the  country,  and  occasionally 
March  3.  Sent  troops  to  renew  the  war  by  ]>redatory  excur- 
^'"''-''''   sions. — The  Texans,  in  1841,  sent  under  McLeod,  a 


Stotes 
re 


Bcogi.ize  pai'ty  of  300,  who  were  mostly  Americans,  to  take 

in(ieit"n-  possessioH  of  Santa  Fe^  the  cai)ital  of  New  Mexico, 

deuce,    ^i^j^^  gi(_y  lying  OH  the  eastern  side  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

These  were  made  prisoners  by  the  Mexicans,  and 

treated  with  great  cruelty. 

13.  General  Woll,  sent  by  Santa  Anna  to  in- 
vade Texas,  took  J)exar.  A  Texan  army,  having 
driven  him  back,  were  full*  of  zeal  to  can-y  the  war 
into   Mexico.      A   party  of  300    crossed   the   Rio 

Sept.  11.'  Grande,  and  proceeding  to  Mier,  they  attacked  it; 
'I'he      and  although  opposed  by  five  times  their  force,  they 
M^er.     fought  tiieir  way  into  the  lieart  of  the  place,  killed 
and  wounded  double  their  whole  number,  when,  al- 
though they  had  lost  only  35  men,  they  capitulated.* 
These  prisoners  w-ere  treated  with  great  severity. 

14.  Texas  early  made  application  to  be  received 
into  the  American  Union.  General  Jackson  object- 
ed, and  afterwards  Mr.  Van  Buren, — on  the  ground 
of  existing  peaceful  relations  with  Mexico,  and  the 

1§44.  unsettled  boundary  of  Texas.     Mr.  Tyler,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  Mr.  Calhoun,  secretary  of  state,  brought 
president,  forward  the  proposition.     It  was  lost  in  Congress. 
.IK.  Polk,  13  tit  the  mass  of  the  American  papers  were  in  favor 
Vice-p.i  of  Annexation.     The  Whig  candidates  tor  president 
^^•.^"'"and  vice-president,  were  Henry  Clay  and  Theodore 
Frelinghuysen,  who  were  opposed  to  immediate  an- 

*  They  were,  says  General  Green,  in  his  Journal  of  the  Expedition,  be- 
trayed into  the  surrender  by  Fisher,  their  leader,  who  had  lost  his  uiliid  by 
a  gunsliot  wound.  Green  says  this  party  of  .300,  killed  and  wouuded  800  of 
the  Mexicans  at  Mier. 

12.  Who  acknowledged  the  Texan  independence,  and  who  did 
not?  Give  some  account  of  the  attempt  to  take  iSanta  Fe. — 13. 
The  attempt  of  the  Te.xans  on  Mier. — 14.  Give  a  liistory  of  liitj 
Annexation  of  Texas,  to  the  close  of  tlie  presidential  election. 
How  IS  it  manifested  by  this  account  that  the  people  were  in  favor 
of  annexation  ? 


ANNEXATION   OF   TEXAS.  345 

nexation  ;  and  the  Democratic  were,  James  K.  Polk,  ft.  iv. 
and  George  M.  Dallas,  who  were  pledged  in  its  fd.  iil 
favor.     The  latter  were  elected ;  and  on  the  4th  of  '^^  ^^■ 
Jilarch,  1845,  they  were  duly  inaugurated.  1845. 

15.  On  the  28th  of  February — after  the  election  Ynausut 
and  before  the  inauguration — Congress  passed  the    rate^ 
■joi'it  resoluti.o7i  to  annex  Texas.     By  this  act,  addi-  , . 
tional    new    states,    not    excee^hng   tour,    may    be  oivUon 
formed  from  this  Territory  icith  slavery,  if  soi;th  of^'l!?*^'^"" 
lat.  36-2,  but  if  north,  without.     The  Mexican  min- 
ister at  Washington,  Sexor  Al^iOiVte,  who  had  be-  (March  i. 
fore  announced  that  Mexico  would  declare  war  if  uie'^^res^* 
Texas   were  annexed,  now  gave  notice,  that  since   Went's 
America  had  consummated  "  the  most  unjust  act    tifreo 
recorded  in  history,"  negotiations  were  at  an  end. 

16.  Mexico  had  been  to  the  Americans  an  unjust 
and  injurious  neighbor.     Such  had  been  the  unre- 
dressed wrongs  of  person   and  property,  to  which 
American   citizens  had  been   subjected  in  Mexico, 
that  had  she  not  been  a  weaker  nation  and  a  sister 
republic,  war  would  have  resulted  during  Jackson's 
administration,      Mr.    Van    Buren    recommended 
measures  leading  to  war  ; — when  the  Mexicans  ne-  i   ? 
gotiated ;  and  in  1839  a  treaty  was  made,  by  which  Treaty. 
they  agreed  to  pay  large  indemnities  to  American 
sniferers.     This  treaty  was  modified  in  1843,  but  its     *  * 
stipulations  the  Mexican  government  had  mostly  modified, 
failed  to  observe. 

17.  The  assent  of  Texas,  by  which  she  became  a  *jaiyf  * 
part  of  the  American  Union,  was  expressed  in  the  Tp^anor. 
ordinance  of  July  5,  1845.     Two  days  thereafter,  2i^Zl^ua 

annexa- 

14.  Are  presidents  of  the  United  States  elected  the  same  year  *'*** 
in  which  they  are  inaugurated — Mr.  Polk  tor  example  i — 15. 
When  did  Congress  pass  the  joint  resolution  to  annex  Texas? 
Whut  condition  was  there  respecting  new  States?  VVliat  had  pre- 
viously been  announced  as  the  determination  of  Mexico  in  case 
the  United  Stales  annexed  Texas?  What  announcement  was  now 
made  by  the  Mexican  minister? — 16.  What  had  been  the  course 
of  Mexico  towards  American  citizens  ?  W  hat  hindered  war  during 
Jackson's  administration  ?  What  was  done  during  Mr.  Van  Bu- 
ren's  administration  respecting  a  treaty  ? — 17.  When  did  Texas 
ov  her  own  ordinance  actually  become  a  part  of  the  American 
ifnion? 

13* 


346  OREGON. 

FT.  lY.  request  was  dispatched  to  President  Polk  to  send  an 

P'D.  III.  armed  force  to  protect  Texas  against  the  tlireatoned 

CH.  VL   invasion  of  Mexico.     The  administration  judiciously 

-„._   chose,  as  commander  of  the  forces  to  be  sent,  Col. 

*  Zachary  Taylor.    On  the  30th  of  July,  he  was  or- 

(He  is    dered  by  the  war  department  to  move  as  near  the  ilio 

made  a  Gri'^"*^^  as  prudcncc  would  dictate.    He  took  post  at 

brigadier.)  Gorpus  ChHsti.   A  Mexican  force,  in  the  mean  time, 

had   collected   on   the   western   bank   of  the   Ri» 

Grande,  near  Matamoras. 

18.  The  ancient  aversion  of  the  Mexicans  had 
been,  by  the  annexation,  wrought  into  jealousy  and 
fierce  revenge ;  and  he  who  most  vilified  the  Amer- 
icans, and  the  loudest  blustered  for  war,  was  most 
the  popular  favorite ;  and  such  was  Paredes,  by 
whose  party,  Herrera,  the  president,  and  a  wise 
patriot,  was  denounced  as  a  traitor  for  suspected 
intercourse  with  the  foes  of  the  nation. 

19.  Treaty  with  China. — In  1845,  the  United 
Jan.  16.  States  senate  ratified  a  treaty  with  China,  which 
Chinese  had  there  been  negotiated  between  Mr.  Cushing, 
Treaty,  the  American  envoy  extraordinary,   and  the  com- 
missioner of  the  Chinese  Emperor. 

20.  Oregon. — England  and  America  both  claim- 
ed the  extensive  country  north  of  the  Columbia 
river,  to  the  Russian  settlements.     Columbia  river 

'(c^?*  ^^^  ^^^  vicinity,  belongs  to  the  Americans  by  right 

Grey,  sail- of  the  discovcry  made  in  1792,  by  Captain  Grey  of 

Cofumw^ -'Boston,  and  by  the  explorations  made  by  Lewis 

gives  to  and  Clark,  in  the  employ  of  the  American  govern- 

tbenLme  mcnt,  made  in  the  years  1804-5.     John  Jacob  As- 

Bhi^p)    ^'-*^'  ®^  New  York,  founded  Astoria^  at  the  mouth 

of  the  Columbia  river,  in  1811.     The  first  house  on 

its  waters,  was,  however,  established  on  Lewis  river, 

by  the  Missouri  Fur  Company,  in  1808. 

17.  What  was  doue  two  days  thereafter  ?  Who  was  chosen  to 
command  the  military  defenders  of  Te.xas?  What  orders  did  he 
receive,  and  what  do  ^—18.  How  did  the  aversion  of  the  Mexicans 
now  manifest  itself? — 19.  Give  an  account  of  the  Chinese  treaty. 
— 20.  Whiit  part  of  Orejron  was  in  dispute,  and  with  whom  ?  On 
what  was  the  American  chtim  to  the  Columbia  river  and  its  vallej^ 
founded  ?     What  were  tlie  first  settlements  in  Oregon? 


TAYLOK  AT  THE  RIO  GRANDE.  347 

21.  The  difficulty  with  England  became  so  seri-  ft.  iv. 
ous  as  to  threaten  war.     It  was,  however,  compro-  p'd.  iil 
mised  by  a  treaty  negotiated  at  Washington  be-  ^^  ^^^ 
tween  Mr.  Packenham,  the  British  Minister,  and  --g-^ 
Mr.  Buchanan,   the  American   Secretary.      This  jnneis! 
treaty  makes  the  northern  boundary  of  Oregon,  the  Treaty 
line  of  lat.  49  deg. ;  but  gives  to  the  British  the«^^«sh. 
whole  of  Vancouver's  Island,  and  a  right  to  the  "'Si"°* 
I'oint  navigation  of  the  Columbia  river. 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

Mexican  War. — Army  of  Occupation. 

1.  Gen.  Taylor  was  ordered  by  the  secretary  of 

war,  Jan.  13,1846,  to  take  post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Effect  of 
Ghrande.  The  effect  of  the  order  was  to  precipitate  the  oen.  Xay. 
collision  of  arms.     Gen.  Taylor  accordingly  moved  }^^^. 
from  Corpus  Christi  on  the  8th  of  March.     On  the  Grande. 
25th,  the  army  reached  Point  Isabel,  which,  from  the 
nature  of  the  coast,  he  must  make  the  depot  for  his 
stores.     Leaving  them  with  450  men  under  Major ^^gg^j,  ^ 
MuNROE,  he  advanced,  and  took  post  at  the  mouth   Taylor 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite  to  Matamoras.     Bat-  opposite 
teries  were  erected  by  the  Mexicans,  pointing  at  his  Matamo- 
camp.     This  he  intrenched,  and  immediately  com- 
menced a  fort,  whose  guns  threatened  the  heart  of 
the  city.    Yet  Gen.  Taylor  was  strictly  courteous  to  (April  lo. 
all.     He  had  come,  in  peace,  he  said,  to  protect  ^e^oaf 
Texas,  not  to  invade  Mexico ;  but  if  attacked,  he     from 
should  know  how  to  defend  himself.  aioneTwi^ 

2.  This  attack  he  had  hourly  reason  to  expect,  ^as^iiied 
Paredes  had  put  in  requisition  the  best  troops  of  ^n  i»n- 
Mexico,  headed  by  her  ablest  generals,  and  they  cheros.) 

21.  How  was  the  difficulty  with  England  settled  ? 

Chaptkb  VII.— 1.  What  order  did  Gen.  Taylor  receive  ?  What 
was  its  effect?  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Taylor's  march  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Nueces  to  that  of  the  Rio  Grande.  What  was  here 
done  by  the  Mexicans  ar  d  the  Americans  ?  What  was  Geu.  Tajr- 
Iot'b  course  of  conduct? 


348  MUTUAL   DECLARATIONS    OF   WAB 


PT.  IV.  were  gathering  towards  the  Rio  Grande.     On  both 
"p^'ihT sides  or'  the  rivei-,  all  was  Avarlike  action; — here, 
on.  viL    mounting  or  relieving  guards, — and  there,  planting 
artillery.     Gen.  Aeista  now  arrived,  and  took  the 
command  at  Matamoras.       The  Mexican  govern- 
Aprii  24.  ^6?i^  made  a  formal  declaration  of  war  on  the  23d 
no>tiiities  of  May.     On  the  24th,  Capt.  Thornton  with  sixty- 
mem-e  by  three  dragoous   was   sent  by  Gen.  Taylor  a  lew 
'^ton-s'   "^^'^^'^  ^^P  the  river  to  reconnoitre.     They  tell  into  an 
capture,  auibuscade,  and,  finding  themselves  sui'rounded  by 
«^d  w'le. '"^  far  superior  force,  they  attempted  to  retreat,  cut- 
ting their  way ;  but  they  were  obliged  to  surrender, 
with  the  loss  of  16  killed  and  wounded. 

3.  Tlie  American  Congress  and  people  were  as- 
Aston-  tonished  and  agitated,  when  Gen,  Taylor's  account 
^  K^T  of  this  first  bloodshed  was  received.  Their  army 
anxiety,  ^^g  surrounded  and  in  danger,  fi'om  the  soldiers 

who  had  committed  the  massacres  of  Goliad  and  the 

y,    ^-    Alamo !     A  kind  of  monomania  pervaded  the  na- 

Presi-'  tion.     The  President  announced  to  Congress  that 

extra    ^'^^  Mexicans  had  "  invaded  our  territory,  and  shed 

message,  the  blood  of  our  citizens  upon  our  own  soil."     Con- 

gress  responded,  that  "war  existed  by  the  act  of 

Ac^  of   Mexico,"  and  in  two  days  passed  a  law  authorizing 

Congress  50  000  volunteers  to  be  raised  for  twelve  months: 

to  raise  '  .      .  .  /.     i 

men  and  and  appropriating,  towards  the  carrynig  on  oi  tne 
money-   yf2i\\  ten  millions  of  dollars.     Thus  were  the  means 
at  once  provided. 

4.  Declared  war  being  upon  the  hands  of  the  Ex- 
Uw^Exec-  ecutive,  the  plan  for  its  prosecution  and  results  ap- 

utive.  pears  to  have  been, — to  take  for  indemnity  and  as  a 
permanent  acquisition,  that  part  of  the  Mexican  ter- 
ritory lying  between  the  Old  United  States  and  the 
Pacific;  and  so  to  carry  the  war  into  the  more  vital 
and  richer  parts  of  Mexico,  that  the  people  would 

2.  What  was  now  the  aspect  of  thingrs  in  re?ard  to  war?  How 
did  hostilities  actually  comtnenee?  When  did  the  Mexicans  de- 
clare war? — 3.  How  wa.s  news  of  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  re- 
ceived in  America  ?  and  what  was  done  by  tlie  President  and  by 
Congreas  ? — 4.  What  was  tlae  general  plan  of  the  AmerioaD  £xeo- 
utivd? 


PLAJf    OF   THE   CAMPAIGN.  349 

be  willing  to  receive  peace  and  some  needful  funds,  pt.  rv. 
tliuugh  at  the  sacrifice  of  this  territory,  and  the  re-  fd.  iil 
linquishment  of  Texas  to  the  Rio  Grande.  <^"-  '^"• 

5.  The  American  Executive,*  aided  by  the  head  *e^« 
of  the  war  department,  and  by  General  Scott,  now  May  is' 
sketched  out,  in  two  days'  time,  a  plan  of  a  cam-  *!J'y^^' 
paign,  exceediug,  in  the  vastness  of  the  spaces  over  Poik  had 
wiiich  it  swept  lay  sea  and  land,  any  thing  of  the  %'glf^''jj,^' 
kind  known  in  history.    Vessels  were  to  pass  round  Benton, 
Cape  Horn  to  the  coast  of  California,  to  aid  those  desired  to 
already  there,   in   conquering   that   country.      An  ^J',"''^*'' 
"  Army  of  the  West"  was  to  be  assembled  at  Fort  as  Lient 
Leavenworth  to  take  New  Mexico,  and  then  pro-  Mr."pofk 
ceed  westward  to  the  Pacific,  to  co-operate  with  nomsna- 
the  fleet.     An  "Army  of  the  Centre,"  to  be  col-  but  the' 
lected  from  difierent  and  distant  parts  of  the  Union,  ^1"^  ^^ 
was  to  rendezvous  at  San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  and  conHnn.) 
thence  to  invade  Coahuila  and  Chihuahua.     These 
armies  were  mostly  to  be  created  from  the  raw  ma- 
terial.    The  existing  regular  force  of  the  United 
States,  officers  and  men,  did  not  exceed  9,000. 

6.  Gen.   Taylor,    whose    force    was    called    the 
"  Army  of  Occupation,"  now  received  intelligence  by 
Capt.  Walker,  that  a  large  Mexican  force  in  his  rear, 
was  interposed  between  him  and  his  stores  at  Point 
Isabel.     Walker  had  there  been  stationed  by  Major 
Munroe,  to  keep  open  the  communication ;  and  he 
had  fought  fifteen  minutes  with  his  one  company  o* 
Texan  rangers  (armed  with  revolving  pistols),  with  Apni  as. 
1,500  Mexican  cavalry, — killed  thirty,  and  escaped  ;  ^at^f" 
and  subsequently  he  had  found  his  way  with  six  Mex.  L.  fc 
men  through  the  Mexican  army  to  bring  this  in-  *°  ^' 
formation. 

7.  Leaving  his  camp  at  Matamoras,  with  a  gar-   M«y  i. 
nson  in  command  of  the  trusty  veteran.  Major  '^jJ^I'nt** 
Brown,  Taylor  marched  with  the  main  army,  and   Isabel 

5.  What  military  operations  were  now  sketched  out  ?  What  is 
in  the  side-note  concerning  Senator  Benton  ? — 6.  What  was  now 
received  by  Gen.  Taylor?  What  was  the  first  battle  of  tlie  war  ia 
wliich  Mexican  blood  was  shed  S — 7.  Wiiat  was  now  done  by 
General  Taylor  ? 


350  VICTORIES    OF   I'HE   KIO    GRANDE. 

P'T.  IV.  reached  Point  Isabel  unmolested.    The  Mexicans  at 
P'D.  III.  Matamoras  attacked  the  camp  with  their  batteries, 
OH.  VII.   ^^^  Major  Brown  opened  his  guns  upon  the  city. 
l$^4<>  ^^^  firing  was  anxiously  heard  by  Taylor,  and  a 
jfay  7  to  9.  messenger  for  aid  reached  him  from  Major  Brown. 
^a!]eoT  "^^^  garrison  at  Point  Isabel  being  reinforced  by 
Fort    600  men,  supplied  by  Commodore  Conner  from 
Brown,  ^j^^  navy,sGen,  Taylor  announced  to  the  war  de- 
7th.     partment,  "  I  shall  march  this  day  with  the  main 
Taylor   body  of  the  army,  to  open  a  communication  with 
Isabel    Major  Brown,  and  throw  forward  supplies  of  ord- 
nance and  provision.     If  the  enemy  opposes   my 
march,  in  whatever  force,  I  shall  fight  him." 

8.  The  same  evening  he  marched.  The  next  day 
at  noon  he  came  in  full  sight  of  the  Mexican  army, 
drawn  up  in  order  of  battle,  and  extending  a  mile 

p^^j^Q  across  his  way.  Taylor  halted  his  men, — bade  them 
ALTO,  refresh  themselves  at  the  pools — then  formed  his 
** Moa*^^ line.  The  Mexicans,  although  with  choice  of  the 
Am'.  2,800.  ground,  and  more  than  double  numbers,  were  forced, 
ftnd^w.400.  after  five  hours,  to  yield  to  the  Americans  the  vic- 
"l^w^o^  tory  of  JPalo  Alto.  Major  Ringgold  was  here 
mortally  wounded. 

9.  At  two  o'clock  the  next  day  the  army  resumed 
May  9.  Its  march.    Having  advanced  about  three  miles,  the 

KESACA  jyiexicans  were  discovered,  skilfully  posted,  with  ar- 
p^ijf^.  tillery,  at  Resaca  de  la  Palma.    At  four  o'clock 
Moa^^the  Americans  came  up.     The  field  was  fiercely 
^Mex '  L.^'  contested.     It  was  here,  that  Capt.  May,  with  his 
600.     dragoons,  rode  up  to  a  Mexican  battery,  cut  down 
■^»™d^^  the  men,  and  took  Gen.  La  Vega,  a&  he  was  apply- 
mortaiiy,  ing  a  match  to  one  of  the  guns.     The  Mexicans 
were  wholly  routed.     Their  camp,  its  stores,  equi- 
page, and  Gen.  Arista's  private  papers,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Americans.      The  arrival  at  the  camp 

7.  What  cannonade  was  heard  by  him  at  Point  Isabel  ?  What 
determination  did  he  announce? — 8.  Give  an  account  of  the  bat- 
tle of  Palo  Alto,  the  numbers  engaged,  loss,  &c. ;  sea  side-note. 
LWhen  the  direction  is,  Give  an,  accotmt  of  a  battle,  let  the  side-notes 
I  studied  as  well  as  the  text.) — 9.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  oi 
Koaaca  de  1»  Palma.     What  had  occurred  at  the  oamp  ? 


1846. 


thf:  wak  spirit.  351 

of  Taylor  and  his  victorious  army,  carried  joy  to  t'lie  pt.  iv. 
wearied  combatants.     But  the  commander  of  tlie  fd.  iil 
fort  had  been  killed.     Gen.  Taylor  named  the  place  '^^  ^^ 
where  he  fought  and  fell,  I^07't  Broion. 

10,  Great  were  the  rejoicings  and  illuminations  in 
the  United  States,  ibr  the  victories  of  the  Kio  Grande. 

The  Mexican  army  now  deserted  Matamoras,  and  jfayia 
the  civil  authorities  suifered  the  Americans  to  take    Taylor 
quiet  possession.     Everywhere  the  young  men  of  **Mau^ 
America   were    now    ready,   nay    in    haste,   to  go    '""'^ 
forth  to  defend  their  brethren,  tight  the  Mexicans, 
and  push  for  the  "Halls  of  the  Montezumas."  *    Gen.     juiy. 
Taylor  was  embarrassed  and  delayed  by  the  ill-pro-  ^'^f^y^ 
vided  numbers  Avho  came.    The  towns  on  the  lower    by  the 
Rio  Grande  were  taken  and  occupied  by  the  Ameri-  ^un^r- 
cans.     Camargo^  made  the  depot  of  provisions  and    nishod 
stores,  was  garrisoned  with  2,000  men  under  Gen.    teera.) 
Patterson. 

11.  The  army  being  now  6,000  strong,  its  first  di- 
vision, under  Gen.  Wokth,  marched  for  the  interior 
on  the  20th  of  August.     Gen.  Taylor,  with  the  rear 
column,  soon  followed.     On  the  6th  of  September,  ^^^p^ 
the  several  divisions  were  concentrated  at  Marin,  at  Marin. 
Moving  on,  they  encamped  on  the  9th,  at  Walnut  wainut 
Springs,  three  miles  from  the  city  of  Monterey,  a  Springs 
stronghold  which  they  must  capture.     Here,  on  the 
south  and  west  towered  the  high  peaks  of  the  Si- 
erra Madre,  while  before  them  stood  the  walls  of 
Monterey,  bristling  with  cannon  and  surrounded  by 
fortresses.    Around  them  was  an  unknown  region — 

an  invaded  country,  with  thousands  of  embittered 
foes.  Most  of  their  troops  were  untried  volunteers. 
But  their  officers,  mostly  educated  at  West  Point, 
had  no  superiors.    Especially  had  they  a  commander, 

*  Presofltt's  very  popular  history,  "  The  Conquest  of  Mexico,"  had  Joit 
appeared;  and  it  had  no  little  influence  in  producing  this  enthusiasm. 

10.  What  efifect  «n  tho  U.  S.  had  the  victories  of  the  Eio 
Grande  ?  What  occurred  at  Matamoras  ?  What  effect  on  Taylor'* 
movements  had  the  too  great  accession  of  ill-provided  numbers? 
— 11.  Give  an  account  of  the  movements  of  the  army  until  reach- 
ing Walnut  Springs.     What  now  was  its  oositionl 


352  OAPTUEK   OF   MOJSTTEKEY. 

FT.  IV.  cool  and  deliberate, — judicious  to  plan,  and  ener 
P'p.  in.  getic  to  act. 

CH.  TIL        12.  He  perceived  towards   the   southwest,  that 
the  mountains  were  cleft  by  the  small  stream  of  the 

1  fi  /fl  S^ 

San  Juan,  along  which  was  the  road  from  Saltillo  to 

Monterey.      He  thought  if  a  new  way  could  be 

Sept  20.  iTiade  by  which  the  Saltillo  road  could  be  reached, 

Worth  the  enemy's  line  of  supplies  would  be  cut,  and  prob- 
^olmp. '^  ably  less  formidable  defences  intervene.  The  skill 
'i?.^*'-.  i  of  the  American  engineers,  under  Capt.  Mansfield, 
Mes.  L.'  found  out  soich  a  way ;  and  Gen.  Worth  being  se- 
cJ'^May  lected  foi*  the  important  service,  led  a  column  of 

distin-  650  men  on  the  20th  and  21st,  by  a  difficult  detour 
^^^'^^  round  to  the  Saltillo  road. 

(Forts  13.  This  road  being  gained,  two  batteries  on  a 
Federa-  \{i\\  were  taken,  and  their  guns  turned  on  the  third 
Soidado  and  piincipal  battery,  called  the  Bishop's  Palace, 
carried.)  gitviated  On  the  Steep  hill  Independence.  After  hav- 
Sept.  22.  ing  with  hardship  and  loss  taken  this  battery,  and 

A  M. '  turned  it  against  the  city,  the  war-worn  troops — 
^a^^e*  now  three  days  from  the  camp,  their  numbers  thin- 
Btormed.  ned  by  death,  stood  close  upon  the  rear  of  Monterey. 

14.  Meantime,  Taylor  had  sought  to  direct  the 
attention  of  the  enemy  from  this,  his  real  point  of 

Attack  attack,  by  making  a  feigned  one  in  front.     But  so 
an  Mon-  fiercely  was   this   movement   conducted  by   Gen. 
front    Butler  and  Gen.  Quitman,  that  the  city  was  en- 
tered, though  with  great  sacrifice  of  life.     On  the 
morning  of  the  23d,  the  defences  of  the  opposite 
side  M  ere  carried  by  Gen.  Worth. 

15.  The  Mexican  general,  AMPUDiAj-oame  with  a 
flag  to  propose  capitulation  and  an  armistice,  on 

("  Santa  the  ground  that  peace  might  shortly  be  expected, — 

Anna's   Paredcs  being  displaced,  and  Gen.  Santa  Anna  now 

dated  May  in  powcr.      General  Taylor  knew  that  in   conse- 

I6,i8i4.)  quence  of  President  Polk's  hope  of  that  wily  Mexi- 

12.  What  plan  was  formed  for  approaching  Monterey  in  rear  t 
Who  led  the  detachment? — 13.  Give  an  account  of  the  move- 
ments of  Worth's  party  until  it  reached  the  rear  of  Monterey. — 14. 
Of  those  of  Quitman  and  Butler. — 15.  Oa  what  ground  did  Gea. 
Ampudia  propose  an  armistice  ? 


MtrSTKUING   TlfE   VOLUNTKFJKS.  353 

can's  favorable  disposition,  he  had  sriven  an  order  to  rr.  it. 
the  fleet,  vvliich  Com.  Conner  obeyhis;,  Santa  Anna  p^d^iT 
had  passed  unmolested  on  his  return  from  Cuba.        ch.  vm. 
16.  Gen.  Taylor  had  not  men  suflicieht  to  guard  ,„._ 
the  Mexican  soldiers,  if  he  kept  them  as  prisoners; 
and  his  own   unsupplied  army  needed  all  the  pro- 
visions to  be  found  in  Monterey ;  and  he  wished  to 
spare,  especially  "  non-combatants."     With  the  ad-  g^p,.  gg. 
vice  of  his  officers,  he  therefore  agreed  to  an  armis-     The 
tice  of  eight  weeks,  on  condition  of  the  approval  of  """®'°* 
the  American  government.  This,  on  correspondence,  its  refpc- 
was  withheld  ;  and  the  war,  after  six  weeks,  was  »*^°1,^T 

-,  '  '  '  Mr.  Polk 

renewed. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

Army  of  the  Centre. — Gen.  Wool's  march. — Battle  of  Buena  Vista. 

1.  To  Ge:n^.   Wool  the   administration  confided 
the  principal  share  in  mustering  and  preparing  the 
volunteers.      His  orders,  dated  May  29th,  he  re-  May 
ceived  at  Troy ; — left  immediately  for  Washington,    ^^ 
— from  thence  moved  through  the  States  of  Ohio,    order* 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Missis- 
sippi ; — meeting  the   enlisted  volunteers   at  desig-  '^fl'^J^ 
nated  places  of  rendezvous,  and  inspecting  and  ad-    '^e^^s 
mitting  them,  if  suitable  men,  into  the  army.    These  miles  tra 
distances  were  accomplished,  and  twelve  and  a  half^nTTIob- 
regiments  (two  of  cavalry),  making  about  12,000     men 
men,  were  inspected,  mustered  into  the  service,  and  ™"®^'"®^ 
sent  to  their  destined  places,  by  the  16th  of  July. 

2.  About  9,000  of  these  recruits  went  to  the  Rio  Aug.  i. 
Grande,   to   reinforce   the   army   of  Gen.   Taylor,  at ^Vaci 
Those  to  form  the  "Army  of  the  Centre"  went  by  °^„^^«' 
different  routes  to  rendezvous  at  Bexar ; — some  go-    iJay). 

15.  What  did  Taj-lor  know  of  Mr.  Polk's  course  in  regard  to 
Santa  Anna? — 16.  What  farther  do  you  learn  concerning  the 
armistice  of  Monterey  ? 

Chapter  Vlll. — 1.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Wool's  movements 
in  mustering  volunteers. — 2.  How  many  of  these  went  to  Gen. 
Taylor  ?  Where  were  those  for  the  Army  of  the  Centre  to  rendei- 
voiis,  and  by  what  routes  ? 


354  GEN.  wool's  MARCn. 

FT.  IV.  ing  the  far  circuit  of  Little  RocJc^  in  Arkansas,  and 
P'D.  inTsome  by  the  Gulf  through  L<i  V(fca.  At  Bexar  be- 
CH.  VIII.  g.^^  iiyj^i  (ji-ill  jind  strict  discipline  of  the  volunteers, 
1846.  which  made  Gen.  Wool's  corps,  whether  resting  or 
Gen.  moving,  a  camp  of  instruction  ;  and  which,  together 
diTcMine  ^^'it.h  his  great  care  that  every  article  necessary  to 
(nnpopu-  health  and  efficiency,  should  always  be  prepared  and 
his  men  at  I'tsady,  gavc  to  it  the  praise  of  being  "  a  model  army." 
the  time).  3,  Gen.  Wooi's  destination  was  Chihuahua.  His 
„     „    ,  force,  amounting  to  500  rej^ulars  and  2,440  volim- 

Gen  Wool  ^         .  ^  - 

leaves    tecrs,  crossed  the  Rio  Grande  at  Presidio^  on  a  fly- 
crossesae^'^S  bridge  pi'epared  for  the  purpose.     From  this 
E.  G.  at  fertile  spot  they  marched  Avestward   26  miles,  to 
Presidio,  j^^^^^  ^ygj.  g^  dead  level, — without  finding  a  drop 
of  water  or  a  human  habitation.     The  troops,  in 
crossing  the  Sierras  of  San  Jose  and  Santa  liosa^ 
encountered  steep  rocky  ascents  and  deep  mountain 
gorges;    and  often   before    their  300    heavy-laden 
wagons  could  pass,  roads  must  be  repaired  or  made. 
Sometimes,  as  the  army  appeared,  the  ignorant  peo- 
ple of  the  country,  taken  by  surprise,  believed  that 
the  robber  bands  of  Mexico  were  upon  them.     The 
shrieking  women  would  run  from  their  houses,  and 
embrace    the   crosses   by   the   wayside, — probably 
where  some  friend  had  been  killed,  whose  fate  they 
expected  to  share. 
GenMooi     ^'  "^^^  Gen.  Wool  protected  the  quiet  and  the 
at  Mon-  weak  against  the  lawless  and  the  strong ;  and  as  he 
*'^"'^*"    passed  on  through  San  Fernando  and  Santa  Mosa 
(Troops  to  Monclova,  his  advance  was  heralded  as  that  of  a 
under    friend.     He  there  peacefully  unfurled  the  American 
ingthe"ar-flag  ovcr  the  govemment-house  of  the   province. 
mistice;  ^^  Monclova,  Gen.  Taylor  communicated  to  him 

they  are  '  ,      ,  •' 

always   the  Capture  and  armistice  of  Monterey, 
•"vuhouf      5 .  On  the  25th  of  November,  Gen.  Wool  m arch ed 
the  cities  upou  Pai'TOS ,'  Gcu.  Tavlor  having:  advised  him  to 

Slid  vil-    _^ ^ l^ ^ 

lages). 

2.  What  gave  to  Gen.  "Wool's  corps  the  credit  of  being  a 
"model  army?" — 3.  Describe  the  army's  niarcli. — 4.  To  wlioiii 
did  Gen.  Wool  afford  protection  'i  How  was  bis  advance  regarded 
by  the  well-informed  Mexicans?  What  did  he  learn  at  Monclova? 
— 5.  Why  did  he  inarcli  to  Parras? 


THE    WOMKN    OF    PARKAS.  S55 

establish  a  post  in  that  fertile  region   and   collect  ft.  iv. 
provisions,   of  which  his  army  Avere  in  need,  and  pd.  hi. 
which  the  country  about  Montei'ey  could  not  sup-  <"'•  "^in. 
ply.     At  Parras,  Gen.  Wool  was  received  with  all  tS46. 
the  courtesy  due  to  a  distinguished  guest.      TheNov.':8t» 
strictness  of  his  discipline  was  not  only  improving   ^^%^ 
his  army,  but,  by  imparting  the  new  feeling  of  se-  ,froni 
curity  to  a  people,  so  long  the  victims  or  anarchy,  to  »'arra» 
he  was  winning  their  affections,  and  giving  them  de- 
sires  for   a   better   government.      Stores   came   in 
abundantly,  and  the  necessities  of  the  two  armies 
were  fully  supplied. 

6.  In  the  mean  time  Gen.  Taylor  had  proceeded  p^„^  ^4 
to  Victoria,  the  capital  of  Tamaulipas,  expecting  to  Tampico 
co-operate  with  Gen.  Patterson  and  a  naval  force  in  without 
the  reduction  of  Tampico.     But  that  place  had  sur-  ^^^{'\^ 
rendered'to  Commodore  Conner  on  the  14th  of  No-  thecour- 
vember.     Gen.  Butler  was  left  in  command  at  Mon- ^^^^ "j*^^, 
terey.     Saltillo,  the  capital  of  Coahuila,  of  which   ^Mks. 
the  Americans  had  taken  peaceable  possession  on   wTfeto 
the  IVth,  was  garrisoned  and  commanded  by  Gen.  *^®^^ 
Worth. 

7.  The  changeful  Mexicans,  having  now  displaced 
Paredes,  and  given  full  power  to  Santa  Anna,  he 
had  concentrated  a  force  of  22,000  at  San  Imis  Po- 
tosi.  Gen.  Worth,  60  miles  in  advance  of  Monte- 
rey, and  200  from  Taylor  at  Victoria,  now  received 

the  startling  intelligence  that  this  army  was  immedi-  Dec.  17. 
ately  to  be  brought  down  upon  him ; — he  having  but  p^^"  ^f^^ 
900  men.     He  sent  a  rapid  express,  entreating  Wool     ®«"- 
to  hasten  to  his  aid  with  his  whole  force.     In  two  Genl^wo^ 
hours  Gen.  Wool  was  in  motion,  only  fourteen  of  his  ^ea^es 
soldiers  being  unable  to  march.    Such  Avas  the  grat-  his  rapik 
itude  of  the  protected  people,  that  the  ladies  of  Par-    ™°^^ 
ras  came  forward  and  voluntarily  took  these  sick 
soldiers  to  their  houses.     In  four  days  the  army 

5.  What  was  the  effect  of  his  discipline  ? — 6.  Give  an  account  of 
Mie  arrangements  detailed  in  paragraph  6th. — 7.  What  do  you  now 
•earn  of  Santa  Anna?  What  ahirmed  Gen.  Worth,  and  what  ex- 
press did  he  send  ?  What  was  done  by  Gen.  Wool  ?  What  remark- 
able proof  of  gratitude  did  he  receive"  from  the  ladies  of  Parras  ? 


856  INEQUA.LTTT    OF    FORCE. 

FT.  IV.  marched  120  miles,   to  Agua  Nueva^  twenty-one 

FD.  III.  miles  in  advance  of  Saltillo. 

'^'B-.^va.  8.  Gen.  Taylor,  while  at  Victoria,  learned  that 
the  city  of  Mexico  was  to  be  approached  by  Vera 
Cruz;  and  that  Gen.  Scott,  appointed  to  conduct 

Scott  sn-  ^jjj^  invasion,  would,  as  his  senior,  supersede  him  in 

Taylor,  the  Mcxican  command  ;  and  it  was  trom  the  forces 
of  Taylor  and  Wool,  that  Scott's  army  was,  by  tlie 

T^yioV  direction  of  the  war  department,  mainly  to  be 
and  Wool  drawn  ; — they,  "to  stand  on  the  defensive,  till  more 
•tripped  of  could  be  scnt  by  government."     Whatever  might 

forces.  ^^^'*^  been  their  feelings,  the  two  generals  obeyed 
the  order  ;  and  promptly  detached  many  of  their 
best  officers — Worth  amojig  the  rest — with  the 
greater  part  of  their  regular  troops  and  volunteers. 
Yet,  with  the  remainder,  they  met  and  bore  back 
the  danger  which  then  threatened  them — the  shock 
of  the  most  formidable  array  which  Mexico  had 
ever  sent  to  the  field. 

9.  Gen.  Taylor,  in  order  to  prepare  for  the  com- 
1847.  ing  crisis,  left  a  small  garrison  at  Monterey,  and 

advanced  south  with  about  300  men  to  the  camp  of 
Annaap-  Wool,  at  Agua  Nueva.  Their  whole  force,  officers 
proaches.  ^^^  men,  was  4,690,  and  Santa  Anna  was  approach- 
Great  in-  ^"o  ^^^^^  more  than  four  times  that  number — be- 
eqnaiitjr  sides  3,000  regular  cavalry  under  Gen.  Minon,  and 
of  force.  J  QQQ  under  Gen.  Urrea,  sent  in  advance,  to  turn 

the  American  position,  destroy  their  stores,  and  cut 

off  their  retreat. 

10.  The  army  remained  encamped  at  Agua  Nueva 
Santa  tmtil  the  afternoon  of  the  21st  of  February;  when, 
Anna,    Santa  Anna  being  now  near,  the   camp  at  Agua 

Is  drawn'  Nueva  was  broken  up;  and  Santa  Anna,  believing 

Ms'ition  ^^^^  ^is  f*^^s  were  flying  in  dismay,  eagerly  pursued, 

till  he  was  drawn  to  the  mountain-gorge  of  Angos- 

7.  What  march  was  made  by  Gen.  "Wool? — 8.  What  disagree- 
able intellisreiice  was  received  by  Taylor?  What  was  his  conduct? 
Was  Gen.  Wool  atfected  by  the  government  order?  What  did  the 
two  generals  elfect  with  the  remainder  of  their  force  ? — 9.  Wliat 
was  now  the  position  and  force  of  the  Mexican  and  American 
armies  ? — 10.  What  occurred  on  the  aftarnoou  of  the  21st  of  iVl 
ruary  ? 


Washington's  birthday.  357 

tura,  previously  cliosen  by  Gen.  Wool,  as  the  place  pt.  iy. 
for  the  baitie.     He  was  left  by  Taylor  the  active  p'd.  iil 
commander  at  Buena  Vista  ;  while,  anxious  for  his  '^^  "'™- 
stores  menaced  by  Minon,  Taylor  himself  went  to  ^ g^*. 
Saltiilo. 

11.  On  the  morning  of  the  22d,  Gen.  Wool  drew 

up  the  army  for  battle.     The  gorge  was  the  key  of  Fpb.  22. 
the  position.     Here  was  placed  Capt.  Washington's  "^/J^^ 
battery.     This  was  the  birthday  of  the  great  Mexican 
Washington,  and  the  battle-cry  was  to  be,  "  The  app,!^ 
memory  of  Washington ! "    From  their  positions  the 
troops  looked  out  through  the  gorge  to  the  south, 
and  beheld,  issuing  from  clouds  of  dust,  the  long 
array  of  the  Mexican  host, — glittering  witl?  bur- 
nished arms,  and  gorgeous  with  many-colored  dra- 
peries. 

12.  About  noon  the  Mexicans  pushed  forward  ag^^i^j^j^ 
party  to  the  heights  on  the  east,  or  American  left,    p  m^ 
At  three  o'clock  began  the  battle.     The  Mexicans  begfnl 
made  no  impression  upon  the  American  lines,  while  ^^^^^'^ 
they  suffered  loss.     Night  came.    The  Americans  more  than 
remained  under  arms.     Two  hours  after  midnight   ^ff^L. 
the  Mexicans  commenced  the  second  day's  attack,    w.  4,  k.  a 

13.  No  language  can  depict  the  penlous  condi- 
tion of  the  comparatively  few  Americans  who  fought, 
and  finally  won  the  long  and  bloody  battle  of  Buena 
Vista.    Some  of  the  volunteers  fled  in  the  early  part 
of  the  day,  and  in  endeavoring  to  rally  them,  Capt. 
Lincoln  lost  his  valuable  life.     Once  the  Mexicans 
had  turned  the  American  left,  and  in  that  quarter 
were  gaining  the  field,  when  they  were  met  and  re- 
pelled by  Col.  Jefferson  Davis,  with  the  unerring  ^gn<Pt'he* 
rifles  of  the  Mississippi  volunteers.     Repeatedly  the  Mississip- 
battle  had  been  lost  but  for  the  flying-artillery,  which    ^'^^ 
changed  rapidly  from  point  to  point  as  it  w^as  need- 
ed.   Twice  Lieut.  O'Brien  checked  masses  of  the  *^"^"^"- 
enemy  with  his  small  battery,  remaining  in  their  way    -^^sh- 

;so  long  that  he  co'ild  only  save  himself  by  leaving   ington. 

11.  What  on  the  mornina:  of  the  22d?— 12.  What  were  the 
Military  operations  of  the  afternoon  of  that  day?— 13.  Kelate 
jome  of  the  earlier  incidents  of  tho  battle  of  Buena  Vista. 


858  BUENA    VISTA. 

PT.  IV.  part  of  his  guns.     Washington,  though  repeatedly 

FD.  III.  attacked,  maintained  liis  position. 

oi.  vuL       14.^  Once  Mexican  cavah-y  found  their  way  to  the 

rear  of  the  Americans,  and  attacked  their  camp; 

Camp  '  but  they  were  repelled.    Col.  Ykll  here  lost  his  life. 

attacked.  Then  came  a  moment  in  wliich  several  thousand 

Mexicans  were  in  danger,  when  Santa  Anna  relieved 

na'a  base  tlicm,  and  changed  his  batteries  for  a  final  assault, 

-.-rif'i"*?   hy  the  vile  trick  of  sendinsr  a  flasr,  as  if  for  surren- 

wiln  a  nag     •'  .  o     ,      .  o' 

of  truce,  der.  This  last  assault  was  turiously  made  on  the 
American  centre,  commanded  by  Taylor  in  person. 
-assniSntof -^^^  a  few  moments  the  volunteers  were  in  danger 
theMex-  of  being  overwhelmed  by  numbers.  Colonels 
IlAKmN,  Clay,  and  McKee,  were  killed.  The  bat- 
teries of  Bragg  and  Sherman  arrived,  and  by 
almost  superhuman  exertion,  they  saved  the  day. 

15.  Santa    Anna  was  obliged  to  draw  back  his 
^pj^^much  diminished  forces.     The  second  night  came 

yiSTA.  on.     Officers  and  men  were  on  the  alert,  and  horses 

k.  and  w.  in  harness.     The  field  was  strewed  with  the  lifeless 

i^^n    "^cti^s  of  war.     The  American  surgeons  and  their 

4,000.    assistants  administered  to   the  wounded,  whether 

k.™  wi^  friend  or  foe ;  and  Mexican  women  were  there,  to 

w.  450.  soothe  the  dying,  or  wail  the  dead. 

16.  At  morning  the  Americans  Avere  prepared 
to  renew  the  contest.  Outposts,  by  astonishing 
marches,  had  reached  the  camp.  Marshall,  with  his 
mounted  Kentuckians,  and  Prentiss  with  his  artil- 

■*^^®ty.  lery,  had  travelled  trom  the  Pass  of  Ilinconada — 
35  miles  of  bad  road — in  one  day.  At  dawn.  Gen. 
Wool,  abroad  to  reconnoitre,  discovered  that  the 
enemy  were  in  full  retreat.  Hastening  with  the 
aews  to  the  tent  of  Taylor,  they  embraced  and 
wept, — while  the  glad  shouts  of  victory  rang  over 
the  battle-field. 

IV.  Santa  Anna  had  promised  his  army,  before 
the  battle,  the  lives  and  property  of  their  foes,  and 

14.  Of  the  later. — 15.  What  was  the  position  of  things  whet 
night  came  on? — 16.  What  preparation  had  the  Americans 
made  to  renew  the  contest?  What  was  discovered  at  dawn  of 
day? 


CAJ^IFOENIA..  359 

he  had  sent,  besides  regular  troops,  hordes  of  ran-  ft.  iv. 
cheros,  to   lill  tlie   mountain-passes,  so  that  not  an  fd.  iil 
American  should  escape  with  his  life.     By  a  body   <"*•  '^ 
of  these  troops,  a  wagon  train  Avas  attacked  at  Ra-  1847.' 
mas,  and  45  wagoners  killed.     On  the  day  of  the ^^^J'^*^^^^* 
battle,  Gen.  Minon,  with  1,800  cavalry,  was  driven  arntions to 
from  Saltillo  by  Capt.  Webstek  and  those  under  the'whoie 

his  command.  Am.army 

1 8.  The  victory  of  Buena  Yista  dirtiinished,  and 
in  a  degree  discouraged,  the  Mexican  army,  while  it 
gave  animation  and  impetus  to  that  of  the  Ameri- 
cans— needful  for  them  in  the  difficult  enterprise  to 
be  undertaken  by  Scott,  and  it  left  the  Americans 
in  quiet  possession  of  the  northern  provinces  of 
Mexico  proper.  Gen.  Taylor  returned  to  receive 
the  highest  honors  of  his  country.  Gen,  Wool  was 
left  in  c6mmand  at  Monterey ;  where  he  so  protect- 
ed the  conquered  region,  that  its  principal  citizens 
desired  its  annexation  to  the  American  Union. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Army  of  the  "West. — Conquest  of  New  Mexico  and  California. 

1.  A  FLEET  was  already  on  the  coast  of  Califor- 
nia, when  the  war  commenced.  Commodore  Sloat, 
the  commander,  was  advised  by  the  navy  depart- 
ment, that  war  with  Mexico  might  occur,  in  which 

case  he  was,  without  further  notice,  to  employ  his  1846. 
fleet  for  hostile  purposes.     Having  been  led  to  be- Monterey, 
lieve  that  war  existed,  Com.  Sloat  took  Monterey  >^  Gall- 
on the  7th  of  July,  1846.   On  the  8th,  San  Francisco^  tafeen'by 
north  of  Monterey,  was  taken  by  a  part  of  his  squad-    g^"^ 
ron,  acting  under  the  orders  of  Com.  Montgomery. 

2.  At  Sonoma  the  American  flag  had  already  been 

17.  What  had  Santa  Anna  promised  and  prepared  to  do? 
What  occurred  at  Ramas?  At  Saltillo? — 18.  What  ia  here  said 
of  G  en.  Taylor  ?     Of  Gen.  Wool  ? 

Chapter  IX. — 1.  Of  what  was  Com.  Sloat  ad%'ised?  What 
j)lace.s  in  California  were  taken  on  the  7th  and  8th  of  July,  1846? 


360  THE    BI<;AR    KKVOLUTION. 

FT.  IV.  planted    by   Col.   P'kemoxt, — who,  with    63  men 
FD.  HI.  hud  been  sent  out  in  1845  by  the  government  with 
ou.  IX.    ^i^g  ostensible  object  of  making  peaceful  explora- 
^^.^  tions.     Fremont  being  threatened  with  destruction 
June  and  by   Db   Castko,   the   Spanish    commandant,   went 
July,     uoitli  and  aroused  the  American  settlers  in  the  neigh- 
oiui  tiie  borliood  of  Sonoma,  and  on  the  river  Sacramento. 
'^aiifor-"'^''^^y  added  to  his  force,  and  he  swept  out  the  Mex- 
nians    ican  authorities  from  around  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
the^Span- cisco  and  further  north.     The  Ameiican  Californi- 
ish  gov-  ans,  July  5th,  declared  their  independence,  and  placed 
Fremont  at  their  head.     A  few  days  after,  a  rumor 
(Called   came  that  war  existed  between  the  United  States 
lievofu-"^  and  Mexico ;  when  the  California  colors  were  joy- 
tion,  from  fully  pulled  down  and  the  American  hoisted..... 
adopted)  On  the  loth  of  July  arrived,  in  a  frigate  at  Monte- 
rey, Commodore   Stockto^t.      Fremont,  with   his 
,  battalion,  now  increased  to  160 — placed  himself  un- 
der Stockton's  command.  Commodore  Sloat  leaving 
the  station. 

3.  Gen.  Castro  went  south  to  Los  Angeles^  the 
seat  of  civil  government.     Stockton  and  Fremont, 
with  their  combined  land  and  naval  forces,  followed. 
Aug.  17.  The  Mexicans  withdrawing,  they  took   peaceable 
institute's  posscssion  ;  and  Com.  Stockton  assumed,  by  procla- 
S^aat  "nation,  the  style  of  governor.     He  and  Fremont 
Angeles,  then  going  north,  a  Mexican  force  under  Gen.  Flo- 
BES  retook  Los  Angeles  and  the  southern  towns, 
driving  out  the  American  garrisons.     Fremont  in- 
creased his  California  battalion  to  428,  with  which 
in  December  and  January  he  assisted  in  the  final 
^   the     conquest  of  California. 

West—       4^  Army  of  the  West. — Immediately  after  the 

856.  '   opening  of  the  war,  orders  were  issued  by  the  Exec- 

Lt  Art.'  ^ti"^6  for  organizing  an  "Army  of  the  West,"  to  be 

250,     commanded  by  Gen.  Kearny  ; — for  the  object  of 

^e^ietel"  taking, — and  placing  under  American   laws.  New 

of  ord.)    

3.  Give  some  account  of  Col.  Fremont  and  his  military  opera- 
tions in  California.  Wlio  arrived  ?  What  further  is  said  of  Fre- 
mont?— 3.  What  ha{3pened  at  Los  Angeles? — 1.  What  was  the 
object  of  the  Army  of  the  W  est  S 


GEN.    KEARXY'8    MARCH.  361 

Mexico  and  California.    The  army  began,  .Tune  5th,  pt.  iy. 
to  appear  at  the  rendezvous,  which  was  Fort  Zeav-  p'd.  m. 
enworth.     Here  the  volunteers  chose  their  own  olB-  ^^-  '^• 
cers.     The  men  elected  by  them  liad  entered  their  j«-^ 
ranks  as  piivates.     Doniphan  was  chosen  colonel  of  jnne  is* 
the  first  Mijssouri  regiment.     All  were  for  twenty  ^^'^'^f']"^" 
days  instructed  by  such  of  their  officers  as  had  been 
West  Point  students;  and  thus  the  military  arts 
and  sciences  infused  into  this  celebrated  school,  by 
Col.  Sylvanus  Thayer  and  his  associates  and  suc- 
cessors, were  rapidly  transfused  into   the  capable 
volunteers  of  the  West. 

5.  Gen.  Kearny  having  sent  forward  his  baggage, 

and  taken  in  convoy  the  annual  train  of  merchants'  "^""l.^^ 
%vagons,  now   numbering   414    (going  to  trade  at    Army 
Santa  Fe  and  Chihuahua),  set  out  with  his  army  on   ^^^^  " 
the  last  of  June.     They  moved  south-westerly  across  Reach  the 
the  river  Kansas  and  its  southern  branches, — along  Kansas, 
the  Arkansas  to  Bent's  Fort ;   thence  south  and  T^'Jlr- 
southwesterly  to  Santa  Fe.  kansaa. 

6.  A  great  portion  of  the  region  moved  over,  was 
prairie ; — one  wide,  wild,  unmeasured  level,  or  gently 
undulating  field; — sometimes  green,  as  far  as  the 
eye  could  reach,  with  tall,  rank  grass, — and  sometimes 

gay  with  unnumbered  flowers, — perhaps  blushing,  scenes 
far  round  with  the  varieties  of  the  prairie  rose, — or 
tinged  orange  with  the  wild  lily ;  and  sometimes 
showing  the  pale  green  and  delicate  white  and  red 
of  the  moccasin  flower,  the  "  belle  of  the  praii-ie." 
Along  the  Ai-kansas  the  troops  found  great  herds  of 
buffalo ;  and  cheerily  joined  the  hunt,  and  enjoyed 
the  feast. 

7.  But  they  had  many  hardships.    The  ground 

was  often  so  soft  and  spongy  that  the  wagons  sunk ;  June  to 
and  the  strength  of  the  men  must  be  added  to  that  ^^-  ^** 

4.  What  occurred  with  respect  to  election  of  ofl5cers  and  disci- 
pline, and  where?— 5.  What  is  said  of  a  wagon-train  which  Gen. 
Kearny  was  to  convoy?  What  course  was  taken  by  the  army  in 
their  march  to  Santa  Fe?— 6.  Describe  the  prairie  scenery,  and 
the  chief  pleasure  of  the  army. — 7.  What  disagreeable  scenes  had 
they  to  encounter  ? 

16 


362  NKW    MEXICO    TAKEN. 

P'T.  lY.  of  the  horses  to  drag  them  forth.     Again,  chasms 

FD.  III.  must  be  filled,  and  torrents  bridged  ;  and  sometimes 

*^  *^    the  volunteers  must  lie  down  at  night  in  places  in- 

_  fested  with  serpents,  horned  frogs,  lizards,  and  mos- 

*  quitoes.     Often  they  made  long  marches  without 

Avater,  and  sometimes  with  scarcely  any  food. 

Ans.  18.       8-  Gren.  Kearny  having  thus  marched  900  miles, 

Gen.    peacefully  entered  the  city  of  Santa  Fe,  containing 

entere^  about  2,000  inhabitants.     He  occupied  the  govern- 

SantaF6.  Qj.5g  palacc,  and  planted  above  it,  August  18th,  the 

jjgpg^^^  standard  eagle  of  Republican  America.     The  day 

lishes  civil  after  he  proclaimed  himself  governor  of  New  Mex- 

^ment"  i^^-     He  next  required  the  principal  men  to  swear 

allegiance  to  the  laws  and  government  of  the  United 

States. 

9.  Gen.  Kearny  having  taken  possession  of  New 
Mexico,  and  organized  a  government, — it  next  be- 

Bept  25.  came  his  duty  to  proceed  to  California.  He  made 
Kearny  Chaeles  Bext,  civil  govcrnor  of  Santa  Fe ;  and  ap- 
|i*nto  F6.  pointed  Col.  Doniphan,  as  his  military  successor ; 
with  orders,  however,  that  on  the  arrival  of  volun- 
teers under  Col.  Price,  Doniphan  should  leave  him 
in  command,  proceed  with  his  regiment  and  some 
additional  forces  to  Chihuahua,  and  there  report  to 
Gen.  Wool. 

10.  Proceeding  down  the  Rio  Grande,  Kearny 

rnontls  "^^s  ™^*  ^y  ^^  express  from  Col.  Fremont,*  by  which 

^moted  he  learned  that  California  was  already  conquered. 

**t^''  Selecting  100  men  as  his  escort,  he  ordered  the  re- 

Bervices.)  ijjyh  of  his  main  force  to  Santa  Fe.     Crossing  the 

Rio  Grande  in  latitude  33°,  he  reached  the  river 

Nov  22  ^i^^?  ^t  the  copper  mines,  on  the  20th  of  October ; 

Kearny  and  foUowing  its  course,  he  arrived  at  its  mouth  on 

moUhV^he  22d  of  November,  in  lat.  32°.     From  this  point 

the  Gila,  he  kept  along,  or  near  the  Colorado,  forty  miles  N. ; 

thence  westerly  sixty  miles,  through  an  arid  desert. 

8.  What  were  some  of  the  circumstances  of  Gen.  Kearny's  tak- 
ing Santa  Fe  and  establishing  government? — 9.  What  was  Gen, 
Kearny  next  to  do?  Whom  did  )ie  leave  to  succeed  him?  What 
orders  did  he  give  ?— 10.  What  information  met  Gen.  Kearny  and 
what  was  his  course  of  action  ?  Describe  the  route  of  Gen.  Kearny. 


CALIFORNIAN    BATILES.  863 

11.  On  the  2d  of  December,  Gen.  Kearny  reached  T'T.  iv. 
Wamas  village,  the  frontier  settlement  of  California,  ro.  iil 
By  capturing  a  Mexican  express,  he  had  learned  the   ^^  ^ 
revolt,  and  had  sent  to  Stockton  at  St.  Diego ;  by  jg^g 
whose  orders  he  was  met  on  the  5th  by  Captain 
Gillespie,  with   thirty-six  men.      A   corps   of  the 
enemy  were  near.      The  next   morning   the  gen- 
eral momited  his  little  party  on  the  jaded  beasts, 
which  they  had  ridden  from  Santa  Fe,  1050  miles,   Dec.  6. 
and  at  day-dawn  went  forth  to  San  Pascal, — where  p^g^^ 
he  eno:a2;ed  160  mounted  Californians.     The  Amer-    Mex. 
icans  were  Adctorious; — but  these  more   northem  °"* 
troops  sold  victory  at  a  dearer  rate,  than  the  south- 
ern Mexicans.     Kearny  was  twice  wounded.     Cap- 
tains Johnson,  and  Mooee,  and  Lieut.  Hammond, 

were  killed; — indeed,  more  than  half  the  officers 
were  either  killed  or  wounded,  with  1 9  of  the  men. 
When  the  surgeon  appeared,  the  commander  di- 
rected, "first  dress  the  wounds  of  the  soldiers;" 
and  then  fell, — fainting  with  exhaustion.  Happily, 
his  wounds  were  not  dansrerous.  He  reached  San 
Diego  on  the  12th  of  December. 

12.  On  the  29th  of  that  month.  Com.  Stockton  ^§417 
and  Gen.  Kearny,  at  the  head  of  500  marines  with   Jan.  8.' 
the  land  forces,  marched  to  the  vicinity  of  Ciudad  "^J/f^* 
los  Angeles  to  quell  the  revolt  of  the  inhabitants, —  Am.  l.  20. 
met  and  defeated  them  at  San  Gabriel,  on  the  8th      70! 
of  January,  and  the  next  day  took  peaceable  posses- 
sion of  Los  Angeles.     The  Californians,  still  in  force,  Jan.  la 
knowing  that  Fremont  approached,  passed  the  city,  <^apito- 
marched  twelve  miles  north,  and  surrendered  to  him  J.    '^^^ 
at   Cowenga,  on  an  honorable  capitulation.     This 
proved  the  final  pacification  of  California.  jan.  li 

13.  The   following    day    the    American    parties  ^^^n^g®* 
met  at  Los  Angeles.     Who  should  be  governor  ?      ies.° 
Stockton   said    it    should    be    Fremont.      General  Jan.  17. 
Kearny  claimed  the  office  on  account  of  his  su-  -Ift^^sto 
perior  rank,  and  the  President's  authority.      But    °^T- 

1 1.  Describe  the  battle  of  San  Pascal.— 12.  Of  San  Gabriel— 
the  capitulation.- -13.  Kelate  the  dispute  concerning  the  gover- 
norship. 


364  dontphan's  expedition. 

PT.  lY.  Kearny's  written  order,  Fremont  refused  to  obey, 
FD.  HI.  until  further  dii-ected,  from  Washington.      Kearny 

*^"'  *•  left  him  in  the  gubernatorial  mansion  ;  and  marched 
1S47.  forth,  with  the  poor  lemains  of  his  party,  to  San  Di- 
"Keaniy^s"  ego.  Here  he  was  i-einfbrced  by  the  Mormon  bat- 
nmrch  to  talion  under  Col.  Cooke.     Leaving  them,  he  sailed 

Feb's"  ^^  Monterey;  where  in  conjunction  with  Com.  Shu- 
At      brick,  he  made  a  proclamation  as  governor ; — annex 

onterey.  -^       California  to  the  United  States. 

March  1.        i^  .  i  i        i  i         -n»        • 

ProciHina-      14.  Jb  rcmont  learnnior,  at  lentjth  that  the  1  resi- 
dent  would  not  sustain  his  course,  rode  on  horse- 
^r'-'s^^  back,  400  miles  in  three  days  and  ten  hours,  to  make 
Fremont's  his  submission  to   Kearny,  at  Monterey.  .  .  .  Col. 
'journey!' -^^-^SON- arrived  with  orders  to  supersede  Kearny, 
and  permit  Fremont  to  join  his  regiment,  or  pui-sue 
Aug.  22.  his  explorations.     He  was  forced,  instead,  to  accom- 
pany Kearny  in  his  overland  journey  by  the  South 
1848.  P^ss; — arrested  by  him  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  tried 
His      at  Washington  by  a  court-martial,  and  finally  sen- 
sentence,  ^gj^ggfj   ^Q   iQgg   jjjg    commission.      The   President 

offered  its  restoration,  but  Fremont  would  not  accept 
it  at  his  hands. 


CHAPTER  X. 

Doniplian's  Expedition  to  Chihuahua. — Eevolt  in  New  Mexico. 

1846.      1-  Three  days   after  Gen.  Kearny's   departure 

Sept  28.  from  Santa  Fe,  Col,  Price  arrived  with  his  recruits. 

arrive"at  Col.  Doniphan  was  awaiting  this  event  to  commence 

Santa  Fe.  j^jg  march  upon  Chihuahua.    But  on  the  11th  of  Oc- 

Oct  11    tober,  he  received  an  order  from  Kearny,  dated  "near 

Doniphan  La  Joya,"  to  march  with  his  regiment  against  the 

gainst   Navajo  Indians, — their  chiefs  not  having  come  to 

the  Nava-  Santa  Fe  to  hold  a  peace-council  with  those  of  other 

joes,     jjj^j^jj  nations,  as  they  had  been  invited,  and  as  they 

had  promised  to  do ; — but  instead  of  this,  they  had 

13.  What  was  Kearny's  course? — 14.  What  was  Fremont's? 
What  was  the  result  ? 

Chaptkk  X. — 1.  What  was  Gen.  Kearny's  order  to  Col.  Doni- 
phan? 


Doniphan's  march.  365 

made  war  on  "the  inhabitants  of  New  Mexico,  un-  pt.  it. 
der  the  protection  of  the  United  States."  fd.  hi. 

2.  Winter  was  approaching,  and  the   abodes  of   ^^-  ^ 
the  powerful  Navajoes,  the  "mountain-lords"  of  un-  1§46. 
known  regions,  extended  far  to  the  west.    The  more  ''ipwajor' 
thoroughly  to  scour  their  country,  Col.  Doniphan    Giipm 
divided  his  regiment  into  three  parties, — one  under  about 750 
Major  Gilpin,  to  take  a  northern  route  ;  one  under  Y^^^'^^ng^* 
CoL.  Jackson,  a  southern,  while  Doniphan  himself 

was  to  take  a  central  range.     All  were  to  meet  at  Nov.  22. 
OJo    Oso,  or  the  Bear  Springs, — bringing  in  the  "Pif^^y^ 
chiefs  to  hold  a  council.     Notwithstanding  incredi- ^^^_* 
ble  hardships,  this  was  done;  and  on  the  22d  of   joes. 
November  a  treaty  of  peace  and  amity  was  made 

i^^*^^"^-  .  .  Dec  14 

3.  From  ya?yer^e.  Col.  Doniphan  moved  his  army    Doni- 
in  three  divisions ;  with  baggage-wagons  and  mer-    P^y* 
chant  trains  in  convoy.     He  now  crossed,  a  dreary    move 
desert  of  ninety  miles,  called  the  "  Jourrfey  of  the  vaiverde. 
Dead,"  wliere  was  neither  water,  food,  nor  fuel.    At 
Donanna  the  army  found  refreshment.  Dec  22. 

4.  At  JBracito  on  the  Del  Norte,  they  encoun-  nann&,"60 
tered  a  Mexican  force,  commanded  by  Gen.  Ponce  m-  from 
DE  Leon,  who  sent  an  officer  with  a  black  flag,  de-        **"' 
manding  Doniphan  to  appear  before  him.     On  re-  ^^J?' 
fusal,  he  said  in  haughty  de^ance,  "  We  neither  ask    cito. 
quarter,   nor  give  it !"     The   Mexicans   advanced,    *^2nof*^ 
firing  three  rounds.     The~  Missourians  falling  upon  ^e^i^*^ 
their  faces,  were  supposed  to  be  dead;  but  suddenly    'Am. 
rising,  they  delivered  a  fire  so  fatal,  that  the  foe  fled  '"^^  ^^• 
in  confusion,  leaving  about  200  killed  and  womided.  w.7.  to 

5.  In  the  dehghtful  valley  of  JEl  Paso  del  Norte^ 
the  troops  were  fully  recruited.  Their  march  from 
El  Paso  was  forth  into  unknown  hostile  regions. 
And  now  they  had  learned  that  Gen.  Wool  was  not 
at  Chihuahua.  But  fearlessly  they  pressed  on.  They 
encountered  as  they  went  from  the  Del  Norte  a 

2.  Whiit  dik'isions  of  liis  force  were  made  by  Col.  D.  ?  For 
what  object  ?  Witli  what  result  ?— 3.  Describe  the  army's  march 
from  Vaiverde  to  Do  anna.— 4.  What  occurred  at  Bracito?— 6. 
I>«»cribe  the  march  from  El  Paso  to  Laguna  de  los  Palos. 


3G6  PASSs    OF   SACRAMENTO. 

FT.  IV.  desert  of  sixty-five  miles  in  extent,  in  wliich  the 
P'D.  111.  whole  army  were  in  danger  of  perisliing  fi'om  thir.st. 
CH.  X.  jVJany  animals,  and  some  men  gave  out,  and  lay 
down  to  die.  Many  officers  and  sohiiers  threw  all 
(El  Paso*  aside,  and  were  running  witri  their  last  strength  to 
noted  for  to  reach  a  lake  ten  miles  distant.     But  that  Frovi- 

delicioiis     ,  I   •    1  £•  1  •  1        ■  1  • 

wines.)   cience  which  so  otten  saved  our  armies  d\iring  this 

t  •  •  • 

t   Feb.  8.   war,  relieved  their  sufferings  by  a  shower  so  copi- 

i^""ei  ^^^^'>  ^^^^  ^^^^  torrent-streams  came  dashing  from  tlie 

p'aso.    rocks,  to  refresh  and  save  them.     Having  at  length 

16th.     reached  the  lake  (Laguna  de  los  Palos),  they  re- 

fressVrom™^"^'^^^  to  rccruit,  ouc  day  only,  and  on  the  18th 

thirst,    resumed  their  march. 

6.  Col.  Doniplian,  as  he  approached  Chihuahua, 
SACBA-  learned  that  an  army  of  4,000  men  had  been  raised 
MENTO.  to  oppose  him  by  Dox  A>'gel  Tkias,  governor  of 

4,120!    t!ie  province.     He  met  this  formidable  force  strong- 

Mex^K"  'y  posted,  and  fortified  with  lieavy  ordnance  at  the 

k.  800,    Pass  of  SacranieritCK  eighteen  miles  from  the  cai)ital ; 

Am!  L.  k.  3.nd  his  little  army  of  about  a  thousand  brave  men 

1,  w.  is.  here  defeated  quadru])le  mimbers  of  their  enemies. 

7.  The  city  and  province  of  Chihuahua  were  now 
„  ,  „  at  the  mercy  of  the  coiKiueror.  He  entered  the 
Doniphan  succeeding  day,  Alarch  2d,  and  planted  the  colors 

Chihua-  ®^"  ^^^^  countiy  over  a  city  containing  40,000  inliabi- 

hua.     tants,  and  having  in  its  vicinitv  some  of  the  richest 

mines  in  !Mexico.     His  soldieis  marched  by  Parras 

It  '  to  Saltillo,  where  at  length  they  met  Gen.  Wool. 

Saitiiio.  Their  term  of  service  expiixnl  on  the  last  of  May. 

!By  Camargo  and  the  Rio  Gi'ande,  they  arrived  at 

!New  Orleans  on  the  loth  of  June;  having  marched 

5,000  miles  since  they  left  the  Mississippi. 

8.  In  the  mean  time  the  New  Mexicans  had  se- 
cretly conspired  against  the  American  authority. 

Massacre  Oil  the  1 9th  of  January,  at  Fernando  de  Taos^  were 

Beiuan'd  cruelly  muiKlered  Gov.  Charles  Bent,  Sheriff  !Lee, 

Mothers,  and  four   other  persons.     Massacres   occurred   at 

other  places.     Col.  Price,  the  military  commander 

6.  Give  some  account  of  the  battle  of  Sacraraento. — 7.  Of  the 
eMrance  of  Col.  Doniphan  into  Chihualiua.  Of  his  army's  return 
— 8.  What  occurred  in  New  Mexico  on  the  19t&  of  Jou.,  1847 1 


KKVOLT    QUELLED.  367 

at  Santa  Fe,  received  the  startling  intelligence  on_PTViv^ 
the  20th  ;  when  he  learned,  that  a  force,  iiourly  in-  fd.  in. 
creasing,  approached  him.  On  the  23d  he  marched  ^"-  ^'• 
with  350  men, — met  the  foe  on  the  24th,  near  the  1847. 
small  town  of  Canada.,  attacked  and  defeated  him  ;  ^Jf  coT 
and  asrain  on  the  29th,  at  the  mountain-gorge  called  Price 
the  Pass  of  Mnhudo.  cana- 

9.  The  Americans  next  had  a  march  over  the     ^■^■ 
Taos  mountain,  through  snows  two  feet  in  depth,  '^^/su- 
with  a  degi-ee  of  cold  so  intense,  that  many  froze     do. 
their  limbs.     At  Pueblo  de  Taos  they  met  the  ene-    abou'r* 
my,  stormed  his  fortitications,  and  drove  him  from  J'^^^ 
his  position.     The  valuable  lives  of  Captaix  Bur- 
GuiN  and  other  officers  were  here  lost.      Fifteen   Feb.  5. 
Mexicans  were  executed  as  conspirators,      Peace  j^g^L*^"^ 
was  now  restored,  but  a  fear  of  secret  conspiracy  200,  w.  60 
I'emained. 


1S46. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

Scott's  Invasion. — Vera  Cruz. — Cerra  Gordo. 

1.  Since  Mexico  refused  to  treat  for  peace,  the 
American  Executive  determined  to  strike  at  her 
capital  through  Vera  Cruz.  Gen.  Scott,  the  tirst 
officer  in  the  American  army,  Avas  properly  selected 
to  conduct  this  perilous  enterprise.  He  was,  on  the 
18th  of  November,  notilied  by  Secketary  Marcy  Nov.18. 
of  his  appointment,  and  directed,  as  we  have  seen,  orders 
to  draw  his  force  chiefly  from  Gen.  Taylor.  Santa 
Anna  was  lying  with  22,000  men  at  San  Luis  Potosi. 
It  would  have  seemed  probable  that  he  would  have 
turned  towards  Vera  Cruz,  and  uniting  with  forces 
in  that  vicinity,  oppose,  as  he  might  have  done,  wMth 
an  army  of  more  than  30,000  the  landing  of  Gen. 

8.  What  were  the  two  first  victories  of  Col.  Price?— 9.  What 
the  third  and  most  important?  How  many  were  executed ?  Was 
confidence  restored  as  well  as  peace? 

Chapter  XI. — 1.  Of  what  w-as  Gen.  Scott  notified,  ard  what 
directed  to  do?  VVhat  is  here  stated  conceriiing  Saut»  Anna's 
position  and  movements  ? 


368  VERA    CRUZ   TAKEN. 

FT.  IV.  Scott : — ratlier  than  to  march  against  Gen.  Taylor. 

P'l)  HI.  But  (as  Scott  learned  after  landing)    Santa  Anna 

OH.  XL    chose  the  latter,  and  was  defeated  at  Buena  Vista. 

1847.      2.  The  rendezvous  of  tlie  several  corps,   wliich 

an^24^  Were  to  compose  the  invading  army,  was  the  island  of 

BUENA  Lobos,  125  miles  from  Vera  Cruz.     It  was  on  the  Vth 

VISTA,  of  j\j[;^j.<3}^^  ^liat  Gen.  Scott  embarked  on  board  the 

March  T.  transporting  squadron,  commanded  by  Com.  Connkr. 

Scott    Reaching  Vera  Cruz  on  the  9th,  he  debarked  his 

his  army,  army  on  the  west  side  of  the  island  of  Sacriticios. 

atti,—    Having  vainly  summoned  the  garrison  to  surrender, 

B^rfflctos  ^*^*^^^'  with  the  aid  of  his  engineers,  of  whom  Col. 

isth  —   ToiTEX  "w^as  chiet^  planted  his  batteries,  and  on  the 

begins  the  night  of  the  1 8th,  bombarded  the  city.     The  fleet 

*^ade!°    l^nt  its  aid,  although  exposed  to  the  fire  of  the  castle. 

3.  On  the  night  of  the  27th,  Vera  Cruz,  with  the 
strong  castle  of  San  Juan  d'Ulloa, — the  principal 

March  26  commercial  port  and  the  strongest  fortress  in  Mex- 
VERA  ico,  were  surrendered,  with  5,000  prisoners  (dis- 
ySxil  "hissed  on  parole),  and  500  pieces  of  artillery.    Two 

pr.  5,000.  meritorious  American  officers,  Captaixs  Alburtis 

A  m     T 

^  ^2.  3,nd  Vinton,  with  ten  privates,  w' ere  killed,  Capt. 
Swift,  one  of  the  brightest  ornaments  of  the  ser- 
vice, who  had  organized  a  company  of  sappei"s  and 
miners, — too  eager  in  duty  for  his  impaired  health, 
fainted  at  the  head  of  his  corps,  from  over-exertion, 
and  died  in  the  hospital.  The  discipline  of  Gen. 
Scott's  army  was  strict,  and  no  invasion  of  private 
rights  was  permitted. 

4.  Com.  Pekry  succeeded  Conner  in  command  of 
ccaptatn  i\^q  Gulf  SQuadron.     Alvarado  on  the  south  was 

n  Motor,  ■\  1     rn  1  1  n-il  A 

with  vai- captured,  and  I  aspan  on  the  north.     IheAmen- 

disreM-ect  <^'^"  govei'nment  about  this  time  adoj)ted  the  policy 

lo  his    of  drawing  a  revenue  fi'om  the  conquered  ; — U'st  by 

100^1*1-  too  much  lenity,  in  paying  for  all  needed  supplies, 

varado.)  i\^q  ^yar  sliould  become  a  pecuniary  advantage  to 

to  the  Mexicans,  and  thus  peace  be  deferred.    Ainer- 

2.  Give  some  account  of  the  embarkation  and  hmdr.iw  of  Scott's 
army.  Of  tiie  attack  on  Vera  Crnz. — 3.  Of  the  surrender.  Of 
the  loss  of  officers  and  men. — 4.  What  places  were  captured  by  tha 
navy  ?     What  was  done  in  reference  to  collecting  a  revenue? 


scorrs  makch.  369 

ioan  revenue  officers  were  appointed,  and  impost  ft.  iv. 
duties  collected  in  the  captured  ports.  p'p  m' 

5.  On  the  6th  of  April,  Gen.  Scott,  leaving  a  gar-    ch.  jx 
rison  in  Vera  Cruz,  sent  forward  the  advance  of  his 
army  under  Gen.  Twiggs,  on  the  road  to  Jalapa.  ^^^\  ^ 
At  the  base  of  the  grand  eastern  chain  of  the  Cor-    Army 
dilleras,  the  other  division  of  the  army  came  up,  andyeraCrui 
the  commander  established  a  camp  at  Plan  del  Rio. 
There  lay  before  him  an  arduous  and  difficult  ascent  ^g"J^*' 
through  a  mountain-gorge.     Across  this  way,  and 

on  the  hei^nts  which  commanded  it,  bristled  the 
artillery  ot  the  invaded  foe,  12,000  strong,  com- 
manded by  Sauta  Anna,  who  declared  that  he  would 
die  fighting  rather  tiian  "  the  American  hosts  should 
proudly  tread  the  imperial  capital  of  Azteca." 

6.  Gen,  Scott  found  that  the  Mexican  position 
was  so  comman«ied  by  the  batteries  of  the  lofty 
height  of  CeiTo  uordo  that  approach  in  front  was 
impracticable.  But,  aided  by  the  skill  of  his  engi- 
neei's,  Lee  and  Bea.ukegard,  he  turned  to  the  left, 
causing  to  be  made  a  new  road,  by  which — ascend- 
ing along  difficult  slopes,  and  over  deep  chasms,  his 
army  might  reach  the  rear  of  the  enemy's  camp. 
After  three  days  of  secret  labor,  the  road  was  made. 

Oil  the  17th  of  April,  the  commander  published  a  April  u, 
general  order  for  the  next  day, — showing  how  the  ^'^a^ie"^^* 
battle  was  to  be  gained, — how  the  flying  were  to  be    order, 
pursued, — and  how  the  greatest  advantage  was  to 
be  reaped  from  the  victory.     All  was  done  as  he 
commanded. 

7.  About  noon  the  steep  ascent  was  won.  The  ^erro 
heights  of  Cerro  Gordo  were  stormed  by  Tvt'iofsr's.?*^'^^^^- 
brigade, — and  the  enemy's  camp  by  a  party  led  by  i2,-i(ki. 
Col.  Harney,  Gen.  Shields  (severely  wounded),—  ^"'s'iol'*'' 
and  by  Col.  Rilev.  At  two  o'clock,  p.  m.,  the  enemy  Mex  l'  k. 
were  put  to  flight, — more  than  a  thousand  having   *i"s(io" 

■ — Am.  L.  k. 

ff-i!..-.,!-!/-,^  ,.  .    and  w.4t)0, 

5.  J.0  what  point  did  Gen.  Scott  move,  and  what  was  bis  posi- 
tion in  rcfrur.l  to  the  Mexiean  army  ?— 6.  \Vii;it  great  advantage 
was  liere  gained  by  tlie  American"  skill  in  engineering,  and  the 
sagacious  foresight  of  tlie  commander  ?  Wiiat  was  his  general 
order?— 7.  Give  a  sketch  ef  tiie  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo. 

16* 


1S47. 


370  PEROTK. — I'UKBLA. 

FT.  IV  fallen.     Santa  Anna  and  a  part  of  liis  array  had  fled, 

P'D.  III.  and  the  eager  pursuit  had  commenced.     Scott,  in 

CH.  XL    Y^[^  orders  before  the  battle,  liad  directed  that  the 

pursuers  should  each   take  two  days'  subsistence, 

and   that  wagons  with  stores  should  immediately 

follow,  so  that  they  need  not  return. 

8.  On  the  19th,  the  pursuing  squadrons  entered 
and  took  possession  of  Jalapa.  On  the  22d,  having 
now  attained  the  summit  of  the  eastern  Cordilleras, 

Ar)rii  22.  General  Worth  displayed  the  American  banner  from 

Worth    lY^Q  unresisting  castle  of  Perote,  the  strongest  for- 

town  and  tress  in  Mexico,  next  to  San  Juan  d'Ulloa.     Thus  by 

Perote^  vigorously  following  up  this  remarkable  victory,  the 

enemy  were  unable  to  recover  in  time  to  make  a 

stand  in  this,  their  strongest  inland  post ;  and  thus 

other  battles  Were  saved. 

9,  Three  thousand  prisoners  were  taken  at  Cerro 
Gordo,  amonor  whom  were  four  erenerals.  General 
Scott  dismissed  them  all  upon  pai'ole,  having  neither 

(M  pieces  food  to  sustain,  nor  men  to  guard  them.     Santa 
an^r"^"-  Anna's  equipage  and  papers  Avere  secured.  ,  .  From 
tars  were  Perotc  the  army  passed  onwards,  through  that  great 
Perote.)  table-vallcy  between  the  grand  chains  of  the  Cordil- 
leras, called  "Terras  F'rias,"  or  the  cold  country. 
On  the  morning  of  the  15th  May,  the  advance  un- 
irmy  at  *^®^  Worth,  entered  Puebla^  the  second  city  of  Mex- 
Puebia.  ico.  Containing  80,000  inhabitants.    Eagerly  did  the 
Mexican  men  and  women  look  out  from  their  bal- 
conies and  from  the  roofs  of  their  houses,  to  see  their 
mighty  conquerors.    War-worn,  and  habited  in  the 
sober  hue  of  the  American  army,  the  Mexicans,  ac- 
customed to  a  gaudy  uniform,  looked  upon  them 
with  disappointment,  and  could  find  no  reason  but 
one  for  their  success.     "  Their  leaders,"  said  they, 
"  are  gray-headed  men." 

7.  Of  the  pursuit  of  the  flyiiifr. — 8.  Of  the  places  now  occupied 
by  the  Americans. — 9.  What  was  taken  at  Cerro  Gordo?  What 
is  here  related  of  I'ucbla? 


THE   VALLKY    OF    MEIICO.  371 

CHAPTER  Xn. 

8vato  of  the  army. — Its  march. — Coutreras. — Churabusoo. 

1 .  The  American  Executive  about  this  time,  sent  ft.  iy. 
Nicholas  P.  Trist,   as  an  agent  to  make  the  ex-  p'd.  iil 
periinent,  whether  Mexico  would  not  treat  for  peace.  ^^  ^°- 
But  the  oUve-branch  was  again  rejected.     The  in-    ^ 
terrnption   of  the   ai-niy's  activity  caused  by  this 
unavailing   effort  for  peace,   was   opportune.      Its  (von  died 
numbers  were  lessened  by  sickness;  for  the  climate ^•^P*""?'®' 
though  pleasant,  pro\'ed  so  unhealthy,  that  hundreds  '  at  one 
were  in  hospitals,  and  many  died.     The  time  for  j,^[pj^^"^j 
which  large  numbei's  of  the  volunteers  were  enlisted,   PueWa, 
expired,  and  many  had  deserted.      Congress  had,  deserted 
however,  passed  a  law,  February  11th,  1847,  author-  '"  ''"'^ 
izing  ten  new  regiments ;  and  these  bemg  raised,  &  year.) 
leinforcements  were  sent  by  the  way  of  Vera  Cruz ; 

and  althousrh  not  in  sufficient  numbers  to  admit  of 
leaving  such  garrisons  beliind  as  would  keep  open 
his  line  of  supplies,  yet  General  Scott  determined  to 
move  forward. 

2.  On  the  7th  of  August  he  marched  from  Pue- 

bla  with  10,728  men,  leaving  more  than  3,000  in  ^ng.  r. 
hospitals,  and  as  a  garrison  under  Col.  Childs.  mMch 
Keepino:  the  several  columns  into  which  he  had  di-  J'"°™ 

.  ,   S     ^  ...  .  T  T    Puebla 

vided  the  army,  withm  supporting  distance,   and  through 
himself  accompanying  the  van,  General  Scott  moved  ^l^j^" 
forth  with  his  little  army ; — like  a  second  Cortez,  to 
encounter  the  unknown  numbers  which  would  be 
brought  against  him,  at  the  coming  death-struggle 
of  an  infuriated  nation. 

3.  The  march  of  the  Americans  was  now  through 
a  beautiful  and  cultivated  region,  whose  abundant 
waters  flowed  pure  and  cool.     Soon  they  began  to 

Chapter  XII. — I.  What  experiinent  was  now  made  by  the 
American  Executive?  What  was  now  the  condition  of  the  army? 
—2.  In  wliat  manner  did  Gen.  Scott  with  his  army  go  forth  from 
Puebla? — 3.  Describe  the  march  of  the  army  and  the  appearance 
of  the  country. 


S72  AYOTLA. EL    PKNON. 

P'T.  IV.  ascend  the  gradual  slope  of  the  great  Cordilleras  of 
P'D.  III.  A)iahu;ic,  central  between  the  eastern  and  western 
CH.  xn.  oceans.  On  the  third  day,  their  toilsome  march 
wound  up  through  steep  acclivities.  At  length  they 
A„;r.  10*  I'eached  the  summit;  and  three  miles  beyond  7t60 
First  view  JP/y'o,  burst  ui,)on  their  i>-aze,  all  tlie   olories  of  the 

of"  t!l6  .  ^  . 

prand  grand  valley  of  Mexico.  Spreading  far  rt)und  and 
Valley,  beneath,  weie  its  mingled  lakes,  plains,  cities,  and 
cloud-capped  mountains.  The  giant  peak  of  Popo 
catapetl  was  far  to  tiieir  left ;  before  tliem  lay  the 
lake  Tezcuco  ;  and  beyond  it,  the  domes  and  towera 
of  the  city  of  the  Montezumas. 

4.  On  the  11th,  the  advance  Commanded  by  Gen. 
Twig<2:s,  i-e.sted  at  Ayotla,  north  of  lake  Chalco^  and 
fifteen  niiies  from  the  capital.  The  remaining  corps 
were  soon  concentrated  at  small  distances ;  some  on 
the  lake's  eastern  border.     The  ground  plot  of  the 

Ang.  11.  city  had  foiinerly  been  an  island.  What  was  once 
Advance  {Jn,  \ix\ie  o\\  which  it  stood,  was  nt>w  an  oozy  marsh. 
Long  straight  causeways,  easily  raked  by  artillery, 
led  througli  the  marsh  to  the  several  gates,  from  the 
great  roads  by  wliich  the  city  was  approached;  and 
much  the  lono-est  was  that  connected  with  the  road 
from  Vei-a  Cruz.  But  before  reaching  tlie  cause- 
ways was  an  exterior  system  of  strong  defences. 

5.  By  the  Vei-a  Cruz  road,  on  which  the  army 
w^ere,  the  city  could  not  be  aj/proached,  without  first 
encountering;  the  strono-est  of  the  exterior  foititica- 
tions,  that  of  JSl  Penan.  "  No  doubt,"  says  Gene- 
ral Scott,  "  it  might  have  been  carried,  but  at  a  gi-eat 
and  disproportionate  loss,  and  I  was  anxious  to  spare 
the  lives  of  this  gallant  army  for  a  general  battle, 
which  I  knew  we  had  to  win  before  capturing  the 
city,  or  obtaining  the  great  object  of  the  campaign 
— a  just  and  honorable  peace." 

A'^^-15       6.  The  commander  then  moved   his   troops    27 

ArinV    miles  ;  they  making  a  new  road  directed  by  the  en- 

°^from^  gineers,  over  such  sharp  rocks  and  deep  chasms,  as 

to  St  Au-     4.  Where  did  the  army  rest,  and  what  was  their  position  in  re- 
gustine.  gard  to  the  Mexican  capital  ? — 5.  Why  did  Gen.  Scott  uot  ap- 
proach the  city  by  tlie  V  era  Cruz  road  ? 


SCIEXCE,    SKILL,    AND    ENERGY.  373 

tlie  foe  had  not  dreamed  could  be  passed ;  when, —  ft  iv^ 
having  turned  the  lakes  Chalco  and  Jochmnilcho^  pd,  iil 
they  encam}>ed  at  lit.  Avqiistine.,  on  the  Acapulco  <"i- ^^i- 
road,  eiglit  miles  south  of  Mexico.     From  the  camp,  ,e*» 
looking  toNvards  the  ciLy,  the  defences  on  this  road, 
were  the  fortress  of  Antonio,  and  a  mile  and  a  half 
further  north,  the  strongly  fortified  hill  of  Churu- 
busco.    These  could  be  approached  in  front  only  by 
a  dangerous  causeway.    By  making  a  detour  to  the 
west,  Avhere  lay  yet  other  dangers,  they  might  be 
reached  from  the  left. 

7.  Two  movements,  ordered  by  the  commander, 
were  simultaneously  made.     Woith  with  Harney's 
cavalry,  went  to  menace  Antonio  in  front ;  while  to 
the  left.  General  Pillow's  division,  consisting  of 
the  brigades  of  Generals  Pierce*  and  Cadwalla- 
DER,  conducted  by  the  engineers,  Lee,  Beauregard,    igiig. 
and  others,  made  a  road  through  craggy  rocks  of  ^^°^ 
ancient  lava;    whose   crevices   shot  up  the  thorn- Contrer«» 
armed  maguey,  and  whose  deep  chasms  were  filled 

with  water.  To  cover  and  support  the  working 
party,  was  sent  General  Twiggs'  division,  made  up 
of  the  brigades  of  Generals  Riley  and  Persifeb 
Smith. 

8.  In  the  afternoon  of  the  second  day,  after  ac- 
complishing nearly  three  miles  of  this  difficult  road, 

the  troops  found  themselves  within  cannon-range  of    (Xhe 
the  enemy's  fortified  camp  at  Contreras,  command-    troops 
ed  by  General  Valencia,  with  6,000  men,  sur-  rlngeof 
mounted  by  22  heavy  guns,  and  communicating  by  ^f^JJ*" 
a  good  road  with  Mexico,  and  also  with  the  main   treras.) 
camp  of  Santa  Anna,  which  was  lying  two  miles 
nearer  the  city.    Upon  this  road  the  American  sol- 
diers saw  the  Mexicans  hurrying  to  the  scene  of 
action. 

*  Gen.  Pierce  afterwards  became  President  of  the  Union. 

6.  To  what  position  did  he  remove  his  army,  and  by  what 
means  ?  What  was  now  his  position  in  reg'ard  to  the  Mexican 
city  and  army? — 7.  What  movements  were  next  ordered  and 
eflfected  ? — 8.  Whut  was  now  the  position  of  the  party  sent  to  the 
left? 


874  CONTRKRAS. 

P'T.  IV.       9.  FiG^htins:  now  bemns,  in  Avhich  tlie  divisions  of 

P'D.  III.  Twiggs  and  Pillow,  especially  Riley's  brigade,  are 

CH.  XII.   engaged.    They  advance,  though  suiicering  from  the 

-„.^   enemy's  tire.     About  sunset,  the  commander,  now 

*  on  tiie  field  with  fresh  troops,  gives  to  Col.  Moii- 

GAN  of  the  regular  infantry  an  order,  which,  aided 

Viiifigeof  by  General  Shields  of  the  volunteers,  he  executes; 

^ken*  t'^^"'?  ^^^^  village  of  Ansalda,  Avhich  lay  on  the 

road  from  the  fortified  camp,  to  that  of  Santa  Anna, 

The  enemy's  line  of  reinforcements  was  now  cut. 

enofficprs      ^^-  ^i^'^t, — cold,    dark    and   rainy,    closed    in. 

sent  by   Comfortlcss  was  the  condition  of  the  troops,  remain- 

6u"ndmvn'^i"g  without  food  OF  slccp,  upon  the  ground.     The 

to  carry  officers  at  Ansalda,  in  their  perilous  position, — sep- 

notone  arated  as  they  were  fi'om  their  commander  by  the 

ki'^reach^  ^^"^^^^  impassablc*  lava-ficld  ;  whose  crags,  on  ac- 

insAn-  count  of  the  rain-flood,  were  interspersed  by  tor- 

jsng^rdf  rents, — now  found  resources  in  their  own  genius, 

the  19th.  courage,  and  union. 

11.  General  Pe;Ji^fer  Smith  proposed  to  set  out 
at  midnight,  surprise  and  storm  the  camp  at  Con- 
treras.  From  that  moment,  dark  forebodings  passed 
from  the  army,  and  each  officer  and  man,  as  by  spon- 
taneous movement,  fell  into  his  proper  place.  Gen. 
Shields  extending  his  600  men  into  a  long  line,  and 
keeping  up  fires,  was  interposed  between  the  storm- 
ing party  and  the  camp  of  Santa  Anna,  with  his 
12,000  reserve.  One  messenger  alone — Lee,  the 
engineer — found  his  dark  and  watery  way  over  the 
.  ^  lava-rocks,  and  carried  to  the  gratified  commander 
•f the  2orh  the  tidings  of  the  gallant  attitude  of  his  troops, — 
»r  August.  ^jj(j  ^igQ  ^j^g  request  of  Gen.  Smith,  for  co-operation. 
Scott  complied,  by  sending  with  the  messenger  the 
force  under  Twiggs,  to  Contreras  at  five  in  the  morn- 
ing — to  aid,  by  making  a  diversion  in  their  front — 
the  storming  party,  approacliing  the  enemy's  rear. 

9.  What  wai?  now  done,  and  what  advantage  gained  by  the 
Americans? — 10.  What  was  the  uigrht  of  the  19th  of  August,  and 
the  condition  of  the  troops? — 11.  What  plan  was  proposed,  and 
bv  whom?  What  part  had  Gen.  Shields?  What  was  done  by 
Lee?     Wliut  by  Soott? 


cnuRTjBusoo.  375 

12.  A  little  past  midnight,  Generai  Smith  sets  for-  ft.  iv. 
ward,   conducted  by  engineer  Smith, — Col.  Riley  p'd.  iil 
leading  the  van.     The  rain  continues  to  fall  in  tor-  ^'^  ^"■ 
rents,  and  their  progress  is  slow.     So  profound  is  ,e*« 
the  darkness,  that  the  men  must  touch  each  other  as    co2r. ' 
they  move,  lest  they  divide,  and  some  be  lost,     ^^^^ff^,f^ 
sunrise  they  storm  the  intrenchments,  and  precipi-    T.ooo; 
tate  themselves  upon  the  surprised  Mexicans.     Dis-  nJore"?* 
may   and  carnage  prevail   for    seventeen  minutes,     sight 
when   the   camp  is  carried.      Eighty-eight  officers  eTg&dT 
ftnd  3,000  men  are  made  prisoners.      Thirty-three    ^'^^• 
pieces  of  artillery  are  captured ;  among  which  are  too,  p'r. 
found  two  of  those  so  honorably  lost  by  O'Brien  at^'l^.^'*''* 
Buena  Vista.     They  are  received  with  shouts  of  joy  Am.  l.  k. 
by  the  victors  of  Contreras;   in  which  the  com-*°*^^' 
mander,  now  present,  heartily  participates. 

13.  General  Scott  next  directed  a  grand  move- 
ment upon  Churubusco,  to  which  the  victory  already 
achieved,  oj^ened  the  way.  Moving  northeasterly 
by  the  road  througii  St.  Angel,  he  keeps  the  centre 

of  the  extended  field,  while  General  Worth  on  his  Astonta 
extreme  right,  is  driving  the  now  terrified  garrison 
from  Antonia.     General  Shields,  who  at  Contreras, 
had  kept  for  hours  the  whole  army  of  Santa  Anna 
in  check,  was  in  command  of  the  extreme  left;  still 
charged  with  the  dangerous  duty  of  keeping  olT  the 
grand  Mexican  army  from  tlie  immediate  object  of 
attack.     In  the  centre,  General  Twiggs  presses  for-  Augn^t 
ward  to  Churubusco,  and  entering  it  from  the  west, ^^^^'^^ 
attacks  one  of  its  two  strong  defences,  the  fortified  Busoe. 
church  of  Sa)i  Pablo.     In  the  mean  time.  Worth,  . 
joined  by  Pillow  and  Cadwallader,  comes  in  from 
Antonio,  and  furiously  carrying  the  stronger  fort- 
ress, called  Tite  du  Pont,  or  Bridge's  Head,  he  turns 
its  guns  upon  the  citadel-church,  which  now  surren- 
ders. 

1-4.  Meantime,  Shields,    Piej-ce,  and  others,   are^^""^ 
figliting  a  bloody  battle  with  Santa  Anna,  with  fear-    -lioda. 

12,  DescriVj9  the  approach  to  Contreras,  and  the  storming  of 
the  estmp. — 13.  Describe  the  approaoh  to  Churubusco,  and  th« 
assaalt. 


870  .  CLOSE    OF    A    GREAT   DAY. 

_p-T\jv.  ful  odds  against  them.     Scott  sent  successive  regi- 

¥'D.  III.  nients  to  tlieir  aid.     Churubusco  was  now  taken, — 

OH.  xm.  ^]^Q  brave  old  General  Kinoon,  its  conunander, 

««--^  havinix  surrendered.     Santa  Anna  abandoned  the 

*  field,     Wortli  and  Shields  pursued.     Col.  Hakney 

with  his  dragoons  dashed  by  tlieni,  and   one  of  his 

officers,  Captain  Kearny,  not  liearing  the  call  to 

return,  followed  the  flying  Mexicans  to  the  very 

gate  of  the  capital,  in  which  the  army  of  Santa  Anna 

was  now  inclosed. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

Armistice. — Molinos  del  Rev. — Chapultepec. — Mexico. 

1.  The   commander,    following   up   his   victory, 
6enere««  miorlit  now  have  entered  Mexico.  But  he  was  not  sent 

proceed-         ^  ,  ^  il 

lugs  of  to  conquer  the  country,  but  to  "conquer  a  i:)eace," 
Scott  ^^^  p,y  believed  tliat  the  reduction  of  the  capital 
Aug  21  would  delay,  rather  than  accelerate  this  result.  He 
did  not  wish  to  drive  the  government  away  from 
the  city  dishonored.  "  The  army,"  says  Scott  in  his 
dispatches,  "are  Avilling  to  leave  to  this  republic 
something  on  which  to  rest  her  pi-ide, — and  they 
cheerfully  sacrifice  to  patriotism  the  eclat  that  would 
have  followed  an  entrance,  sword  in  hand,  into  a 
great  capital." 

2.  Tacnhaya  now  became  the  head-quarters  of 
24th.     the  American  army.     The  general-in-chief  occupied 

*Ton-'°*  the  archbishop's  palace,  with  its  beautiful  gardens. 

eluded.   Here  he  negotiated  with  Mexican  commissioners  an 

armistice,  as  a  step  preparatory  to  a  final  peace. 

byUiL-    But  the  Mexicans  Avould  not  agree  to  the  terms 

Mcxicnus.  proposed ;    and    they,   violating    the    armistice    by 

strengthening   their   defences,    General    Scott   de- 

claretl  it  at  an  end.     The  Mexicans  then  called  on 


14.  (Tive  a  sketch  of  the  closing  scene  of  the  victories  of  till* 
"great  day  in  war." 

Chaitek  Xlil. — 1.  Wliat  were  the  reasons  why  General  Soot< 
now  fur  1)0 re  to  enter  Mexico? — 2.  What  effort*  wore  now  niada 
tor  peace,  and  how  did  they  result? 


EL    MnLIja)S    DEI,    REY.  u77 

the  prcA-inces  to  come  to  their  aid  in  mass;  and  by  ft.  iv. 
fire — or  poison, — by  any  weapon,  in  any  manner,  to  pd.  iil 
uijure  and  destroy  the  invader.  *^"-  *'"• 

S.  From  Tacubaya,  Mexico  was  in  full  view —  lej^y 
northeast,  and  distant  three  miles.     North — bear- 
ing a  little  east — distant  a  mile — ros©  in  beautiful   gcott's 
pi-ospect,  the  fortified  hill  of  Chapultepec;  its  por- p^^'^''^J» 
phyritic  rocks  abruptly  descending  on  its  southern  to  Mexico 
and  eastern  sides, — while  to  the  west,  the  hill  fell  defcni^ 
gradually,  with  a  gentle,  wooded  slope,  till  it  met 
the  fortified  building  of  stone,  called  El  Molinos 
del  Rey^  or  the  King's  Mills.     A  quarter  of  a  mile 
west  of  the  fortified  mills  stood  another  stone  for- 
tress called  Casa  Mata.     These  were  the  obstacles 
which  now  barred  the  way  of  the  Americans  to  the 
capital ;  and  they  constituted  the  supporting  points 
of  the  Mexican  army,  ranged  behind  them,  headed 
by  Santa  Anna,  and  amounting  to  fourteen  thousand. 

4.  After  reconnoiterinar,  Scott  gave  the  order  for  .    ,  „ 

1  -Kt    ^^  1    IT-.  •     •  •    '  Bents. 

an  assault  on  Mohnos  del  Key,  committmg  its  exe-  m'oli- 
cution  to  Worth.     A  terrible  battle  was  fought, —    ^f^l 
and  an  important  but  melancholy  victory  was  won.    key. 
The  commanders  had  been  deceiv.ed  as  to  the  ene-    iLooo.*^ 
mv's  strength,  which  was  five  times  that  of  the  as- A.'"- "'^o- 

*"'  \lt*X     1.1. 

sailing  party.     In  the  heat  of  the  action,  Major  severe  but 
Weight,  assisted  by  Masox  of  the  engineers,  fell  ""r^soo"' 
upon  the  enemy's  centre,  and  took  his  main  field- 52  officers. 
battery  ;  when  so  furiously  did  he  charge  to  regain    t!  neT 
it,  that  of  fourteen  American  officers,  eleven  fell.  .'*^:^^' 
Among  the  number  were  Wright  and  Mason.    One  49  officer*, 
brigade  lost  its  three  senior  officers, — Col.  ]McIx- 
Tosii  and  Major  Waite,  wounded,  and  Col.  Mar- 
tin Scott,  killed.     Casa  Mata  was  blown  up,  and 
El  Molinos  dismantled. 

5.  It  was  at  the  beautiful  hill  of  Chapultepec^ 
where  once  arose  the  veritable  "  Halls  of  the  Monte- 
rumas."    Here  was  now  the  military  school  of^Mex- 

2.  What  call  was  made  upon  all  Msxican  citizens  ? — 3.  What 
was  tiie  position  of  the  city,  regarded  from  the  American  hcad- 
qaarters  { — 4.  Give  an  account  of  the  battJa  of  Molinos  del  Key. 
— 5.  Wb«re  were  tho  "  Halls  of  the  iloateaumasy 


378  CHAPULTEPEC. MEXICO. 

P'T.iv.  ico,  and  the  last  exterior  defence  of  the  successors 
P"D.  III.  of  Cortez  to  that  capital  wliich  he  liad  so  iniqui- 
cu.  iiii.  tQ^^-]y  taken,  shedding  seas  of  blood,  because  "  the 
-„  _,  Spaniards  had  a  disease  of  the  heart,  which  nothing 
(*  See  *  could  assuage  but  gold."  *  The  God  of  battles,  who 
^'■'^s'=|''^^'»  had  so  signally  made  the  Amei-ican  armies  the  means 
ofMex-  of  chastising  the  Spanish  Mexicans  for  national  cru- 

'*^'^     cities,  again  led  them  to  victory. 
Sept  11.       ^-  ^^^  ^^®  night  of  the  11th  of  September,  Gen- 
Four     eral  Scott  caused  to  be  erected  four  heavy  batter- 
erected.*  ies,  bearing  on  Chapultepec.     On  the  12th,  the  out- 
works of  that  fortress  began  to  give  way.     On  the 
ciiA-    13th  was  the  battle.     The  officers  and  men  were  all 
^PEC^'  P^'oi'^ip^'y  ill  the   places   assigned   them,  by   eight 
(See  Mex- o'clock  in  the  morning. 

ICO.)         ^J^  ThQ  cannonade  ceases  for  a  moment.    It  is  the 
signal  for  the  assault.     In  an  instant  the  assailants 
^jj^     are  in  rapid   motion.      General   Quitman    hastens 
fortress  Ironi  the  south,  General  Persifer  Smith  from  the 
Btormed.  southeast,  and   General   Pillow,  with   Col.   Clark, 
from  the  wooded  slope  on  the  west.     The  batteries 
throw  shells  into  the  fort  over  the  heads  of  their 
friends,  as  they  begin  the  furious  attack.     The  gar- 
rison, though  they  fight  M'ith  desj^eration,  are  over- 
powered.   Some  yield,  and  others  attempt  to  j-etreat. 
Sept  IS.       8.  Meantime  the  main  force  under  Santa  Anna, 
MEXICO  in  the  rear  of  Chapultepec,  is  attacked  and  defeated, 
more  than  by  Gcn.  Worth.     Directed  by  the  commander,  he 
AmTIno  P'^''sues  the  enemy  as  he  flies  to  the  city,  pressing 
Me.x.  L.  forward  to  enter,  by  a  circuitous  route,  the  San 
"'^r'^y"'" Cosme  gate  on  the  northwest.     Gen.  Quitman,  in 
e.xcttpt    the  mean  time,  follows  the  flying  foe  to  the  city,  by 
c,V'o"k.,  a  route  direct  from  Cliapultepec. 
de'^cVt'od       ^*  ^'^^^-  Scott,  meantime,  advanced  with  Wortli 
Aim.  L.   into  the  suburb  of /Sa^- (7o5;«e,  where  oi»posing  l)ut- 
6ept^i2  ^^y^.JQg  were  takc.'n  ;  but  he  returned  at  night  to  Cha- 
k.  lit'-  pultepec,  to  look  with  a  father's  care  to  the  condi- 

lO  offii-ers;  ^ __2 

SS  officers.  6.  Relate  the  operations  previous  to  the  assiiult  on  Chapultepec. 
— 7.  Describe  the  assault — the  defeat  and  fli;j'ht  of  tlie  enemy, 
— 8.  The  purtsult  by  Worth — by  Quitman. — t).  What  was  now  the 
•onduot  or  Gen.  Scott? 


MEXICO    TAKEN.  879 

tion  of  all, — the  living,  the  v/ounded,  and  the  dead.  pt.  iv. 
Worth,  as  instructed,  remained  in  the  suburb  until  fd.  iii. 
morning.     But  General  Quitman,  accompanied  by  ^^-  ^"^ 
Shields  and  Smith,  rested  that  night  within  the  city  ;  i  a^., 
having  changed  the  fuint  which  the  commander  or- 
dered, into  a  real  attack,  by  which   they  entered 
(though  Avith    considerable  loss)   the   Belen   gate. " 
They  had  not  yet  passed  the  formidable  citadel. 

10.  At  four  o'clock  on  tlie  inorning  of  the  14th,  sopt  14 
Gen.  Scott  iiavinsf  returned  to  San-Cosme,  the  Mex-  Mkxico 
ican  authorities  sent  him  a  deputation,  desiring  of 

him  terms  of  capitulation  ;  their  army  having  tied  a 
little  after  midnight.     Gen.  Scott  replied  that  the 
Americans  would  come  under  no  terms  but  such  as 
were    self-imposed,  and    demanded    by  honor,  by 
the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  the  dignity  of  the  Ameri- 
can character.     Worth  and   Quitman,  as  directed,  (The  Am 
moved  cautiously  forward, — Worth  to  the  Alameda,    ^^"^ 
aod  Quitman  to  the  Grand  Plaza,  where  the  victo- hoisted  at 
rious  army  reared  above  the   National  Palace  of 
Mexico,  the  stars  and  strijjes  of  the  Republic  of        jfe' 
America.  ^ 

11.  Three  hours  before  noon,  Gen.  Scott  made  Sepki4. 
his  entrance,  with  escort  of  cavalry,  and  flourish  of  ^2/^ 
trumpets  ;  and  as  hia  towering  figure  approached  the  entrauca 
grand  plaza,  he  was  loudly  and  warmly  cheered  by 
shouts,  which  arose  from  the  hearts  of  his  companions 

in  arms.  .  .  .  The  troops  for  twenty-four  hours  now 
sutfered  from  the  anarchy  of  Mexico  more  than  her 
prowess  had  been  able  to  inflict.  Two  thousand 
convicts,  let  loose  from  the  prisons,  attacked  them  ^m^d 
from  the  house-tops,  at  the  same  time  entering  houses  destroj. 
and  committing  robberies.  The  Mexicans  assisting, 
these  felons  were  quelled  by  the  morning  of  the  loth. 

12.  Gen.  Scott  gave  his  army,  on  the  day  of  his 
entrance  into  Mexico,  orders  directing  that  compa- 
nies and  regiments  be  kept  together,  that  "there  be 

_  9.  The  position  of  Wortli  ?  of  Quitman? — 10.  What  negotia- 
tions now  took  phicc  ?  How  did  the  two  parties  enter  the  city! 
—  11.  ^Vhat  is  said  of  Gen.  Scoit'e  entraace  ?  How  did  the  troops 
aow  sutler! 


380  OLOSK   OF   TirS    WAR. 

FT.  IV.  no  disorders,  no  straofccling,  no  drunkenness.  INFa- 
P'D.  III.  rauders  sluiU  be  punislied  by  courts-martial.  Tlie 
CH.  iiv.  honor  of  the  army,  the  honor  of  our  counti'y,  eall 
o    ,,       for  the  best  behavior  from  all.     The  valiant  must, 

Scott  en-  ,  .        ,  1        .  ,•  /^      1  T     1     •  1 

joins  to  vvm  the  approbation  or  (jod  and  their  country,  be 
br7rt"y,and^'^^'^'''  Orderly,  and  merciful." 
mercy.  13.  On  the  16th,  he  called  on  the  army  to  return 
public  and  private  thanks  to  God  for  victory.  On 
the  19th,  for  the  better  preservation  of  order,  and 
suppression  of  crime,  he  proclaimed  martial  law. 
Thus  protected  by  the  American  army,  the  citizens 
of  Mexico  were  more  secure  from  violence,  and 
from  fear  of  robbery  and  murder,  than  they  had 
ever  been  under  their  own  flag:. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

Treaty  of  Peace. 

1.  Mexico  was  now  conquered;  and  if  the  Re- 
1847'.  public  of  America,  like  that  of  ancient  Rome,  de- 
sired to  subjugate  neighboi-ing  nations,  nothing  hin- 
dered her  taking  possession  of  the  whole  country. 
But  American  annexation — making  equal  States  of 
a  race  unfit  for  freedom — would  have  been  a  suici- 
dal policy.     To  bring  forward  a  Mexican  govern- 
ment, with  which  peace  could  be  made,  became  at 
this  period,  the  difficult  task  of  the  well-meaning  of 
both  nations. 
ROZA-       2.  The  remaining  occurrences  of  the  war,  were 
i£'5.    mostly  confined  to  skirmishes  of  American  soldiers 
k.  snfiw.  marching  to  join  Scott,  and  guerilla  parties  watch- 
Anf  l"20.^"&  to  cut  them  off.     At  the  north,  however.  Gen. 
(Gen  p.  Sterling  Price,  marching  to  the  aid  of  Scott  from 
Mexican  Ncw  Mexico,  fell  in  with  a  Mexican  force,  fought 

couinian-  — 

derand  42      12.  What  were  now  the  orders  of  Gen.  Scott? — 13.  What  waa 
officers.)  done  on  the  16th  of  September  ?  on  the  10th  ? 

Chapter  XIV. — 1.  Suppose  America,  like  ancient  Rome,  haJ 
desired  to  subjugate  nei^hborinor  nations'?  What  was  now  tl:e 
desire  and  the  ditScult  task  of  tlie  well-meaning'  of  both  nations  f 
— 2.  What  may  be  said  of  the  remaining  circumstances  of  the  war  I 


TKICATY    OF    PEACE.  381 

and  defeated  it.     This  was,  un fortunately,  after  tLe  p't.  it. 
treaty  of  peace  had  been  signed.  fd.  iil 

3.  Santa  Anna,  abandoned  by  his  troops,  resigned  *^  ^"^• 
his  offices  on  the  18th  of  October,  and  soon  became  m*^ 
a  fugitive.      The  supreme  power  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Senor  Pena  y  Pena,  by  virtue  of  liis  office 

as  President  of  the  Supreme  Court.     He  forthwith 
sent  his  circulars,  calling  on  the  several  States  in 
pathetic  language,  to  send  deputies  to  Queretaro,  to 
ti"eat  for  peace.     A  Congress  there  assembled  on  kov.  ii. 
the  11th  of  November,  which  appointed  four  com-  ^p^^^";^" 
missioners,  to  arrange  with  Mr.  Trist  the  plan  of  a  appoint 
treat3%     Meantime,  that  gentleman   had   lost   the  ^l^aert 
confidence   of  the   American   Executive,   and   his 
powers  had  been  revoked.    Nevertheless,  with  Gen- 
eral Scott's  approbation,  he  presumed,  in  this  emer- 
gency, to  act. 

4.  On  the  2d  of  February,  the  treaty  was  signed  ^^.a 
by-  Mr.  Trist  and  the  Mexican  commissioners  at  the   peb.  2.* 
city  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo^  and  twenty  days  after-  Treaty 
wards  it  was  submitted  by  the  President  of  the  Uni-  ®f  p°*" 
ted  States  to  the  Senate.     That  body  adopted  it  j^  *  "^^fi 
with  alterations.     President  Polk  then  appointed -'2(i.-  L:tid 
two  gentlemen,  Me.  Sevier,  of  the  Senate,  and  Mr.  the  seriate 
Clifford,   attorney-general,  to  proceed  with  the    •'^^'^ 
modified  treaty  to  Queretaro.     There,  on  laying  it 
before  the  Mexican  Congress,  the  President  elo- 
quently urged  its  acceptance,  and  it  was  ratified  by 

a  large  majority. 

5.  On  the  21st  of  February,  the  beloved  and  ven- 
erated patriot,  John  Quincy  Adams,  who,  since  his 
presidency,  had  served  his  country  in  the  national  le-  Feb.  23. 
gislature,  fell  from  his  seat  during  the  debates  of  the  E^-presu 
house  of  representatives,  struck  by  a  fatal  paralysis,  dent  j.  q. 
Congress,  in  both  its  branches,  suspended  public  ac-      "'"^ 

2.  What  of  the  buttle  of  Eozales?— 3.  What  is  said  of  Santa 
Anna?  What  cliange  in  the  supreme  power  now  occurred  in 
Mexico?  How  was  a  congress  called?  When  and  where  did  it 
assemble,  and  what  do? — 4.  When  and  where  was  the  treaty  of 
peace  signed?  Wiiat  action  was  taken  upon  the  treaty  in  the 
Uuited  States?  What  commissioners  were  appointed  ? — 5.  What 
occurred  on  the  21st  of  Febraarj-  ? 


382  TREATY    STirULA'nONS. 

P'T.  IT.  tion  ;  and  its  inembers  were  waiting  as  aronnd  the 
P'D.  III.  couch  of  a  dying  father.  He  expired,  in  Christian 
OH. XIV.  jiQpg  and  resignation,  on  the  2.'kl,  saying:  "Tliis  is 

1  SJ-fi   ^^^  ^^^^  *-*^  earth." 

6.  Peace  was  declared  to  the  American  army  in 
May  29.  Mexico,  on  the   29th   of  May,  by  General  Butler, 

Peace    -^yj^Q  ^yj^g^  i^y  order  of  the  government,  left  in  com- 
eiaimed  in  mand  of  the  army  by  General  Scott,  he  being  about 
M«rioo.  ^Q  i-eturn  to  the  United  States. 

7.  The  treaty  stipulated  that  all  Mexico  should 
be  evacuated  by  the  American  armies  within  three 
months.  Prisonei-s  on  each  side  \iiire  to  be  released ; 
and  Mexican  captives  made  by  Indians  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States,  were  to  be  restored. 
These  limits,  as  they  affect  Mexico,  were  to  begin 

Bom  da-  ^^  ^^^^  moutli  of  the  Rio  Grande — thence  to  proceed 
rie^  along  the  deepest  channel  of  that  river  to  the  south- 
ern boundary  of  New  Mexico.  From  thence  to 
the  Pacific,  they  were  to  follow  the  river  Gila, 
and  the  southern  boundary  of  Upper  California. 
This  boundary  is  now  removed  south,  including  a 
Territory  called  Arizona. 

8.  Citizens  of  New  Mexico  and  Upper  California, 
allowed  a  are  allowed  a  year  to  make  their  election^ — whether 

choice,  they  will  continue  Mexican  citizens,  and  remove  their 
property  (in  which  case  they  are  to  receive  every 
facility),  or  whether  they  will  remain   and   become 
citizens  of  the  United  States,   The  American  govern- 
ment, not  sanctioning  the  right  of  conquest  by  war, 
jj^jj^    is  to  pay  to  3Iexico^  for  the  lands  she  receives yVom 
paid  for  her,  Jifteeti  millions  of  dollars  ^  and  also  to  assume 
^ready"  ^^^'''  ^ebts  to  American  citizens,  to  the  amount  of 
?lTi\    ^^''^6  7niUions  and  a  half  more.     Three  millions 
were  paid  to  Mexico  in  hand  ;  Congress  having  the 
preceding  winter  placed  that  sum  with  the  President, 

6.  Wlicn  and  by  whom  was  peace  proclaimed  in  the  city  of 
Mexico? — 7.  Jlention  some  oftlie  stipulations  of  t!ie  treaty?  De- 
scribe the  bouiidurv  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. — 8. 
Wliat  was  stipulated  respectincr  Mexican  citizens  in  the  ceded 
territory?  Wh:;t  money  was  paid,  and  wliat  j'et  remains  to  be 
paid  by  tlie  United  States  as  a  consideration  for  the  territory 
acquired  ? 


quered. 


A    CONTRAST,  383 

in  anticipation   of  sucli  an  event; — the  reraainin'T  ft.  iv. 
twelve  millions  to  be  ])aid  in  iiistalments.  I'tTiiiT 

9.  The  Territory  of  Wisconsix  \s'as  admitted  into  <^°-  ^i''"- 
the  American  Union  as  a  State  on  the  29th  of  May,  ,g,.g 
1848.     Tlie  JMcxican  treaty  was  brought  home  by  May  29.' 
]Mr.   Sevier ;  Mr.   Clifford  remaining  in  Mexico  as 
Anserican  envoy.     President  Polk  made  his  procla-  -^''y  *• 
mation  of  peace  on  the  4th  of  July,  1848  ;  the  lirst     pr<>. 
day  of  our  seventy-third  national  year.  claimed. 

1 0.  The  American  armies  have  evacuated  Mex- 
ico.    The  remains  of  officers  who  died  in  the  ser- p^^^^^^.^  ^^ 
vice  of  their  country,  have  been  brought  home  to  the  army, 
be  honored  in  deatli,  and  to  find  tlieir  last  repose 
among  their  friends.     And  the  soldiers  too — they 

who  fought  so  bravely  for  their  native  land, — have 
returned.  Regiments  that  went  forth  full  and  fresh, 
have  returned, — smitten  and  scathed.  Many  is  the 
desolate  heartli,  to  which  the  son,  the  husband,  the 
father,  shall  return  no  more.  No  kindred  eye  shall  the*com- 
weep  at  his  grave.     He  is  buried  with  the  undis-     "i"i 

/  •  •  soldier 

tinguishab}6  dead,  who  fell  in  the  foreign  battle- 
field,  OT^-^ied   in  the   hosiDital.      Thirty   thousand  Am.  L.  in 
American  lives,  it  is  calculated,  have  been  sacrificed  ^^^IJ^p^-^j 
in   this  war;    and  about    seventy-five   millions   of  ^meii. 
money  expended, — and  we  know  that  the  sacrifice  of  donp'& 
of  Mexican  life  and'j)roperty,  has  been  still  greater. 

11.  Let  the  value  of  money  be  estimated  by  the  1847 
good  that  it  may  be  made  to  do,  and  we  shall  see  2^3^  ^^^,^^3 
the  magnitude  of  the  evils  which,  in  a  pecuniary    'from 
way,  war  inflicts.     Ireland  was  visited  with  famine  the" sioo'p- 
in  the  winter  of  1846-7,  from  the  failure  of  crops,    f-"^^^ 
especially  that  of  the  potato.   The  benevolent  among    town, 
us  were  moved  with  compassion,  and  contributed  Y^^^et 
money  and  food  to  her  relief.     The  government  in  she  an- 

•  -^   ,  ,  1  r        I,-       i.  •   •  choredat 

one  mstance  sent  a  public  ship  to  carry  provisions    cork, 
thus  contributed.*     The  very  heart  of  affectionate  AprU22.) 

9.  What  new  State  was  added  to  the  Union,  and  when  ?  When 
did  President  Polk  proclaina  peace  ? — 10.  What  is  said  concern- 
ing tlie  return  of  the  army? — 11.  How  may  the  vahie  of  money 
bo  CBtimated?  What  was  the  condition  of  Ireland  and  what  tli© 
relief  aontributed  by  this  country  1 


ii84  WHICN    TO    PKEVJCNT    WAR. 

P'T.  lY.  Ireland  overflowed  with  gratitude;  and  England 
P'D.  III.  and  Scotland,  themselves  suflerers  in  a  less  degree 
cii.  XIV.  fj.Q,^  ^iie  same  cause,  felt  and  praised  our  liberality. 
l§4y.  Thus  we  blessed  others,  and  were  ourselves  blessed 
/nehi'ies  ^^^.  I'stum ;  and  the  money  which  it  cost  us,  wa3 
soldiers'  about  half  a  million  of  dollars ;  Avhereas,  we  paid 
landStf  three  hundred  millions,*  to  kill  and  distress  the 
widows'  Mexicans,  .  .  The  time  to  act  for  the  prevention  of 

pensions,  ,.      .  .  A  .  , 

&0.)  war,  as  oi  mcendiansm,  is  when  none  is  raging  ;  and 
those  to  move  first  in  tlie  cause  of  peace,  should  be 
nations  and  men,  of  undoubted  courage  and  ability 
in  war.  The  Mexican  contest  has  placed  our  Re- 
public in  that  position.  No  country  has  at  any  pe- 
riod shown  braver  soldiers,  or  better  ofiicers. 


11.  How  is  the  expense  of  this  good  deed  and  that  of  ibe 
Mexican  war  contrasted } 


'?\VvYv'?>--?<.'=.r.  ^~0   Lonpitude  Ji7;st  front   Greenwich    \VQ 


vv!dsi 


First  dIscoTery  of  Gold  In  California 


PEUIOD    IV. 


THK  TBBATT   OF 


}    1§4§ 


OTJADALtrPB    HIDAXOO, 


TO 


THE  COMPBOMISE  i  IS  SO*  ]        UEAS1TEES. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Oregon. — American  California. — Capt.  "Wilkes'  Exploring  Ejqiedi- 
tion. — Capt.  Fremont's  Explorations. — Discovery  of  Gold  and 

its  Effects. 

1.  Oregox. — In  the  valley  of  the  Walla- walla, 
the  worthy  Pi-esbyterian  missionary,  Dr.  Whit- 
man, with  his  wife  and  twelve  others,  were  barbar- 
ously murdered  by  the  Cayuse  Indians.  The  peo- 
ple petitioned  Congress  for  protection  and  a  Terri- 
torial government.  The  northern  members  desired 
that  slavery  should  be  prohibited;  the  southern, 
that  it  should  be  recognized.  The  day  before  the 
session  closed,  tlie  Territorial  bill  was  passed,  with  a 
clause  forbidding  slavery ;    this  having  been  con- 


FT.  IV. 
FD.  IV. 

CH.  L 

1847. 

Nov.  2. 
Murder  of 
Dr.  Whit- 
man and 
familj". 

1§4§. 

Aus.  13. 
Oeegox  a 
territory. 


Chaptek  T. — 1.  What  occnrred  in  Oregon?  What  petition 
followed  ?  Ilow  was  the  petition  met  in  Congress  ?  What  was 
the  final  lesult  of  the  petition? 


388  AMKRlOAjSf    CAIJF(.)JiNIA. 

FT.  lY.  sented  to  by  some  southern  members,   and  sanc- 
FD.  IV.  tioncd  by  tbe  pres^ident,  on  tlie  ground  that  Oregon 
.oiLL    lies  wholly  north  of  latitude  36°  30';  that  being  the 
line  of  the  Missouri  compromise. 

2.  Amepjcan  California  was  called  by  the  Mex- 
icans New  or  Upper  California^  in  distinction  from 
the  peninsula,  which  was  named  Old  or  Lower  Cal- 

s\T  Vr&n- '^/o7'nia.     It  was  discovered  La  1579,  by  Sib  Frak- 

•^^^^Drake  CIS  Drake.     He  Called  the  country  JVeto  Albion^ 

NewCaii-and  took  possession  of  it  for  his  sovereign,  Elizabeth 

fornia.    of  England.     But  the  English  lost  the  right  imjiart- 

ed  by  discovery,  as  they  sent  out  no  colonies. 

3.  The  Sj^anish  under  Cortez  had  discovered  Old 
1<tO^  California.  About  1603  Philip  III.  of  Spain  sent 
ViscainVs  Sebastian  Viscaixo,  wlio  discovered  and  took  pos- 
discovery.  gesion  of  the  harbors  of  San  Diego  and  Monterey. 

Attempts  of  the  Spaniards  to  colonize  the  country, 
proved  ineflfectual,  on  account  of  the  hostility  of  the 
natives,  whom  the  emigrants  provoked  by  ill-usage. 
The  Spaniards,  however,  frequented  the  coast,  on 
account  of  its  valuable  pearl  fishery. 
_,  4.  Tlie  first  permanent  settlement  in  New  Cali- 

First  set- y''^^'^^^?  ^<^*  «  Franciscan  mission  at  San  Diego. 

tiementofXhe  Spanish  king  had  given  to  the  priests  leave  to 

cans.  '  settle  in  the  country,  for  the  purpose  of  converting 

the  natives  to  Christianity.    They  selected  the  most 

minions.  ^^^^^^6  lands,  and  founded  twenty-one  missions, 
each  occupying  about  fifteen  miles  square.  The 
buildings  were  all  contained  in  an  inclosure  made  of 
adobe  or  sun-dried  brick.    To  the  principal  missions 

^^and°^  was  attached  a, presidio,  where  was  a  quadrangular 

presidios,  fort  of  adobe.  In  this  was  stationed  a  company  of 
soldiers,  to  protect  the  missions  from  the  natives, 
and  to  aid  in  bringing  their  feeble  and  disorderly 
tribes  into  subjection  to  the  priests. 

2.  What  was  American  California  called  by  the  Mexicans,  and 
why?  When  discovered  ?  and  by  whom  ?  Did  it  remain  under 
the  English  ? — 3.  Give  an  account  of  the  Spanish  discoveries. 
Of  the  results  of  tlieir  first  attempts  to  colonize. — 4.  Where  was 
the  first  permanent  settlement  ?  By  whom  made  ?  For  what 
object  ?     How  many  missions  were  there  ?    Describe  thorn. 


KEW    MEXICO.  3S9 

5.  The  order  of  things  was  not  favorable  to  the  P'T.  iv. 
increase  of  population.    The  missions  were  made  np  pd.  I7." 
of  monks  and  nmis ;  and  to  tliese  were  added  the    ^^  ^ 
soldiers  of  the  presidios,  not  allowed  by  the  priests     The 
to  bring  their  wives  into  the  country,     A  few,  how-  supl-tme. 
ever,  had  taken  with    them  their  families,  and  a  f  §40 
small  number  of  towns  had  thus  sprung  up;  the  (The en- 
largest  of  which  were  Z,os  Angeles,  Monterey,  '^^^ '^'lauon  of" 
Diego,  and  San  Francisco — neither  of  which  con- California 
tained,  in  1840,  a  thousand  inhabitants.  mateVat 

6.  This  country,  during  the  Spanish  rule,  consti-  f-^$^\ 
tuted  a  part  of  the  viceroy alty  of  Mexico,  or  New  5,noi»  are 
Spain.  When  Mexico  became  a  federal  republic,  "^^^'^*-) 
not  finding  California  sufficiently  populous  to  form  a  (\^g^! 
State,  she  established  over  it  a  Territorial  govern- geies  con 
ment,  of  which  Los  Angeles  and  Monterey  were  the  i,5t)o"in- 

SeatS.  habitants.) 

1.  New  Mexico. — In  1581,  a  party  of  adventur- 
ers from  Mexico,  under  Fbaxcisco  de  Levya  Bo-j^*^  grst 
NiLLo,  visited  the  country,  and  finding  similar  abo-  explored, 
riginal  inhabitants,  mines,  etc.,  they  gave  it  the  name 
of  New  Mexico.    In  1594  the  Count  de  Monteret,  1594, 
then  viceroy  of  Mexico,  sent  the  gallant  Juan  de  ^J'^.*^  <=?'<>■ 
Onate  of  Zacatecas,  to  take  formal  possession  in 
the  name  of  Spain  ;  and  to  establish  colonies,  mis- 
sions, and  "presidios."     The  country  then  became 
settled,  and  was  divided  into  three  parts,  of  which 
Safita  Fe  was  one.    The  Indians  among  whom  they 
settled,  were  far  more  civilized  than  the  surround- 
ing aborigines.     In   1681  they  drove  out  the  Span-  i6Sf. 
ish  inhabitants,  who  rallied  at  their  southernmost  Natives 
town.  El  Paso  del  Norte,  and  at  length  regained    ^"^ 
the  whole  country.  1824. 

8.  In    1821,  the   journal    of  Pike,  a   volunteer    Pike's 
explorer  from  the  United  States,  inflamed  curios-  it^Icte 

attentioi 

5.  Which  were  the  largest  of  the  small  towns  of  Spiinish  set- 
tlers?— 6.  What  changes  occurred  in  California  with  respect  to 
government? — 7.  Give  an  account  of  the  first  party  who  visited 
is'ew  Mexico.  Of  the  second.  How  was  tlie  country  divided? 
What  Wiis  done  by  the  natives  in  1681  ?  Where  did  the  Spaniards 
rally  ? — 8.   What  Explorer  published  a  journal  ? 


.'JOO  U.    8.    EXrLOKfNO    EXPEDITION. 

P'T.  IV.  ity,   and    thus  produced    enterprise.      Mexico    had 
PD.  IV.  now   b^'coine  indepeudent  of  S]>ain.     Adventurers 
CH.  I.     fi-Qi^^  Missouri,  follovvinp;  the  track  of  Pike,  opened 
_„jj_   a   ti'ade   through  Santa  Fe   to  Chiluiahua    on   the 
Congress  soiith,  and  to  the  Gulf  of  Cnliioniia,  on  tlie  west. 
take  tiie  Tiicir  annual  caravans  of  tradiri<:!:-\va<j:ons  beina;  en- 
under    diuio'cred   bv   hostile   Indians,   Senator    Benton,   of 
tgg[jj,'^^' Missouri,  obtained  of  Congress,  in   1825,  an  act  to 
keep  open  the  way  and  afford  them  military  prolec- 
1846.  tion.     When   Gen.  Kearny   went,  in   1846,  to  con- 
quer New  Mexico,  he   convoyed  the  trains  of  mer- 
chant wagons,  amounting  to  414,  and  travelled  over 
the  rough  way  thus  opened  for  the  traders, 

9.  The  American  government,  in  1838,  sent  out  a 
1S41.  naval  Miyloring  Expedition^  under  Capt.  Charles 
Captain  WiLKES.  lie  prououuced  the  harbor  of  San  Fran- 
■Wilkes.  qIsco  to  be  "  one  of  the  finest,  if  not  the  very  best  in 
(San  the  world."  The  inhabitants  M-'ere  few,  and  their 
contaTned  dwellings  poor.  The  most  prominent  man  in  the  re- 
■Jli^*'''  cion  was  Capt.  Sutter,  a  Swiss  bv  biith ;  but  emi- 

1,500  in- -^         .  _..  .'.  '.  '  -_ 

habitants:  grating  irom  Missouri.     Having  obtained  irom  Mex- 

ismfd-   ^^^  ^  grant  of  land,  thirty  leagues  square,  he  located 

1850,'   his  residence  within  it,  and  built  a  fort  at  the  conllu- 

'     ''  ence  of  the  American  river  with  the  Sacramento. 

1§42.      ^^'  In  1842,  Lieut.  Fremont,  being  ordered  with 

June  10.  a  party  of  about  twenty,  on  an  exploring  tour,  left, 

tour  ofex- J^J^^  16,  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas, — travelled  along 

pioration.  itg  fertile  vallcy — struck  off  upon  the  sterile  banks 

Jio'^wiwra- of  the  Platte — ^tbllowed  its  South  Fork  to  St.  Vrain's 

*«^^[^^'^Fort; — thence  northerly  to  Fort  Laramie,  on  the 

line  of  North  Fork  of  the  same  stream.     Following  up, 

(Ku^Cal-  fi'om  this  point,  the  North  Fork,  and  then  its  afilu- 

nwas  ent,  the  Sweet  Water  river,  he  was  conducted  by  a 

guide.)  . 


sun 
Bis 


8.  "When  did  New  Mexico  begin  to  be  visited  by  Americans  ? 
What  has  been  done  by  traders,  and  what  by  Concjress  to  en- 
courage them  ?  Who  obtained  of  Congress  a  military  way  ?  Who 
travelled  over  it  ?  When  ?  On  what  occasion  ? — 9.  Give  an  ac- 
count of  the  naval  exploring  expedition.  What  said  Capt.  Wilkes 
of  the  bay  of  San  Francisco?  Wiio  was  the  most  prominent  man 
in  the  eoantry  ?  What  is  said  of  his  location  ?-^10.  Wliat  is  the 
date  of  Fremont's  first  exploring  tour?  Describe  his  route. 
(^Learri,  ithj  your  Map.) 


THE    HAND    OF    PROVIDK-NCE.  891 

gentle  ascent,  to  that  wonderful   gateway  iu   the  pt.  iv. 
Kocky  Mountains,  the  South  Pass.  ^^dTTvT 

11_^  The  next  year  Fremont  crossed  the  Rocky    «».  l 
Mountains  further  south, — examined,  and  laid  open,  1843. 
by  his  report,  the  region  of  the  Salt  Lake.     He  ex-^^^^^ve^ 
plored  Oregon,  and  travei-.seil,  in  winter,  the  terrible  mouth  of 
snov.'s  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevada.    The  famished  wander-  kmLs. 
ers  emerged  upon  the  waters  of  the  Sacramento.,  Sept-  ^■ 
and  followed  to  Sutter's  Fort  its  affluent,  the  Atner- sat  Lake. 
ican  Fori   ignorant  of  the  golden  treasures  beneath  ■^^}'J^\ 

,      .      „  '    ^  o  lort  Hall. 

tllOir  feet.         -  Nov.  4. 

]  2.  After  tiif  ir  wants  had  been  kindly  supplied  by    ^l]\^l 
Capt.  Sutter,  the  party  travelled  south,  and  beheld  Dec.  lo. 
and  enjoyed  the  vernal  beauties  of  the  flowery  valley  ath  Lake, 
of  the  San  Joaquin,  By  the  southern  extremity  of  the  £844. 
Sierra  Nevada,  they  passed  the  arid  wastes  of  the  Jan- 10. 
great  Desert  Basin.  They  had  discovered  and  named,  niid  L^ke. 
on  their  Avay,  new  rivers  and  mountain  passes :  and  (Fremont 
they  had  laid  open  regions  which  had  heretofore,  also  many 
except  to  the  hunter  and  the  savage,  been  but  the  "^^t^'of 
hidden  reces.ses  of  nature.     They  had  explored  Cal-  import- 
ifornia,  and  made  known  an  overland  route.  rnunrai 

13.  When,  in  1848,  the  Mexican  treaty  added  to  ^^^^'^[^^^ 
the  American  Republic  vast  tracts,  of  which  the    he  re- 
Californian  portion  had  a  frame- work  of  society  ad-   i^orTore 
verse  to  our  own,  many  patriots  looked  with  appi'e-  from  En^- 
hension  for  the  result;  knowing,  that,  ordinarily,  the  Germany.) 
full  river  keeps  the  course  first  taken  by  the  rivulet. 
Would  enough  of  our  citizens  go  thither  to  turn  1§4§. 
this  course — to  fuse  this  portion  into  the  common  The^treaty 
mass?     Providence  presented  a  material  to  draw^ithMes- 
them  thither,  so  quickly,  and  in  such  ample  numbers,  at  Gua<ia. 
that  they  at  once  constituted  the  principal  stream  of  '^^^„o^)" 
Californian  society,  into  which  all  minor  currents,  not 
excepting  the  original,  were  merged  ;  and  Gold,  the 
curse  of  other  lands,  was  a  blessing  to  this. 

11.  Describe  his  second  tour  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
Sutter"s  Fort,  observing  the  dates. — 12.  From  Sutter's  Fort 
hoinewarils.  — 13.  Wluit  cause  of  apprehension  liad  the  American 
patriot?  Wh;it  queries  naturally  arose  in  his  mind  ?  How  were 
these  answered  by  a  great  Providential  event? 


393  GOLD. 

F;T_rv^  14,  In  February,  1848,  a  20'>"(-vate  discovery  of 
P'D.  IV.  gold  teas  made  on  the  grounds  of  Capt.  Suttei",  by 

*^"-  "•  a  Mr.  Marshall,  then  in  his  employ,  ticenti/fce 
MiTn'on  niiles  ?(p  t/ie  Atnerican  Fork  of  the  Sacramento. 
ass^ayin^  It  -,vas  soon  tbund  in  other  localities.     Rumors  of 

lornia'   Californian  gold  soon  readied  the  Atlantic  States, 

found'it  "^^'liit^h  "^^'ere  converted  to  certainty  by  the  president's 

reiii.irka-  nicssagc  of  December,  1849,  accompanied  by  a  let- 

^'(Fnmi'^'^ter  from  Gov.  Masox,  who  had  been  in  person  to 

Dec.  1S49, visit  the  gold  "diggings."     As  he  passed  along,  he 

iso'ol'ys  found  houses  deserted,  and  iields  of  wheat  going  to 

vessels   ruin,  their  owners  having:  left  them,  to  dis^  for  gold. 

from  the   o        ,      T        T    1  1  °-    •  /.  11°  ^ 

u.  States ;buch  had  been  the  quantities  found,  that  every  con- 
KYort  venience  of  life  bore  an  enormous  price.     Capt.  Sut- 

29  froinj  ter  paid  his  blacksmith  $10  per  day;  and  he  re- 

land")^" ceived  $500  per  month  for  the  rent  of  a  two-story 
o«  "^'I's^D  ^^o^^^^  within  his  fort.     In  a  little  gutter,  two  men 

tobct,  'had  found  the  value  of  $17,000. 

''^year,"^       15.  Such  werc  the  facts  reported  from  unques- 
arrived  attiouablc  sources  ;  and  California  at  once  became  the 

"ciscof^o'ie  luminous  point,  to  which  all  eyes  were  directed. 
48,615  im-Xhere  was  a  rush  for  the  land  of  Q:old,  not  only  from 
hysea,andthe  United  States,  but  from  Europe,  Asia,  South 
^iand.)^  America,  and  the  isles  of  the  sea. 


CHAPTER    II. 

Taylor's  Inauguration. — Close  of  the  30th  Consfress. — California 
— Establishment  of  Civil  Government. — Ditiiculty  with  Te.xus. 

?§49.      ^    Mixiv'ESOTA,  adjacent  to  the  head  waters  of  the 

March  4.  .      .       .         .  '         •'         ,     .  rxy         •  i  i 

liiaugura- Mississippi,  was  crcctcd  into  a  ierritorvon  the  od 

i^i;;;:,:,;^  of  March,  1349. 

and'Fiii-      2.  At  the  election  in  1848,  Gex.  Zaciiauy  T.\y- 


moro. 


14.  When  was  gold  discovered  ?  Where?  By  whom?  When 
first  made  known  to  the  Atlantic  Stutes?  Whiit  did  Gov.  il.ism 
observe  and  relate? — 15.  What  was  the  conscHience  of  ihj 
Bpread  of  these  and  similar  fa^-ts  ? 

Chai'tkk  II. —  1.  \N'hat  do  we  liere  learn  of  Minnesota? — 2. 
"What,  ollices  were  filled  by  election?  What  persons  elected! 
When?     When  inaugurated? 


A   WISE   MEASUKE.  Z9d 

\\'\R,  the  hero  of  the  Rio  Grande,  was  chosen  presi-  pt.  iv. 
dent;  and  Millard  Fillmore,  of  New  York,  vice-  fd.  iy. 
president. . ,  The  increase  of  labor  devolving  on  the    ^^-  "• 
several  departments  of  the  government,  in  conse-^g._ 
quencc  of  the  growth  of  the  nation,  caused  Congress  Newde- 
to  authorize  a  separate  bureau,  called  "  27ie  Depart-  payment 
ment  of  the  Interior.''''     Thosias  Ewii^g,  of  Ohio, 
was  appointed  by  the  i^resident,  its  first  secretary, 
and  John  M.  Clayton,  of  Delaware,  was  made  sec- 
retary of  state. 

3.  With  such  exactness  were  tlie  different  parties  --0*0 
balanced  in  regard  to  the  slavery  question,  that  in       to 
the  Congress  of  1848-9,  all  that  could  be  obtained  1§50. 
for  California  was  a  law,  by  Avhich  her  revenue  was 

to  be  collected  and  placed  in  the  cofiers  of  the  re-^^^'g^* 
public.     Happily,  the  exemplary  political  conduct  of  estimate 
California,    under   these   trying   circumstances,  re- niat]^,nTf 
lieved  the  anxious  forebodings  of  American  patriots,  j^loo'ooln 
that  she  might  take  Oregon  for  an  ally,  and  set  up 
for  herself      To  prevent  any  such  disaster.   Gen.  l§49. 
Taylor  gave  the  Californians  the  timely  assui-ance,  ^^''g"^; 
that  "  whatever  can  be  done  to  afford  the  people  of  ciayton'a 
the  Territories  the  benefits  of  civil  government,  and  ^^\_ 
the  protection  that  is  due  them,  will  be  anxiously  Kine,  who 
considered  and  attempted  by  the  executive."     Hctocwor- 
suggested  to  them  the  expediency  of  forming  a  ^j^'^'»p^y^._ 
State  government  for  themselves,  thereafter  to  be    dent) 
submitted  to  Congress. 

4.  These  counsels  tended  to  keep  the  leading  pol-  i§48. 
iticians  of  California  true  to  the  Union;  they  loved  (Ahet.  t. 
their  native  land,  and  confided  in  her  ultimate  jus-  I'parnin? 
tice  ;  but,  while  waitino;  for  future  protection,  tlie  ex-  tbe  exist- 
citing  ])resent  was  upon  them — the  gathering  thou- the  treaty 
sands,  attracted  from  every  land  by  the  sovereign  ^^"^j^pj^''^, 
power  of  gold, — and  government,  in  addition  to  that     ers.) 

2.  What  new  department  was  created?  Wlio  was  the  first  in- 
cumbent \  Who  President  Taylor's  secretary  of  state  ^—3.  What 
"5vas  the  estimated  population  of  California  in  lS,"iO  ?  (See  side 
note.)  What  was  the'only  action  -of  the  Congress  of  1843-9  re- 
epeceini,' (.'alifjruia  ?  What  did  American  patriots  fear?  What 
did  Gen.  Taylor  sugrrest  by  a  letter  of  his  secretary  to  his  agent, 
„ Thomas  Bjitlcr  King  \ 

17* 


39i  WOXDEKFDL   TRANSITION. 

FT.  ly.  exercised  by  Gen.  Mason,  the  military  commandant, 
FD.  IV.  the  citizens  found  it  necessary  to  organize  among 

<==•  "^  themselves.  At  first  it  was  informal ;  and  he  who 
1§40.  was  found  guilty  of  high  crimes,  was  put  to  death, 
"^Ei'/^^'  "^^it^  little  ceremony  or  delay.  Gen.  Riley,  who 
encceeds  succceded  Gen.  Mason,  as  military  governor,  estab- 

Mason.  ]i<5}^g(3  g^  specics  of  judiciary,  at  the  head  of  which  was 

A^'Juiioi-  phaced  Peter  H.  Buexet.  . .  Delegates  were  chosen, 

ta17r"d  ^^^''^  ™'^^  ^^  Monterey,  September  1st,  1849,  and 

g^  ^  ^  ■  there  formed  a  constitution  which  excluded  slavery. 

At  Monte-      5.  The  first  legislature  elected  under  it  convened 

"^e-ates"  ^^  ^^^  JosL     Pctcr  H.  Burnct,  who  was  chosen 

meet  to  govcmor,  addrcssed  to  the  senate  and  assembly  a 

8ta"te"gov-  message  of  extraordinary  interest.     "  How  rapid," 

ernment.  \^q.    exolaims — "  how    astonishing    have    been    the 

Dec.  21.  changes  in  California !     Twenty  months  ago,  inhab- 

josV first  ited  by  a  sparse  j^opulation — a  pastoral  people,  de- 

Lesisia-  riyinff  a  mere    subsistence  from  their  flocks   and 

ture  meet ,         ^^  ,  ...  /•     i  -i 

^  herds,  and  a  scanty  cultivation  oi  the  sou : — now 

Govornor  .  '  ii-  t  i 

Bnniefs  inexhaustioie  gold  mines  discovered, — our  ports  are 
address.'  fille<i  with  shipping  from  every  clime  ;  oilr  beautiful 
bays  and  placid  rivers  are  navigated  by  steam ;  and 
commercial  cities  have  sprung  up  as  if  by  enchant- 
ment." 
(Edward      6.  The  choice  of  senators  to  Congress  fell  upon 
^V'l'-f'xr  John  C.  Fremont  and  Vf illiam  M.  Gwin.     The 

and   (}.  11.  .         .  /.  ^    ,-r.        •  11  ■    •  f.  1 

Writrht,  coustitution  01  CaliTornia,  and  her  petition  tor  ad- 

fg'^*Jf^Fgg®)mittance  into  the  Union,  were  carried  by  them  to 

1850.  ^^^ashington,  and  by  the  president  transmitted  to 

Feb.  13.*  Conofress,    with    a   commendatory  message.      The 

Tayior"^l3,use  prohibiting  slavery  was,  in  Congress,  as  a 

Bends  to  torcli  applied  to  explosives ;  some  southern  members 

the clnsti- declaring  that  its  adoption  by  Congress  would  be 

c^fi/orniL  ^'^^  cause  of  the  immediate  secession  of  the  South. 

4.  What  were  the  necessities  of  the  Californians  in  regard  to 
civil  government?  ^Vho  was  Gen.  Kiley?  What  was  done  by 
him  ?  Wliat  was  done  in  conscqneii'.'e  of  hi.s  proclamation  ?  How 
was  the  t^hivery  question  disposed  of? — 5.  Where  did  the  first 
Leg-islatiire  njeet  {  Wlio  wus  clmsen  goverhor?  Kehite  his  speech. 
— 6.  W  bat  st-iuiiors  were  t)ie  first  chosen  ?  What  did  they  carry 
to  Wasliiiitrtoii  <  Vi'luit  (.'tfert  was  produced  in  Congress  by  the 
duusc  proiiibitiuL;  slavery  J 


TEXAS    THEEATEKS    NEW    MEXICO.  395 

T.  Other  subjects  of  appalling  difficulty  pressed  ft.  iv. 
upon  Congress  ; — all,  however,  implicated  in  the  one  pd  iv. 
absorbing  topic  of  slavery,     Texas  claimed  that  her    °^  °- 
tei-ritory  extended  to  the  Rio  Grande ;  but  the  New 
Mexicans  in  and  around  Santa  Fe,  east  of  the  Rio     jan. 
Grande,   had   never  submitted,   and   were   utterly    Texas 
averse  to  her  rule.     In  January,  1849,  her  legisla-   laws  to 
ture  passed  laws,  dividing  the  disputed  region  into  **pj4er" 
counties.     To  organize  in  these  counties  a  Texan  over  New 
government,  Gov.  Bell,  the  executive,  sent  an  agent,      ®  *^°' 
Major  Neighbours,  to  Santa  Fe,  who  warned  Col.  i§50. 
Monroe,  the  United  States  military  commandant,  April  is. 
against  all  "interference."    Colonel  Monroe  finding   ^^°^. 
the   New  Mexicans  enraged,   called  a  convention,  ^"i"^^ 
which  framed  a  State  constitution ;  and,  while  Texas  Texas  and 
was  making  preparations  to  seize  this  Territory  by  ^;jfg*nt^ 
force,  the  petition  of  New  Mexico  to  be  admitted  ments  in- 
into  the  Union  was  introduced  into  Congress,  terfere. 

8.  While  New  Mexico  was  petitioning  Congress 
for  a  government,  another  remarkable  people  were  isso, 
at  their  doors  with  the  same  request.     These  were  Jan.  i6. 
the  enterprising  Mormons,  who,  under  the   lead  of  j,?f^,"g*^„. 
their  "•  prophet,"  the  able  but  unscrujiulous  Brigham  troduces  a 
YolTng,  had  found  a  resting-place  on  the  borders  of  fhegov- 
the    Salt    Lake.      Itere    collecting  their  scattered  J''^^''^'^^'^ 
bands,   they  founded  Salt  Lake   Citv,  Provo,  and    —i.  e. 
other  towns;  and,  sending  out  their  emissaries  to    ^     • 
foreign  lauds,  to  return  with  proselytes,  they  had 
now  a  riourishing  settlement  of  about  25,000  inhab-   (*i850. 
itaiits.*     Another  exciting  subject  was  a  bill  intro-   Censut  ■ 
duced  by  Senator  Butler,  of  South  Carolina,  for  a  ^^qo^ 
new  law,  to  enable  the  masters  of  fugitive  slaves  to 
recover  them  from  other  States. 

7.  What  other  ditticult  snbjuct  is  next  mentioned  as  pressing 
upon  Coii-rress  i  What  inuasures  did  Texas  take  in  1849  ?  What 
was  done  on  the  part  of  New  Mexico? — 8.  What  is  here  said  of 
the  MorinousS 


396  DAJS'&EK   NOBLY   MET. 


CHAPTER  III. 

Congressioaal  Eloquence. — The  Compromise. — Death  of  Taylor. 

P'T.  IV.  1,  The  first  session  of  the  tliirty-first  Cong^ress 
FD.  IV.  was  the  longest,  the  most  stormy,  and  the  most  im- 
CH.  iiL  poi-tmit  i,^  i^g  results,  of  any  since  the  organization 
1849  of  the  government;  and  in  it,  by  tlie  strife  and 
Q~'^^j^_  power  of  words,  were  settled  more  important  issues 


cress  than  those  on  any  battle-field  since  the  Revolution, 
two^yelrll'^i^  scuate  took  the  lead.     Never  had  that  body 

There    presented  more  powerful  orators. 

ei^ye'iTrs'^  2.  The  two  first  northern  senators  who  broke  in 
under  the  upon  ^jjg  suUeu  gloom  of  uncharitableuess  and  dis- 

constitu-      ^  •   1         1  •    1       1  1  1  1 

lion.)    content,  with  which  the  southern  members  met  the 

northern,    were    Dickinsox,    of    New   York,    and 

Phelps,  of  Vermont.     The  former,  in  the  course  of 

his  speech,  solemnly  assured  his  southern  brethren 

that  the  North,  as  a  body,  regarded  the  guarantees 

1850.  of  the  Constitution  as  sacred.    "  Sir,"  said  he,  "take 

\r""D^^k  ^  small  number  out  of  the  northern  and  also  out  of 

inson's    the  soutliem  sections  of  the  Union,  or  silence  their 

speech,   damor,  and  this  accursed  agitation  will  be  settled 

in  less  than  a  week," 

3.  In  the  speech  of  Senator  Phelps,  logical  argu- 
ment was  mingled  with  wit.     Without  taking  seri- 
Jun  23    ^'^^s  ground  against  the  southern  threat  of  secession, 
epeech  of  he  showed  that  the  time  had  not  yet  come.     The 
Phelps,   supi-enie  judiciary  of  the   United   States  were  the 
proper   court  to  try  constitutional  questions ;    and 
unless  the  South,  before  proceeding  to  action,  ap- 
pealed to  tliat  tribunal,  she  would  put  herself  in  the 
wrong.     In  so  important  a  matter,  slie  should  not 
be  hi  too  much  haste,  but  take  the  proper  steps,  and 
bide  her  time.     As  to  what  had  been  offensively  said 
at  the  North,  this  was  a  land  of  free  speech  ;  and  wiiat 

CuAPTEK  ill. —  1.  ^\'!ly  Wiij:  this  cMiled  the  olst  roiij.Tess  ?  (See 
side  note. )  Wliut  is  suid  of  the  first  session  of  this  Congress! 
— 2.  Give  some  account  of  the  speech  of  Senator  Dickinson. — 3. 
Of  that  of  Senator  Piielps. 


MR.  clay's  cxdmpeomise  eesolutioxs.  397 

was  to  be  done  with  people  who  beheved  themselves  p't.  iv. 
charged  with  a  mission,  not  only  to  amend  the  Consti-  p-d.  jy. 
tution  framed  by  the  wisdom  of  our  fathers,  but  also   ch.™-  ' 
to  assist  the  Almighty  in  the  correction  of  sundry  -~_^ 
mistakes  which  they  had  discovered  in  his  works? 
The  brows  of  the  southern  members  unbent,  and  they 
cordially  greeted  the  orator  \vhen  the  speech  was  end- 
ed ;  and  an  observer  remarked,  "  He  has  thrown  the 
first  bucket  of  water  which  has  reached  the  fire." 

4.  On  the  25th  of  January,  Mr.  Clay  oftered  his 
memorable  plan  of  compromise.  On  the  5th  of  Feb- 
ruary, amidst  such  a  crowd  of  both  sexes  as  the 
senate-<;hamber  had  never  before  witnessed,  he  came 
forward  to  speak  in  their  defence.  He  was  now 
venerable  in  years,  but  his  intellect  retained  its 
soundness,  and  his  heart  its  deep  well-spring  of  pa- 
triotic feeling.  His  voice,  his  eye,  his  grace  of  action 
and  gift  of  words,  which  made  him  regarded  as  the 
first  orator  who  spoke  the  English  tongue,  were  yet 
preserved,  that  he  might  succor,  and  perhaps  save, 

his  country,  in  this  her  hour  of  peril.     In  the  pi'6- j^*"(;,^\ 
amble  of  his  eight  resolutions,  he  stated  the  reason    eight 
of  their  introduction  to  be,  that  it  was  "for  the^j^^sg?^^ 
peace^  harmony,  and  concord  of  the  Union  to  settle,  lutions. 
and  adjust  amicably,^  all  exciting  questions  of  con- 
troversy between  them  arising  out  of  the  institution 
of  slavery,  upon  a  fair,  equitable,  and  just  basis." 
The  compromise  was  substantially  the  same  as  that 
which  passed  after  months  of  debate,  and  is  hereaf- 
ter to  be  explained. 

5.  "Never  before,"  said  Mr.  Clay,  "have  I  risen  Feb.  5.^ 
with  feelings  of  such  deep  solicitude.  I  have  wit-^  ^re&l 
nessed  many  periods  of  great  anxiety,  of  peril,  and  ^I'^ei^ii. 
of  danscer  to  the  country :  but  never  before  have  1  ^""^  ^'*v' 

,  cj  t/    j  view  (H 

i-isen  to  address  an  assembly — so  oppressed,  so  aj>  the.im.- 
})alled,  so  anxious."  He  attributed  the  danger  of  ^^"uuL 
the  countrv  to  the  unprincipled  selfishness  of  partv    "^'""'"^ 


coiinirv. 


4.  What  occurred  on  the  25th  of  Jnnnary,  1S50  ?  On  the  5th 
of  February?  Wiiut  is  said  of  Mr.  Clay's  powers  as  an  or^itor' 
Wliut  was  tlie  object  of  his  eight  resoiutioub  ? — 5.  Eeoite  the  in- 
teoductory  sentence  of  Mr.  Clay's  speech. 


39S  EVILS    OF   DISUNION. 

P'T.  IV.  men.     He  dwelt  on  the  ruin  which  would  spring 

P'D.  ivT  ii"oin   a  dissolution  of  the  Union.     War  would  be 

CH.  iiL    inevitable ;  and  such  a  Avar, — so  furious,  so  bloody, 

so  implacable,  so  exterminating, — could  not  be  found 

Of  Uie  *  ^^^on  the  pages  of  history.     He  entreated  members 

conse-    to  pausc  on  the  brink  of  the  precipice,  before  tliey 

'disuuton.  took  the  fearful  leap,  into  the  yawning  abyss !     But 

if  that  direful  event,  the  dissolution  of  the  Union, 

were  to  happen,  he  implored  of  heaven  that  he 

might  not  survive  to  behold  it ! 

b'.  To  similar  effect  was  the  eloquence  of  Daniel 
March  T.  Webster.     "  Mr.  President,"  he  said,  "  I  hear,  with 

Mr    »V  eb*         •  .  • 

6ter'3    pain  and  anguish  and  distress,  the  word  secession 

spe^*h    tiilling  from  the  lips  of  the  eminent  and  patriotic. 

(Its  't:i-  Secession !     Peaceable  secession !     The  dismember- 

Bubje.^t  to  meut  of  this  vast  country  without  convulsion !    The 

rei'om-  breaking  up  of  the  fountains  of  the  great  deep,  with- 

compro-  out  ruffling  the   surface !  .  .  .  Peaceable   secession ! 

mise.)    \YJiat  would  be  the  result  ?     What  would  become 

of  the  army,  the  navy,  and  the  public  lands  ?   Where 

Mr  Web-  ^^  ^^®  ^^^^  ^®  ^®  drawn  ?     What  States  are  to  be  as- 

ster  on  sociatcd  ?     What  is  to  remain  American  ?     Where 

Becession.  ^^^  I  to  he?     Where  is  the  flag  to  remain ?     Is  the 

eagle  still  to  tower?  or  is  he  to  cower,  to  shrink, 

and  fall  to  the  ground  ?" 

v.  In  the  tempest,  it  is  the  lightning,  not  the  thun- 
der, which  kills  ;  but  as,  peal  by  peal,  the  dangerous 
Better    element  explodes,  the  atmosphere  becomes  cleared. 
tone  of  Thus  the  impassioned  eloquence  and  fiery  declama- 
■endmeut.  tion  of  the  capitol,  ga\e  wholesome  vent  to  danger- 
ous feeling,  and  inspired  a  healthier  tone  of  public 
seiuiinent;  which,  begiuuing  at  Washington,  sjjread 
thio.ighout  the  Union. 

8.  Mr.  Clay  had  ably  defended  his  plan  of  com- 
promise. Skxator  J3ell,  of  Kentucky,  introduced 
and  advocated  another.     Senator  Foote,  of  Mis- 

5.  To  wlial  did  he  attribute  tlie  danger  of  the  country?  What 
did  he  say  of  tiiu  dissolution  of  the  Union?— 6.  Keeite  tlie  sketch 
given  of  tlie  remarks  of  Mr.  "Webster  on  secession,  made  in  hia 
great  speech  of  March  7th,  1850. — 7.  What  beneficial  effects  were 
produced  by  the  stormy  eloquence  of  the  Capitol? 


THE    "OMXIBUS    BILL."  S99 

Bissii)pi,  made  a  motion,  which  was  finally  carried,  P't.  it. 
for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  of  the  Senate,  to  p'd.  iv. 
be  composed  of  six  members  from  the  North,  six   °^  "'• 
from  the  South^  and  a  thirteenth  to  be  chosen  by  the  •  g^Q 
first  twelve ;  to  whom  should  be  referred  the  difier-  April  la! 
cut  plans  for  compromise ; — with  directions,  how-  ^^™™f '' 
ever,  that  the  committee  report,  according  to  their  Thirteen 
own  judgment,  a  plan  of  settlement  for  the  different  *^^^^*^ 
branches  of  the  slavery  question. 

9.  Of   this   honored   committee,    Mr,  Clay  was 
chairman,  by  choice  of  the  Senate ;  and  he  made 
their  report  to  that  body,  on  the  8th  of  May.     Four 
months  of  jarring  debate  ensued;  much  of  which   M«y8. 
referred  to  the  point,  whether  the  several  proposed  Mr.  ci^ 
laws  should  be  voted  for  separately,  or  in  one  "  Om-the^Om- 
nibixs  Bill."     Seistator  Benton  urged  the  former    ^^ 
course,  on  account  of  its  fairness,  and  especially  in  be- 
half of  suffering  yet  dutiful  California ;  while  Mr.  Clay 
maintained  the  latter ;  urging  that  if  the  different 

parts  of  the  bill  were  presented  together,  both  par- 
ties would  concede  some  things,  for  the  sake  of 
gaining  others. 

10.  Jn  the  mean  time  the  Nashville  convention, 
which,  had  it  assembled  in  January,  mif^ht  have  led  Jnne  a. 
■,o  civil  war  and  national  destruction,*  met  harm-  <>nven- 
lessly  on  the  2d  of  June ;  partaking  of  the  country's  t^^ii  "•^ 
calmer  mood  and  renewed  devotion  to  the  TJnion. 
Judge  Sharkie,  of  Mississippi,  was  made  president  of 

the  convention.     In  his  initiatory  address,  he  said, 
that  its  members  had  met,  "  because  the  Constitu-    jm\t» 
tion,  which  gave  equal  rights  to  the  South,  had  been  ^^"^ 
violated."     It  was  a  slander  of  enemies,  that  they 

*  Mr.  Calhoun  had,  before  his  death,  prepared  a  constitution  for  the  TJ.  S. 
South,  which  he  advised  should  be  adopted  at  the  Nashville  Convention. 
"The  Southern  members  conferred  together,  spoke  together,  and,  at  ono 
time,  woiiiil  have  been  prepared  to  sink  or  swim  in  a  common  peril." — Se^ 
Senator  Builer^a  Speech,  at  the  Charleston  Convention,  May,  1S51. 

8.  What  motion  was  made  and  carried  by  Senator  Foote  f — 9. 
What  is  said  of  tlie  organization  and  action  of  the  Committee  of 
Thirteen?  Of  tlie  debate  which  ensued  ?— 10.  Of  the  Nashville 
Convention?  Who  was  made  President  of  the  Convection  ?  In 
ills  addrO)>«  wVAf  did  lie  sav  f 


1§50. 


400  PASSAGE   OF   IHE   COMPKOMISE. 

FT.  IV.  had  met  to  dissolve  the  Union.    He  hoped  that  "the 
FD.  IV.  Union  would  be  the  last  thing  to  perish  amidst  the 
CH.  iiL    ^v'reck  of  matter." 

11.  Pending  the  debates  on  the  compromise  meas- 
■es,  the  nation  was  called  to  deep  and  sincere 

Dra^fh  of  'Mourning  for  the  loss  of  her  beloved  chief  raagis- 
tiie  Prcsi-  tratc.  Gen.  Taylor  expired  at  the  presidential  man- 
^''°'"  sion  on  the  9th  of  July,  and  Millard  Fillmore,  of 
Hon ofMr' ^©w  York,  immediately  succeeded  him  in  the  pres- 
Fiiimore.  idcncy.  -Mr.  King,  of  Alabama,  was  chosen  presi- 
(+And  was  dent  of  the  Senate.t  The  cabinet  of  Gen.  Taylor  re- 
-^^g^'^*^^ signed.  Mr.  Fillmore  appointed  able  successors, — • 
the  U.S.)  Mr.  Webster  filling  the  department  of  state. 

12.  In  the  early  part  of  September,  the  measures 
The^com-^^po^t^^i  by  the  committee  of  thirteen  passed — sep- 

promise  aratelv :  but  they  had  been  considered  together, 

measures.        t      *  ■,'',  ,       ■,  .  ^,  ' 

and  were  agreed  to,  as  mutual  concessions  and  com- 
utah(es-  promises  for  the  sake  of  the  Union.     By  them,  1st, 

popuf^  California,  excluding  slavery, was  admitted  as  a  State. 
tion,     2d,  the  Great  Basin  east  of  California,  containing 

2o,ooo).  ^YiQ  Mormon  settlement,  was  erected,  without  men- 
NewMex-tio'^  of  slavery,  into  a  Territory,  by  the  Indian  name 

ico  (esti-  Utah.     3d,  New  Mexico  was  also  erected,  without 

popuia-  mention  of  slavery,  into  a  Territory ;  Congress  giv- 

61 504)  ^"§  Texas,  for  the  relinquishment  of  her  claims,  ten 
millions  of  dollars ; — Texas  to  pay  with  the  money 

(Afu"!-  former  debts,  for  which  the  United  States  were 
tive-siave  bound,  not  legally,  but  in  honor.  4th,  a  law  was 
paSedfn  passcd,  abolishing,  not  slaveiy,  but  the  slave-trade, 
1793:  but  in  i\xQ  District  of  Columbia:  and  5th,  the  fugitive- 
foiin(i,''or  slave  law  was  passed ;  whose  object  is,  the  more 
dimo'iiuof^fl'^c^'i^^'y  ^o  secure  the  prompt  delivery  of  persona 
e.'^ecutioti,  bound  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  and  escajDing 

b't-c(!nie  i'lto  another.  The  compromise  measures  proved, 
obsolete.)  {qy  a  time,  the  quieting  of  the  fearful  storm. 

11.  What  melancholy  event  occurred  July  9?    What  is  said  of 

Mr.    FiUtnore  ?     What   change    occurred    in   the    cabinet? — 12. 

What  is  said  of  the  compromise  measures?  What  is,  in  your 
author's  order  of  arran<remenr,  tlie  first  of  the  compromise  meas- 
ures ?  What  the  second?  Tiie  third,  including  tlie  agreement 
iN-ith  Ttxas  ?     What  is  the  fourth  ?     The  fifth  ? 


Departure  of  Bed  Leaf  and  bis  self-devoied  cumpatriots  to  delirer 
themselves  up  for  their  country. 

PERIOD   V. 


FROM 


THK  PASSAGE  OF  THX  i-    1S50   -j  OOHPBOUIBK  MKAnrxa^ 

TO 
1HB  FBKSENT  TIMS.        >   ].S60>  -j       (TO  BB  OONTUIUBD.) 

CPIAPTER  I. 

Sketch  of  the  Condition  of  the  Aborigines. — Decree  of  Civiliza- 
tion, Diversities  of  Character,  Wars,  &c.* 

1.  That  the  Indians  are,  and  must  be  cojMidered, 
subordinate  to  the  whites,  is  a  question  of  met,  now 
so  entirely  settled,  that  the  officers  of  government 
are  no  longer  embarrassed  by  it ;  but  they  regard 
the  aborigines  as  the  wards  of  the  nation,  of  whom, 
they,  as  the  representatives,  are  bound  by  law  to 
act  as  the  guardians.  The  care  of  the  Indians  is 
now  confided  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,+ 
whose  office,  containing  the  Indian  Bureau,  is  at 

*  The  names  and  locations  of  the  principal  Indian  trihes  may  be  found 
on  Map  13,  wliicli  includes  the  territory  gained  from  Mexico  in  1S4S.  No 
attempt  will  here  be  made  to  name  them  all,  or  describe  their  lecationa 
That  belongs  to  the  geographer. 


FT.  lY. 
P'D.  V. 

CH.I. 


1858. 


(tHon. 
Jacob 

Thomp- 
son.) 


Chapter  I.- 
tlie  Indians? 
Indians! 


-1.  Ilovv  do  the  government  of  the  TJ.  S.  regard 
What  office  is  now  charged  with  the  care  of  the 

408 


404  WHAT   THE   INDIAN    POLICY    HAS    BEEN. 

F'T.  lY.  Washington ;  and  this  is  presided  over  by  a  com- 
P'D.  vT  niissioner,  to  whom  are  made  the  reports  of  the 
^^-^    superintendents  of  the  eiffht  grand  divisiotis,  or 
Indian  superintendencies,  into  which  the  whole  coun- 
Hon.  c.  R  try  west  of  the  Jfississip^n  is  divided ;  and  also  of 
Mix, Com-  the  three  Indian  agencies^  which  remain  east  of  that 
river.     The  superintendents  receive  the  reports  of 
the  several  agents,  each  within  his  own  locality, — 
about  fifty  in  the  whole.     The  entire  number  of  In 
Present  ^^^^s  now  in  the  United  States  is  computed  at  350,- 
numbers.  000  ;  the  number  of  distinct  tribes  at  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five.   Several  tribes  are,  however,  some- 
times comprehended  under  one  generic  name,  as  the 
Sioux,-  the  Apaches,  &c. 

2.  In  all  our  earlier  history,  the  right  of  the  In- 
dian tribes  to  the  use  of  the  lands  on  which  they 
dwelt,  was  acknowledged ;  and,  except  in  cases  of 
territory  gained  by  conquest,  as  in  the  Pequot  and 
King  Philip's  wars,  the  lands  of  the  Indians  were 

United  obtained  by  treaties^  whicli  Avere  made  with  their 

domain  as  chicfs.     In  this  Way,  by  393  separate  ti-eaties,  made 

by^'i'nman^^^^^  44  tribes,  the  United  States   have  obtained 

trenuea.  from  the  Indians  a  domain  of  581  millions  of  acres, 

for  which  they  have  paid  50  millions  of  dollars.  For 

this  land  the  federal  treasury  has  already  received 

an  amount  of  money,  which  exceeds  the  entire  cost 

of  the  a^uisition,  by  100  millions  of  dollars.    Many 

treaty  slipulations,  of  annuities   in   money,  or  in 

other  articles,  are,  however,  yearly  to  be  paid.    The 

whole  expenses  of  the  Indian  Bureau  were,  in  1858, 

about  five  millions  of  dollars. 

3.  The  United  States  government  has  become 
convinced,  that  for  the  time  past  it  has  committed 

1.  What  subordinate  officers  are  mentioned?  Into  what  Indian 
Buperintendencies  and  agencies  is  the  Kepublic  of  America  divid- 
ed? How  many  tribes  are  there,  and  what  is  the  whole  imniber 
of  Indians? — 2.  What  was  acknovvledj;Ced  in  our  earlier  history  ? 
How  were  Indian  lands  obtained  ?  How  many  treaties  were  made  ? 
How  much  land  obtained?  How  much  money  has  been  paid} 
What  beyond  tlie  cost  has  the  U.  S.  treasury  received?  Wliat  ia 
yet  on  their  hands  to  pay  ?  What  was  in  1858  the  expense  of  tak- 
ing «ar«  of  th«  ludiauii  1 


WHAT   THE    INDIAN    POLICY   IS.  403 

three  capital  errors  in  its  Indian  policy; — first,  in  the  ft.  iv. 
removal  of  the  tribes  from  place  to  place  as  the  white  pd.  v. 
population  advanced ;  second,  in  the  assignment  of    *^=-  ^ 
too  great  an  extent  of  country  to  be  held  by  each  in  ,o«q 
common;  and  third,  in  having  paid  large  sums  of   Three* 
money  as  annuities.  .  .  .  The  present  policy  of  the  ®[J^°i'?*'* 
government  is  to  oblige  the  Indians  to  settk, — giv-   policy, 
ing  them  only  such  reservations  as  they  can  cultivate 
— and  instead  of  giving  the  land  to  the  whole  tribe, 
dividing  it  among  the  several  families;  that  thus 
they  may  gain  the  knowledge  of  private  property  in 
land,  and  each  learn,  that  his  own  efibrts  will  redound 
to  his  own  individual  benefit. 

4.  In  lieu  of  money  annuities,  the  government  is 
now  furnishing  the  Indians  with  facilities  for  learn- 
ing agriculture,  and  Avith  the  means  of  beginning  it;  j^^j^^f 
— such  as  stock-animals,  and  agricultural  implements,  the  Unit- 
In  some  instances  a  practical  farmer  shows  them  f^'' regard 
how  to  till  the  earth,  by  cultivating,  with  their  assist-    *°  ^^'^ 
ance,  a  model  farm.     Saw-mills  and  grist-mills  are 
made ;  blacksmiths'  and  carpenters'  shops  are  built 

— and  especially  are  schools  established;  the  gov- 
ernment now  believing,  that,  if  they  would  civilize 
the  Indians,  they  must  begin  with  the  young ;  and 
they  must  raise  the  condition  of  their  women,  from 
that  of  mere  drudges  to  minister  to  the  indolence  of 
the  men.  A  grand  impediment  to  the  success  of 
these  experiments,  is  the  laziness  of  the  men,  and  mTnte^ti 
their  contempt  of  labor.  Added  to  this,  are  their  success, 
habits  of  intemperance ;  and  other  vices  introduced 
among  them  by  unprincipled  white  traders,  who, 
contrary  to  law,  carry  them  whiskey ;  which  is  to 
them,  disease  and  death.  The  number  of  aborigines 
is,  on  the  whole,  diminishing. 

5.  The  Indians  within  our  borders  differ  in  natu- 
ral character  as  well  as  in  degrees  of  civilization. 

3.  What  errors  are  the  government  convinced  have  been  com- 
mitted in  their  Indian  policy  ?  What  is  the  government's  present 
policy? — 4.  What  is  done  in  lieu  of  giving  money  annuities? 
{This  questicn  requires  a  full  ansu'er.)  What  are  the  grand  iinpe<^l- 
imeuts  Vj  civiliznig  the  Indians? 


406  DIVERSITIES    OF    INDIAN    CHAKACTEK. 

P'T.  lY.  They  also  differ  in  their  feelings  of  dependence  on 
P'D.  V.  our  government ;   many  of  them  having   become 
OH.  L    convinced  that  they  have  no  way  to  escape  extermi- 
nation, but  to   obey  the  behests  of  their  "  Great 
Father"  at  Washington, — for  so  they  call  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States, — and  to  order  themselves 
according  to  the  advice  of  the  agent  which  he  send* 
them,  whom  they  call  "Father."     Some  anxiously 
seek  to  be  instructed.     "  What  do  you  want  ?"  said 
Col.  Wright  to  the  Flat-Heads  and  Nez-Perces  o{ 
the  north.     "  Peace,  ploughs,  and  schools,"  was  the 
,  ,.      noble  reply  of  their  chief.  ...  Of  the  three  Indian 

Indian  .      ^  •'  ^    ,       -.,...       .  .     .       ,_.       _^^ 

asency  of  agcncics  cast  oi  the  Mississippi,  one  is  m  J\ew  YorAj 
N.Tork.  embracing  the  remains  of  the  jSix  JVations,  who  have 
Of  Mad-  ^^^  reservations, — with  churches,  schools,  and  farms ; 
n»c     — one  is  at  Macinac,  ov«r  a  part  of  the  Ottaicab^ 
Chippewas^  and  Pottaxoator.des  /  and  one  at  Green. 
B«y.^°  JSay,  which,  besides  some  of  the  same  tribes,  has 
charge  of  the  Menomenees,  and  also  of  removed  por- 
tions of  the  Six  Nations,  and  of  the  StocJchridges.. 
Some  of  these  Indians  are  intemperate  and  vicious. 
6.  Among  the  aborigines  who  are  unsubmissive, 
are  the  JVavaJoes  of  New  Mexico.     They  have  "vil- 
lages in  the  fastnesses  of  their  mountains,  and  live 
Character  by  sallying  foith  to  the  plains  and  robbing  the  in- 
tionsofthe  habitants.     We  have  seen  how  Col.  Doniphan,  as 
Navajoes.  ordered  by  Gen.  Kearney,  in  1846,  sought  them  in 
their  mountain   homes,  collected  their  chiefs,  and 
made  a  treaty  of  peace  with  them  at  Hear  Springs. 
But,  although  the  chief.  Sandoval,  and  400  of  his 
men  were  true  to  their  engagement,  yet  the  main 
body  of  the  nation  paid  no  regard  to  the  treaty ;  but 
_      went  on  robbing  and  murdering  as  before.     The 
Fort  Defl- fii'st  chcck  which  they  received  was  in  1852,  by  the 
«nc«  buUL  building  of  Fort  Deliaice.     Since  then,  able  officers 
have  been  sent  against  tiiem,  and  advantages  gained; 
but  they  are  not  yet  5nbdued. 

5.  What  diversities  are  lound  among  the  Indians?  What  ques- 
tion and  reply  is  related?  Give  the  particulars  concerning  tin 
first  Indian  agency  mert^ced — of  the  second — of  the  third. — 6, 
Give  an  account  of  the  X<tvajo«s. 


INDIANS    WKONGED   AND   REVf:NGEPT)L.  407 

1.  "  The  Ajyac/ie,^''   says   superintendent   Bailey,  ft.  it. 
"is  the  most  rascally  Indian  on  the  continent, —  "fixvT 
treacherous,  blood-thirsty,  and  thievish.     He  is  the    ^^  ^ 
depopulator  of  the  fields  of  Chihuahua  and  Sonora." 
By  the  treaty  of  1848,  the  United  States  bound  die  a  b^" 
themselves  to  protect  the  Mexican  inhabitants  of  li^^^ 
this  border, — and  heavy  demands  have  been  made 
upon  the  ti'easury  for  their  depredations,  and  those    (From 
of  the  Comanches,  a  fierce  and  warlike  tribe,  found  l§i8 
west  of  the  Indian  territory.     In  the  mining  State  ^  JZf^ 
of  California,  the  Diggers^  an  inferior  tribe  of  the     The  * 
Apaches,  were  found  by  those  who  came  thither  to,'^?'^""'^ 

"*  ,  *^  06111''  coll" 

endure  hardship  and  gain  fortime.     Said  a  Califor- vuised  on 
iiian  miner,  "When  we  saw  them  prowling  around,  '^j'ectof* 
we  shot  them  down  as  we  would  wolves."   This  was  Slavery-, 
perhaps  the  origin  of  the  horrible  idea  of  attempting    oAhe" 
the  extermination  of  the  Indians,  which  seems  in,^"'''*"^ 

.,,.',  .  have  been 

some  measure  to  have  pi"evailed  in  those  regions.       negiectuj 

8.  Settlers  crowded  into  Oregon  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  lands  of  the  Jiiclians,  before  agents  had 
been  sent  to  make  treaties  with  them,  and  thus  pre- 
pare tlieir  ^vay ;  and  there  were  then  42,000  in  Or- 
egon and  Washington ;  and  some  of  them,  as  the 
Walla -Wallas^  the  Klamatlis^  and  the    Umquas, 
near  Rogue  river,  in  Oregon, — and  the  Yakimas^ 
Spoka?ies,  and  others  in  Washington,  have  since  igg,^, 
shown  themselves  among  the  most  subtle  and  war-  Maj.  h. 
like  of  the  American  aborigines.    Battles  have  been  vakimM. 
fousjht  with  various   success.     The  war  mth   the -^"i- ff""ca, 

'~  ill  'o 

Yakimas  was  begun,  by  the  bad  treatment  ot  some  Indians, 
of  their  squaws  by  the  miners.     Major  Haller,  in     ^•°"^*- 
1855,  going  to  meet  them,  found  himself  confronted  ^^P^^^* 
by  a  force  much  larger  than  his  own,  and  he  consid-  toe.  sim  . 
ered  himself  fortunate  in  escaping  with  a  small  loss,  qjl^'fity  ^f 
The  same  Indians,  united  with  others,  iu  1858,  sur-    force. 

7.  What  character  is  given  of  the  Apaches? — of  the  Comanches  ? 
"Who  are  the  Diartjers  ?  ami  how  are  they  treated  by  the  miners  f 
To  what  horrible  idea  may  this  wrong  doing  have  given  rise  1 — 8. 
Was  tlie  way  here  prepared  for  white  settlers  as  formerly  ?*  How 
many  Indians  were  there  in  our  Pacific  territories?  What  tribes 
who  have  proved  subtle  and  warlike?  What  two  fruicless  expe- 
tre  related  ? 
Heiid  aUo  the  side-note,  abOTC. 


408  THE    TRIERS    MOST    CIVILTZKl). 

FT.  IV.  rounded  Col.  Stkptoe,  having  three  times  his  force 
P'D.vT — f^iid  obliged  him  to  Hee.     The  Nez-Perces  and 
OH.  L     Flat-Heads   succored    the    flying   Americans    and 
saved  them  from  total  destruction. 

9.  At  length,  on  the  1st  of  September,  1858,  Col. 

Sept  4.   Wright,  M'ith   300    men,   met   500  Indians  at  the 

The     JFour  Lakes  hi  Washinqfo?i  :  and  without  loss  de- 


1S5§. 


LAKES  teated  them,  killing  seventeen  of  their  number, 
-itP'.''u^  — I^nt  agents — though  an  unsufficient  number — are 
defeats   amous^  the  Indians  on  the  Pacific;  and  reservations 

the 
natives 


have  been  set  apart,  into  which  they  are  being  gath- 
ered, and  there  instructed.  The  Nez-Perces^  the 
fh"best  Pend  d'' Oreilles^  and  the  Flat-Heads^  have  always 
of  tiie  been  friendly  to  the  whites,  and  are  now  anxious  to 
learn  the  arts  of  civilization.  In  Arizona,  south  of 
the  Gila,  dwell  the  united  tribes  of  the  Pimas  and 
Maricopas^  who  are  already  partially  civilized, — liv- 
ing in  villages  and  subsisting  mostly  by  agriculture. 
The  Pueblos  and  Moquis  of  New  Mexico  are  peace- 
able and  partially  civilized, — unique  in  their  customs, 
and  retaining  usages  which  they  held  before  the 
Spanish  invasion. 

10.  The  progress  of  civilization  among  the  abo- 

Cherokees rigines  has  nowhere  been  so  marked   as  with  the 

^\\o'm   Mobilian  races.     It  began  before  their  removal  by 

lino  pu-  the  government  from  the  Gulf  States ;  and  their 

Creeics   Settlement  in  the  Indian  territory,  west  of  Arkansas, 

two  man- has  accelerated  it.     The   CheroJcees  are  the  most 

uai  labor  ■,....       t  ,    -i  f>  t     t  •       a 

schools.)  numerous  and  civilized  tribe  oi  Indians  in  America. 
(t  The  The  celebrated  John  Ross  is  their  chief.  Their  cap- 
higher  ital  is  Talequah.  The  Creeks^  Ghoctaws^  and  Chick- 
for  the   asaws   are  also  settled — dwell  in  houses,  practise 

^*i  *^^.f  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  and  have  church- 
are  now       c5  ...  rT^^ 

Stopped  es,  common  schools,'  and  higher  seminaries.     The 
of 'funds')  Greeks  have  lately  been  instrumental  in  bringing  to 

8.  What  friendly  tribes  aiforded  succor? — 9.  What  success  was 
at  length  obtainecf  ?  Are  there  aorents  and  reservations  ?  Wliat 
three  tribes  are  friendly  to  the  whites?  What  two,  near  the  Gila, 
are  partially  civilized?  What  two  in  New  Mexico? — 10.  What 
races  have  made  the  greatest  advances  in  civilization?  What  is 
said  of  the  Cherokoes  ?  (Examine  the  side  note.)  What  other  tribea 
are  mentioned  vn  the  same  connection  ? 


IMDIAN    MAGNIFICENCE.  409 

dwell  besulc  th(nii,  a  kindred  tribe,  the  Se?ni?ioIes  pt.  iv. 
from  Florida ;  the  uovernraent  giving  them  by  treaty  i'-d,  y. ' 
$200,000  on  condition  of  their  performing  this  ser-    <'"•'• 
vice.     These  Indians  are  not  permitted  to  sell  their 
reservations  to  the  whites,  and  we  hope  they  may 
not  be ;  but  that  one  place  in  the  whole  wide  conti- 
nent whi<;h  belonged  to  their  fathers,  may  still  be 
theirs.  . .  In  Kansas  were  settled- a  number  of  tribes, ,  ,.       , 

1  -TV    7  -r.  ■  CYJ  0         Indians  of 

as  the  JJetaicares,  J^ottawatomies,  bhawnees^  &c.,  Kansas 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  Indian  Territory ;  but 
having  been  permitted  to  sell  their  lands,  the  conse- ^f^g*^^®^/ 
quence  is  that  the  whites  overreach  and  dispossess  okees  and 
them.    Thus  the  presumption,  that  the  Indian  is  the 
white  man's  equal  and  can  cope  with  him,  would 
soon  be  utter  ruin  to  the  race, 

11.  To  find  the  best  type  of  the  Indian,  who  yet 
lives  by  hunting  and  fishing,  we  must  seek  north  of 
the  Upper  Platte^  from  tfie  3Iississippi  to  the  base 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  whole  southern  part 
of  this  large  space,  is  occupied  by  various  tribes  ofxheSioux 
the  irreat  Sioux  or  Dacotah  nation,  who  have  de-  ^  '^\  . 

,*',,.,  ,  .  ,  ,',  ,         Dacotahs. 

veloped  higher  moral  traits  than  belong  to  other 
savages.    The  Yancton7iais  are  their  most  powerful  The  most 
tribe.'    Unlike  other  Indians,  when  they  are  dissat- j^itT/ un' 
isfied  with  the  U.  S.,  government,  they  stand  upon  civilized 
their  dignity,  and  refuse  to  receive  any  presents. 
The  /Sioux,  the  Grows,  and  also  the  lilackfeet,^  a   (t  The 
larffe  and  powerful  tribe  to  the  north,  are  regarded  Randans 

°  ..',,,  .  r»-r      T  1  also,  but 

as  containing  the  finest  specimens  oi  Indian  beauty,  the  iribe 
This   they  heighten  by  their  dresses  of  buckskin,  ^^^^^"^J 
curiously  wrought  with  beads  of  many  colors — and, 
when  worn  by  a  chief,  surmounted  by  a  coronet  of 
eagles'  feathers,   sometimes  continuing    down   the 
back  almost  to  the  feet. — The  great  want  of  these 

10.  What  has  been  effected  with  regard  to  the  Seminoles? 
What  is  said  concerning  the  selling  of  the  reservations  in  the 
Indian  territory?  What  concerning  Kansas  and  the  Indian  reser- 
vations there  ? — 11.  Where  must  we  now  look  for  the  finest  type 
)f  the  native  Indian  ?  What  nation  occupy  the  southern  part  C>i 
.his  region  ?  What  is  its  most  powerful  tribe  ?  What  tribes  are 
regarded  as  the  finest  in  personal  appearance  ?  What  is  said  of 
tteir  dresses  ?    What  is  tneir  great  want  ? 

18 


410  HOW    THK    SIOUX    WAK    BEGAN. 

FT.  IV.  Indians  is  a  true  and  life-givinc^  religion.  They  have 

P'D.  V.  a  devout  belief  in  a  Supreme  Being,  whom  they  call 

°^'-    the  "Great   Medicine;"  but  of  that   immortality, 

which  is  brought  to  light  by  the  gospel,  they  have 

never  heard.    Among  them  is  no  civilizing  influence 

— neither  missionary,  nor  school. 

12.  The  Sioux  War. — In  1853  a  hunting  village 
of  the  Conjoux-Sioux  was  established  near  Fort 
Laramie,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Upper  Platte 

-a_«  river.  Two  of  the  young  braves  having  visited  the 
First  step  fort  wcre  improperly  detained  at  the  ferry.  To 
Sio^x  ^^o^^  their  displeasure,  they  discharged  their  guns, 
War.  but  without  actual  or  intended  injury.  For  this 
act,  Lieut,  Fleming  was  dispatched  from  the  fort 
with  a  small  party  to  demand  the  young  men.  The 
chief  told  him,  and  truly,  that  they  were  not  in  the 
village ;  but  Lieut.  Fleming,  believing  that  they 
were,  fired  upon  the  Indians,  killed  three,  and  took 
two  prisoners.  Although  the  two  hundred  warriors 
present  permitted  him  to  depart  in  safety,  yet  re- 
venge was  harbored,  especially  by  the  kindred  of 
the  three  who  were  shot.  But  Fleming's  bold  ex- 
ploit  gave  him  in  the  garrison  such  an  enviable 
reputation,  that  Lieut.  Gbattan,  lately  arrived  from 
his  graduating  honors  at  West  Point,  expressed  his 
determination  to  seek  a  similar  command. 

13.  In  the  summer  of  1854,  the  same  tribe  of  the 
Sioux,  with  another,  who  were  waiting  to  receive 

IS^"*'  from  an  expected  agent  their  treaty  annuities,  were 

near  Ft  encamped  on  the  Platte,  eight  miles  below  the  fort. 

Laramie.  rp|^Q  united  villages  numbered  800  lodges.  While 
they  deferred  hunting,  to  wait  for  the  agent,  their 
provisions  failed,  and  hunger  was  upon  them.    At 

Am  17  *^^^  time,  a  Mormon  emigrant  passed,  who  left 
A  lame  behind  him  a  lame  cow.     An  Indian,  straying  from 

•ow  shot  ^j^g  camp,  shot  the  animal,  and  his  hungry  compan- 

11.  What  belief  have  they  ?  What  has  never  been  taught  them ! 
—^12.  Kelate  the  opening  circnmstance  of  the  Sioux  war.  What 
was  done  by  Lieut.  Fleming?  How  did  it  afi'ect  the  minds  of  the 
Indians?  How  that  of  Lieut.  Grattan? — 13.  Where  were  tnosa 
Indiana  in  the  siunmer  of  1854:?    Ifow  many  lodges? 


THE  MASSACRE  OF  GKATTAN  AND  HIS   PAETY.  41.1 

ions  soon  devoured  her.     The  shooting  of  an  animal  ft.  iv. 
belonging  to  an  emigrant,  was  reported  at  the  fort.  fd.  t. 
The  venerable  "  Bear  Chief"  was  in  the  encamp-    *'"•  ^ 
ment  of  the  Sioux;  and  he  went  himself  to  make  ^^^j 
explanations  to  Lieut.  Fleming,  now  commandant  Aug.  la* 
of  the  fort;  who,  notwithstanding,  insisted  that  the  J^l'^j.^^^^J 
offending  Indian  must  be  given  up.     The  chief  plead  Laramie 
for  time,  that  he  might  persuade  the  irritated  braves. 

14.  The  next  morning,  the  Indian  not  having  been 
sent,  young  Grattan  obtained  from  Lieut.  Fieming 
an  order  to  proceed  with  a  detachment  of  seventeen 
men  to  the   Indian  camp.     Grattan  increased  the 
party  by  volunteers  until   it   amounted  in   all  to 
thirty-one, — well  armed,  and   carrying   two   how- 
itzers.    There  were  1,500  warriors  in  the  lodges. 
The  offender  not  appearing  at  his  demand,  Lieut. 
Grattan  went  into  the  camp,  and  there  gave  his  men 
the   order  to   fire,  notwithstanding  the   old  chief 
cried  to  his  braves  not  to  fire  on  the  whites.*     The 
next  moment,  he  fell  mortallv  wounded.     The  in- 
furiated  Indians  rushed  to  revenge  his  blood, — and,  ^     ^^ 
in  five  minutes,  Grattan  and  all  his  men  lay  dead  Massacre 
upon  the  field.     Thus,  suddenly,  had  occurred  a^^^™^" 
fatal  event,  totally  undesigned,  and  unlocked  for,    parv 
by  either  party.     "The  news  spread  with  the  ra- 
pidity of  lightning,  and  struclc  a  terror  as  if  a  thun- 
derbolt had  fallen  from  a  cloudless  sky ;"  and  the 
country  was  agitated  with  false  and  exaggerated 
accounts.     The  secretary  of  war  called  on  Congress 

for  four  new  regiments,  and  all  the  Indian  traders 
left  their  posts  and  fled. 

15.  Immediately  after  the  massacre,  the  Indians 
removed  from  the  Platte  to  the  head-waters  of  the 
White  and  Cheyenne  rivers.     The  whole  nation  of 

•  My  ftathority  for  this,  and  other  of  these  particulars,  is  Major  Twiss  ;  who,  rebidinsr. 
immediately  after,  as  Indian  a^ent  at  Fort  Laramie,  took  pains  to  collect  and  write  out  th» 
eircumstjtnces  of  this  war;  and  be  has  favored  me  with  tlie  use  of  bis  mjnuscript, 

13.  What  led  the  Bear  Chief  to  visit  Fort  Laramie  ?  and  what 
was  the  result? — 14.  Kelate  the  circumstances  of  Lieut.  Grattan's 
invision  of  the  Indian  camp.  Of  the  death  of  the  Bear  Chief, 
and  of  that  of  Grattan  and  his  party.  Were  these  events  either 
designed  or  expected  ?     What  was  done  by  the  secretary  of  war? 


412  Q'Eii.    HARNKY    DEFEATS    THE    SIOUX. 

FT.  IV.  the  Sioux  were  vegarded  by  the  goveniment  as  par- 

FD.  V.  ticipants  in  the  outrage;  and  they,  knowing  that 

.^^^     the  army  of  the  United  States  was  to  move  against 

them,   beHeved,   that  ntter  extermination  awaited 

(8«e  the*  t^^'6^1"  whoIe    race.     The  kindred  of  the  mm-dered 

Bee. report  chief  borc  among  the  tribes  the  dishonor  of  not 

-1S550   having  shed  white  blood  in  revenge;  the  wail  of 

mourning  was  still  heard  in  the  lodges,  and  would. 

only  cease  when  the  manes  of  the  dead  were  thus 

appeased.     "  While  we  yet  live,"  they  said,  "  let  us 

bravely  avenge  his  death."     Then,  Red  Leaf,  his 

oldest  brotlier,  with  a  younger  brother,  and  others 

Nov. 21.  Qf  their  kindred  went  forth.     The  first  white  per- 

oftiie    sons  they  met,  Avere  a  party  guarding  the  mail, — 

p^^ty.    ^nd  they  killed  them  all.  ...  In  September,  1855, 

Gen.  Harney  having  been  ordered  on  the  service, 

1§55.  met  the  Sioux  with  a  powerful  force,— fought  them 

%^//J'  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  Uilis,  on  the  North  Fork  of  the  Platte, 

SAJ^D   and  fjained  a  complete  victorv. 

L.  or  the  16.  In  the  mean  time.  Major  Twiss  had  been 
Siou.x._k.  appointed  to  the  agency  of  the  Upper  Platte,  at 
Ain.L.  Fort  Laramie.  After  Gen.  Harney's  victory,  a  part 
^-  ^-  of  the  tribes  of  the  Sioux  appeared  friendly.  The 
agent  informed  the  chiefs,  that  all  who  made  their 
lodges  south  of  the  Platte  should  be  regarded  by 
him  as  friends.  Large  villages  soon  collected,  among 
which  were  friends  of  the  murderers  of  the  mail 
party.  That  five  of  their  number,  including  Red 
Leaf,  should  be  given  up,  was  the  condition  on 
which  Gen.  Harney  had  promised  peace  to  the 
whole  nation.  Major  Twiss  sent  some  of  these 
friends  to  Red  Leaf  and  his  party,  with  such  a  mes- 
sage, as  soon  brouglit  them  to  the  fort.  He  then 
wrought  upon  thein,  until,  with  the  self-devotion  of 
the  six  burghers  of  Calais,  they  determined  to  yield 

15.  Kelate  the  movements  and  the  state  of  mind  of  the  Sioux. 
"What  reproacli  was  east  on  tlie  kindred  of  the  murdered  cliief  ? 
What  was  then  resolved  and  executed?  Who  was  sent  agains-t 
the  Sioux?  and  with  what  result? — 16.  Who  was  agent  at  Fort 
Laramie?  What  course  did  he  take  regarding  the  Sioux  ?  Wliat 
terms  of  peace  had  Gen.  Ilurney  given  them  ?  How  did  Major 
TwiM  send  -vrord  to  Red  Leaf  and  his  party  ? 


nVE   NOCLil   IKUIAXfl.  413 

themselves  a  sacrifice  to  save  their   nation.     The  pt.  iv. 
chief  and  his  party  wished  first  to  go  and  hunt  the  fd.  v. 
buffalo,  that  their  wives  and  children  need  not  be    *="•  '• 
hungry;  but  they  promised  to  return  in  ten  days.  ^^-^ 
Major  Twiss  believed  them;  and  within  the  time  Deed  of 
they  came,  mounted   and   prepared  to   go  to  F't.'^''^"'^j!^^°' 
Leavenworth,   and   there  surrender  themselves   to  and  four 
the  officers  of  justice.     They  were  accompanied  by  (^'^/no- 
many  of  their  tribe ;  and  before  they  bade  them  adieu,  blest  tiait 
they  rode   slowly  around  their   camp — gorgeously  history'.) 
arrayed — and  solemnly  chanting  their  death-song. 

17.  After  their  departure.  Major  Twiss  wrote  to 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  ui-ging  that  they 
should  not  be  put  to  death.     The  remainder  of  their 
history  may  be  known  by  the  following  letter  from 
the  Indian  bureau  to  the  superintendency  which 
included  the  Sioux.     After  speaking  of  the  volun- 
tary surrender  of  the  five  Indians  who  killed  the 
mail  party,  the  letter  adds,  "The  President  has  been 
pleased  to  act  in  accordance  with  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Major  Twiss,  and  has  pardoned  them.     The 
war  department  will  have  them  taken  back  within 
the  limits  of  their  country,  where  Major  Twiss  will 
receive  them  at  the  hands  of  the  military,  and  take 
measures  to  place  theiti  among  their  friends," — all 
of  which  was  done — the  five  having  been  six  months 
absent.     They  were  joyfully  received,   and   ])eace  ,e«fi 
was  established.     "We  desire,"  said  one  of  their   peb. 4.* 
aged  chiefs  to  Maior  Twiss,  "that  our  Great  Father  ^^^^^^L 
will  send  us  a  man  of  God  to  teach  us  how  to  do  w.  Many- 
good,  and  also  a  teacher  for  our  children,  that  they  ^'^^pYn^j^n 
may  learn  to  think  and  act  like  the  white  men.     We  v.ureau, 
Avish  to  turn  our  minds  and  the  minds  of  our  chil- cumuiTng, 
dren  from  the  war-path.     We   are    anxious  to  do    ^"p'- 
right,  but  how  can  we  know  the  right  [jath  from 
the  wrong,  when  we  are  not  taught?" 

10.  What  noble  j*acriiice  did  they  dL'tcnuiiie  to  make  to  save 
tliuir  nation  ?  Kelatu  the  remaining  circunistancesi  of  tlie  para- 
graph.— 17.  llow  were  they  saved  from  death  ?  What  letter  is 
mentioned?  Give  its  date.  What  directions  from  the  President 
did  it  contain?  and  what  happened  in  oonsequence?  ]ftecJte  th* 
epteah  of  tho  aged  chief. 


il4.  mVASION    OF   CUilA. 


CHAPTER   II. 

Second  Era  oT  pood  fecliriEr. — Invasion  of  Cuba. — Evidences  of 
Progret-s  m  the  World — in  the  Repiibhc  of  America. 

rr.  IT.       1.  At  no  period  of  Amencan  Histovy  had  the  Re- 
FD.  V.  public  occupied  so  comiiiandinu- a  position,  in  regard 
cu.  iL    iQ  foreign  nations,  as  that  wiiich  followed  the  bril- 
^„__  liant  successes,  the  military  fame,  aiid  the  large  ac- 
to      cessions  of  territory  gained  in   the  Mexican  War. 
1854.  The  compromise  measures  had  quieted  the  danger- 
foreign   ous  strite  between  the  North    and   South ;  and  a 
position,  second,    though   brief  period    of  domestic    "  good 
domestic  feeling"  was  enjoyed  by  the  nation. . . .  On  the  lOtli 
peace,    ^f  j)^.^^^  jgsQ^  ^jjg  National  Assembly  of  Switzer- 

_„_  land,  in  open  session  at  ]5erne,  ratified  a  treaty  of 
S>vi«s  *  'i^^ity  and  commerce  between  America  and  Switzer- 

Treaty.  land.  .  .  .  Postal  arrangements  having  already  been 
made,  by  which  facilities  were  given  fi)r  foreign  cor- 

1S51.  res})ondence,  Congress  passed  a  law  diminishing  the 

^iiree-'  postagc  of  or(bnary  letters,  to  all  parts  of  the  Union 
cent     except  the  Pacitic  Coast,  to  three  cents;  and  to  that 

postage.  j.ggJQj^^  ^^^  twelve  and  a  half  cents  each. 

2.  Notwith.standing  a  proclamation  of  President 

Fillmore,  forbidding  a  violation  of  the  neutrality 

laws,  a  military  force  of  600  men  under  Lopez,  a 

May  18.  Cuban,  sailed  from  New  Orleans — pretended  emi- 

Lopez  at  nrrants — in  vessels  cleariniz;  for  ChasTres.     They  land- 
Cardenas.  O  ^         T  1       ^-    1  T         ,.    /-(     1  A  f 

ed  at   Cardenas,  on  the  island  oi  Cuba.     Alter  a 

bloody  skirmish,  and  the  burning  of  a  few  houses, 

the  party  re-embarked,  the  officers  intending  to  ef- 

t  May  22.  fect  another  landing ;  but  their  men  com})elled  them 

Eey^Westto  go  to  Key  West,+  the  nearest  port  on  the  Ameri- 

with  400  can  coast.     But  Lopez,  aided  by  intiuential  citizens 

™   '     of  the  South,  again  sailed,  with  500  men,  from  New 

Chapter  II. — 1.  At  what  time  did  the  American  Eepublic  at- 
tain its  most  commanding  position  among  foreign  nations  ?  and 
what  was  the  .state  of  things  within  the  nation?  What  was  done 
on  the  16th  of  Dec.,  1850?  What  on  the  3d  of  March,  18511—2. 
Relate  the  first  e.^pedition  against  Cuba. 


CLAY,    V/EBSTER,    AND    CALnOUI'f.  415 

Orleans.     In  nine  days  he  debarked  at  PlaytPcS,  on  pt.  ly. 
the  nortliwestern  coast  of  Cuba.     Takmg  300  of  his  fd.  vT 
men,  he  marched  10  miles  inland  to  Las  Fozas,  leav-    *^-  '^• 
mg  100  -vvith  the  cliivalric  Col.  Crittenden.     As  he  |e<if 
was  conveying  to  Lopez,  stores  and  ammunition  from   Aug.  a* 
the  sliip,  he  was  met  bv  500  Cubans,  not  to  be  hailed    ^"?.^^ 
as  a  liberator,  but  to  be  fought  as  a  piratical  invader.  ^^^  ^^ 
Crittenden  m%de  a  gahant  defence,  but  he  was  over-  Debarks, 
powered,  taken  prisoner,  and  shot.     Lopez,  defeated, 
lied  to  the  mountains,  where  his  party  were  pursued,  criften- 
hu'.ited  bv  doirs,  taken,  and   ])ut  to  death.     Lopez  ^^o  ^1^°^ 
suiiered  as  a  malelactur  by  tlie  garotte.  garotted. 

3.  The  Hungarian  patriot,  Kossuth,  having  been 
brought  from  Turkey  in  a  national  vessel,  was  re- 
ceived in  Xew  York  with  an  enthusiasm  unknown  ^^^5^^^ 
since  the  reception  of  La  Fayette.     He  pathetically  arrives  in 
plead  the  cause  of  his  "  down-trodden  Hungary,"  and    ■^'  ^" 
collected  for  her  use  "  material  aid,"  in  the  several 
cities  of  the  United  States. . , ,  Durino:  the  adminis- 
tration  of  Mr.  Fillmoi'e,  Mr.  Clay, — his  vital  energies 
exhausted  by  his  last  great  services  to  his  country, —  June  29. 
declined,   and    peacerully   expired    at  "Washington,  at^vfih^ 
He  was  mourned,  by  the  whole  nation,  with  a  tilial   ingt..n, 
sorrow. . .  At  the  approach  of  the  presidential  election,  ^'"'   '' ' 
the  convention  of  the  Whig  party  gave  the  nomina-  oct.  21. 
tion  to  Gen.  Scott,  believino^  that  his  great  militarv  Webster 

^  ^  *"      ui6S  at 

services  would  insure  him  the  election.     Mr.  Web- Marshf  id. 
ster  soon  after  fell  into  a  decline,  and  died.     John 
C.  Calhoun,  the  compeer  of  Clay  and  Webster,  had^^soof^' 
Ijreceded  them  to   an  honored  grave  by  only  two  Joim  b. 
years.     Edwaed  Evereit,  of  Boston,  was  appointed   a\e»'&i^ 
by  Mr,  Fillmore,  to  succeed  Mr.  Webster  in  the  de-  .^^'i*"S 

•'  .  '  ton.  Both 

partment  01  state.  age<i  la 

4.  The  Democratic  party  nominated  for  president 

2.  Give  an  account  of  the  proceedings  of  Lopez  in  the  second 

invasion  of  Cuba.  Of  Col.  Crittenden.  What  was  the  fate  of 
Lopez  and  his  men? — 3.  What  is  here  said  of  Kossuth?  Of  Mr. 
Clay  ?  Who  was  at  this  time  nonunated  for  President  by  the 
Whig  party?  Give  the  time  and  place  of  the  death  of  the  three 
great  American  statesmen,  Clay,  Webster,  and  Calhoun.  What 
was  the  age  of  each?  (See  the  sidi-notes.)  Who  succeeded  Mr. 
Webster  as  secretary  of  state  1 


416  EYTDKNCES    OF   PEOGRESS. 

FT.  IV.  Gex.  FEA:NrKLix Pierce,  of Xew Hampshire,  beloved 

P'D.  V.  3'S  a  citizen,  and  known  to  tlie  public  as  a  member 

CH.  iL    of  Congress,  and  an  officer  in  the  Mexican  War. 

Gen.  Pierce  and  "VVm.  R.  King  of  Alabama,  were 

Marci'4  chosen  Pi-esident  and  Vice-President.     Gen.  Pierce 

i"-."f    was  inaugurated,  March  4th,  1853;  but  Mr.  King 

Pierce,    was  then  in  the  West  Indies,  vainly  seeking  relief 

from  a  fatal  malady.     Gex.  Atchison,  of  Missouii, 

being  chosen  president  of  the  Senate,  became,  ex- 

qfficlo,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States.     Gen. 

Pierce's   chief  secretary  was  the   able   statesman, 

William  li.  Marcy. 

5.  An  important  event  in  the  world's  progress,  Avas 
*851.  the  "  Exhibition  of  the  Works  of  Industry  of  all 
"World's  Nations,"  opened  at  London,  by  Queen  Victoria, 
(t  Made  of  ^'^^  lield  in  the  immense  "  Crystal  Palace  ;"+  itself  a 
glass  and  Avonder  of  art.    A  similar  exhibition  was  inaugurated 
iron.)    ^y  Pi-esident  Pierce  in  New  York,  where  a  Crystal 
■- g-«  Palacet  was  erected, — much  less  extensive,  but  equal- 
t  July*  ly  beautiful. . . .  This  period  is  distinguished  for  prog- 
'^^paiacT*'  ^"^^^  ^^  popular  education.     States  made  liberal  pro- 
vision ;  normal  schools  were  established,  and  teachers, 
associating  for  mutual  improvement,  met  cordially, 
1S55.  in  county,  state,  and  national  associations.     In  July, 
,^"'y-,    1854,  a  '-World's  Educational  Convention"  met  in 

»\  Olid  3  ' 

Ed.Con.  at  London,  under  the  auspices  of  a  society,  at  the  head 
Lo'^'ion.  of  ^hich  was  Prince  Albert.*.  .  .For  the  gallant  de- 
fence of  the  rights  of  Martin  Koszta,  a  native  of 
Hungary,  but  an'  adopted  citizen  of  the_  United 
States,  then  in  Smyrna,  Capt.  Ingkaiiaxi  was  much 
applauded,  and  Congress,  in  token  of  their  appro- 
bation, voted  him  a  sword. 

*  The  Society  met  in  St.  Martin's  Hull,  where  were  exliibiied  Mnps  Charts, 
School-books,  models  of  Scln>ol-horses,  witii  tlieir  needful  furniture.  &c.  The 
writer  whs  pre.-^eut.  Lt'Ciures  were  daily  ^iven,  »ind  tliei'e  were  frequent  retniions. 
wliere  spe^tkers  from  diffeietit  iiuiions  were  called  upon  to  describe  the  nieihods  of 
their  own  country.  Ours  had  an  aljle  representative  in  Henry  Harnard,  now  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Uinversity  of  Wisconsin. 

4.  Wlio  WHS  at  this  time  the  nominee  ofthe  Deinoenitic  party'; 
What  persons  were  chosen  [iresideiit  uiid  vice-president^  WlKt 
is  said  of  the  inaiii^uration  ^  Of  tlie  actiu<;  vice-president^ — .5. 
Give  an  account  ofthe  tirst  World's  Fair.  Wlien  aiul  wliere  v.-as 
the  second  ?  What  was  done  in  this  decade  to  show  favor  tc  tho 
cause  of  education  ?     What  is  said  of  Martin  Koszta  ? 


J.Gnfy;!iulc-  I i"^  I'm  ill  ihxeiiii'ica        i)5 


3;) 


^■'■?ot.JoK,ev!Ji 


Platte  C7: 


c?   ^^^^M& 


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1-^ 


^V>    IDOUGLAS  I     ^ 

■^'  '■  .Prairie  V,y.°  "Pa'iiiiyrA-) 


Oxford 


R4Ki4S. 


°3iinsasCp' 


>v^" 


539 


O^ 


Ft.srotr""^' 

Maniiatoiio 


;»y  r.  t , 


AMEEICA   RESPECTED  ABKOAD. 


417 


Commodore  Perry  going  to  deliver  the  President's  Lett«.* 


CHAPTER  m. 

Bril.iant  diplomacy. — Commodore  Perry  and  the  Japan  Expedi- 
tion.— China. 

1.  The  Japan  Expedition  should  be  made  a  promi- 
nent feature  in  Aoicrican  history.     It  opened  to  the 
brotherhood  of  nations  an  empire  of  thirty  millions  import- 
of  iiiliabitants ;  it  gave  to  America  a  consideration,  the  Japan 
not  only  in  that  emjiire,  but  in  China, — as  late  events  ^^^q*"" 
li:;ve  ]M-oved  ;  and  it  has  shown,  to  every  part  of  our 
confederacy,  tlie  advantage  of  belonging  to  a  great 

and  pov/erfal  nation.  "  We  have  seen,"  said  the 
Japanese  Commissioner  to  Commodore  Perry,  "the 
map  of  your  country ."f 

2.  After  the  Paciiic  coast  "was  added  to  the  Ameri- 
can llc'pubHc,  the  important  object  of  obtaining  for 

*  Engraving  copied  from  Dr  Ilawke's  aceoant  of  Perry's  Japanese  Ex 
peditioii. 

t  Tlie  Map  of  this  noble  country  is  assumed  as  the  background  of  the 
Ameriitau  Tt'inple  of  Time.  Its  name  is  America;  its  inJiabitants  are 
Ainoricans.  If  it  were  diviiled  as  Poland  is,  there  would  no  more  be  an 
America  for  Americans,  than  there  is  a  Poland  for  the  Poles. 


Chapter  III. — 1.  Why  should  the  Japan  ExpeditioN  be  made 
prominent  in  American  iii.storv  ' 

'l8* 


4.18  FIKMNESS    WITH    COUKTKSY. 

FT.  IV.  it  the  trade  of  the  opposite  shores  of  the  ocean,  led  to 

P'D.  V.  using  the  power  and  resources  of  the  nation  in  littiug 

CH.  nL  out  the  Japan  Expedition.     Com.  Perry,  younger 

Matthew  ^I'other  of  the  victor  of  Lake  Erie,  had  given  much 

Perry,   study  to  the  history  and  character  of  the  Japanese  ; 

and,  like  Columbus,  he  was  inspired  with  a  passion 

The  Pres*-  to  make  a  great  attempt.     The  president,  Mr.  Fill- 

identand  morc, — his  first  secretary,  Mr.  Webster,  and  his  sec- 

favorCom.  ond,  Mr.  Everett,  all  gave  the  scheme  their  earnest 

Perry,   guppoj-t  •  and  a  noble  armament  was  prepared,  con- 

-„_~   sisting  of  four  war-steamers,  one  seventy-four  gun 

May  24*  ship,  four  sloops  of  War,  and  three  armed  store-ships. 

Hesaiia.  Commodore  Perry  sailed  from  Norfolk,  May  24, 

1852,  and  made  the  southern  ports  of  China  on  his 

April  T.'  way ;  thus  gaining  important  information,  and  in- 

A 'Honjt- spiling  the  Chinese  with  a  high  idea  of  the  power 

°'    and  dignity  of  his  nation. 

3.  Com.  Perry  was  going  among  a  proud,  cere- 
monious, and  exclusive  people ;  and  he  won  their 
confidence  by  beating  them  at  their  own  game.     The 
squadron,  on  reaching  Japan,  Avhere  its  arrival  was 
July  8.    not  unexpected,  proceeded  up  the  JBay  of  Yeddo; 
Com.  Per-  2c(\A   in  cjallant  trim,  cast  anchor  in  the  harbor  of 

rv  nrri  ves  '  c7  ? 

at  the  Bay  Uvaga.  Hundreds  ofguard-boats  came  around  the 
of  ^^^^I'lo- squadron,  as  had  been  customary  with  other  foreign 
vessels,  the  people  expecting  to  come  on  board  to 
gratify  their  curiosity,  and  receive  refreshments. 
But  the  Americans  \\ere  not  to  be  thus  unceremoni- 
ously treated ;  and  their  approaches  were  repelled 
by  swords  and  cutlasses — flashing  in  their  faces,  but 
not  woundinor  them.  Next  came  a  boat  alonfjside 
the  flag-ship  in  which  was  an  officer.  But  he  M'as 
only  the   vice-governor   of  Uraga ;  and   the   high 

2.  What  led  to  using  the  power  and  resources  of  the  govem- 
ment  in  fitting  it  out  ?  What  is  here  said  of  the  person  who  com- 
mandetl  tlie  E.xpedition?  Who  gave  the  phm  tliuir  earnest  sup- 
port? Give  an  account  of  the  armament  prepared.  (Compare  thia 
armament  with  that  of  Cohimhiis  when  lie  sailed  to  discover 
America.  How  k)Dg  l)efore  0  What  port  did  Com.  P.  sail  from? 
Wlien?  What  ports  did  he  touch  at  on  liis  way'^ — 3.  WMiat  kind 
of  people  was  Com.  P.  going  auiong  ?  How  did  he  wiu  thcii 
•onliiience ! 


AN    IMPOETANT   NEGOTIATION  419 

coinmandei  of  the  American  squadron,  who  came  ft.  rv. 
to  bring  a  letter  from  the  President  of  the  Great  p-d.  v. 
Republic  of  America  to  the  Emperor  of  Jap;ui,  would   <==•  J"- 
not  confer  with  any  one  below  his  own  rank.     The  ,„„ 
governor  himself  soon  came ;  and  he  was  courteously  ^p„r  thew 
leceived   on  board  the  flag-ship,  and  sumptuously  ^'^^^ ""^ 
entertained.  preceding 

4.  But  Commodore  Perry  could  only  deliver  his  ^If'^l'' 
ktter  to  the  emjoeror  in  person,  or  to  one  of  his  high-  Hawkes' 
est  officers  of  state.     Couners  passed  and  repassed "^^^"^^^^ 
to  the  Emperor's  court  at  Yeddo,  and  tlie  Prince  of 

Idzu  was  appointed,  w^ho  wished  to  come  for  the  let- 
ter on  board  the  flag-ship ;  but  that  would  not  be 
duly  respectful  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 
It  could  only  be  delivered  on  land,  and  near  the  capi- 
tal.    Then  a  temporary  building  was   erected   at 
Uraga ;  and  on  the  appointed  day,  the  ships  which 
moved  with  steam  (a  novel  sight  to  the  Japanese), 
approached   and    anchored    near.     Then    appeared  juiy-jx. 
Commodore  Perry  with  great  pomp,  attended  by  Com.  p. 
five  hundred  officers  and  men,  the  two  boxes  of  rose-  "delivers 
wood  and  gold,  containing  the  president's  letter,  and  ^''^^p^,^*^- 
the  treaty-making  credentials  of  the  commodore, —    letter 
carried  by  negroes  richly  dressed,  all  passing  through 
the  floating  draperies  arranged  on  each  side, — while 
thousands  of  eager  eyes  were  gazing  wdth  admira- 
tion.    Tlie  Prince  of  Idzu  received  the  letters  to  be 
taken  to  the  Emperor.     All  was  done  in  form  and 
in  silence. 

5.  The  commodore  and  his  officers  were  then  feast- 
ed by  the  governor  of  Uraga.     In  the  letters  which 

the  emperor  received,  he  was  addressed  by  Mr.  Fill-  ^f  t^V* 
more  as  his  "  Great  and  good  Friend."     His  coun-    PreM- 
try,  he  told  him,  extended  from  ocean  to  ocean,  and    leuer. 
a  portion  of  it,  rich  in  gold,  lay  on  the  shares  of  the 
I*acific,  opposite  to  Jajjan.    In  eighteen  days  a  steam- 

3.  Kelate  the  circnrnstances  by  wliich  Com.  Perry  impressed 
the  .lajiaiiese  witli  a  high  idea  of  liimself  and  his  nation.  What 
letter  hud  he  broutrht  ? — 4.  Describe  the  circumstances  atteudiu,^ 
tlie  delivery  of  the  Pres.' deut's  letter.— 5.  Kelate  the  couteuts  of 
tlie  President's  letter. 


420  A    GPwKAT    SUCCT-PS. 

FT  IV.  ei'  might  pass  from  one  country  to  the  other;  and  it 
PT).  V.  was  his  wish  to  open  with  liim  such  commerce  us 
CH.  lit.    -would  be  mutually  beneficial. 

6.  Commodore  Perry  left  Japan,  to  return  in  the 
spring  and  receive  the  answer  to  the  president's  let- 
ter.    The  emperor's  letter,  in  answer  to  that  of  the 
president,  was  expressed  in  terms  of  high  courtesy. 
March  8L '^ ''^  couimodore  prevailed  still  further,  and  at  length 
japaoese  obtained  a  treaty,  by  which  the  Americans  received 
Trtaty  privileges  not   then  granted  to  any  otlier  nation. 
Kanag-  Besides  Hagasaki^ — Simoda  and  Hakodade  were 
awa.     opened  to    the   Americans, — and  Napha   in    Lew 
Chew.     After  the  treaty  was  settled,  the  presents 
sent  by  the  president  were  forwarded  to  the  emper- 
or,  and  others  returned  to  be  carried  to  him.     Mu- 
(Sept.  i.o!  tual  entertainments  were  given ;  and  the  Japanese 
Mr.  Wnni,  were  especially  delischted  with  the  exhibition  of  a 

our  mm-        .     .  ^  -i  -i  i         i  i  -\t       m 

isterin  mmiaturc  railroad  and  telegraph.  Mr.  Iownsend 
sent  a  Harris,  Ictt  as  cousul  at  Simoda,  did  much  towards 
frisate  to  Cultivating,  in  the  minds  of  the  Japanese,  the  good 
their  oom-  wiU  and  respect  established  by  Commodore  Perry.* 
oiissioneraiie  has  lately  been  appointed  resident-minister,  and 
the  ii.'"s.)  has  gained  advantages  for  his  country  by  a  new 

treaty. 
1§45.  7,  Since  the  treaty  made  with  China  by  Mr.  Cush- 
Chlncsc  ^"o'  American  ministers  Iwive  been  maintained  in 
Treaty  that  country.  Mr.  Reed,  "who  succeeded  Mr.  Cush- 
maiiewithingr  as  minister  to  China,  was  there  when  Canton 
c^l^lnni;.  was  taken  by  the  English  and  French ;  but  he  wisely 
1§5§.  ke])t  his  diplomacy  distinct  from  theirs,  still  main- 
j^,""**  ^^-  tabling  friendly  relations  with  all  parties.  Mr.  Ward, 
Treaty.  ^''^  ssiccessor,  has  had  similar  trials.  In  company 
Dec  15,  '^^'i^''  ^^^^  French  and  English  ministers,  he  yet  pur- 

leaves  *  ^^^  •MX'nerl  a  school  where  he  taught  nine  young  men  of  the  nobility, 

the  U   S  "^^^  gained  Ws  love  by  their  affectionate  and  cheerful  respect  to  liiui,  and 

Mi"V  2S  their  extreme   politeness  to  each  other — all  risking  to  bow  low,  when,  a* 

*  li^Q   '  rarely  happened,  any  one  entered  after  tlie  exercises  had  begun. 


unvee. 


6.  When  did  Com.  P.  <jo  to  Japan  for  an  answer?  What  di,d 
he  succeed  in  obtaining?  Kelate  all  tliat  is  said  of  the  treaty. 
Wliat  bet.t  pleasc-d  tlie  Japanese?  What  is  said  of  Mr.  Harris? 
— 7.  Who  succeeded  Mr.  Cusliing'  as  our  minister  to  China? 
Wliiit  conrse  did  he  pnrsiu";  ?     Wlio  was  Mr.  Reod's  suoo«asor  ? 


MA^^    NOT    AN    OBJKCT   OF    WORSHIP.  421 

sued  a  separate  course.     They,  attempting  to  force  pt.  it. 
tlieiv  way  up  the  Peiho,  were  arrested  by  the  Chinese  fd.  v. 
forts,  and  after  a  bloody  battle+  were  defeated  and   *^"-  ''^ 
turned  back.     Mr.  Ward,  with  his  suite,  was  sent  »o^n 
overland  to  Pekin.     There  he  met  three  of  the  im- 1  june'sji 
perial  commissioners,  and  the  wish  was  mutual  that^*^^^" 
he  should  see  the  emperor.  But  according  to  custom,  lose  684. 
the  emperor  must  receive  the  divine  honors  of  the  jffb- 
tow  from  all  who  approached  his  person, — regarded  j/°  ^aii 
by  the  Chinese  as  sacred.     To  perform  the  Ko-tow   «rrive8 
was  to  kneel  three  times,  and  nme  times  to  knock  the 
head  against  the  floor.     Mr.  Ward  could  not  pay 
divine  honors  to  any  man.    The  commissioners  said, 
since  he  represented  "  a  great  and  equal  nation,"  he 
might  be  excused  with  one  kneeling  and  three  knock- 
ings.     But  Mr.  Ward  could  not  conscientiously  sat- 
isfy the  Chinese  custom ;  so  he  neither  saw  the  em- 
peror, nor  could  he  obtain  in  Pekin  the  ratification 
of  the  treaty  which  he  had  brought  from  America ; 
but  it  was  done  at  Peitsang. 


in  Pekin. 


CHAPTEU  IV. 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill. — First  settlement  of  Kansas. — Invasion  of 
the  Polls. — Ketaliatory  Measures. — Provisional  Government. — 
Topeka  Constitution. 

1.  Unhappilt,  the  repose  of  the  Union  was  broken  1^54. 
in  the  winter  and  spring  of  1854,  by  the  heated  dis-  May  so. 
cussion  and  final  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  ^^^^"' 
bill.     The  incorporating  of  these  extensive  tracts   6««-N«- 
into  territories,  was  made  the  occasion  of  abrogating  .'^.*,. 

,       -,_.  .      '  „  •       *  -vr    T  1   ^        ,C>TThislin« 

the  Missouri  line  of  coinpromise,^  JN.  L.  36^,  as  thewasestab- 
northern  limit  of  slavery.     This  line  passing  south  ]S3o.*^''e». 

•' ^ affirmed 

7.  What  was  his  conduct  in  regard  to  the  French  and  English  ?  in  1850. 

What  happened  to  them?     Where   did  the  Chinese   send  Mr. 

Ward  ?     Who  met  liim  in  Pekin,  and  what  was  wished  on  both 

sides  ?    Why  could  not  Mr.  Ward  see  the  Emperor  ?    What  waa 

the  consequence  ?    Where  was  the  treaty  ratified  ? 
Chaptek  IV. — 1.  How  and  when  was  the  repose  of  the  Union 

broken  1     What  was  the  incorporating  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska 

made  t}ie  ocpn«ion  of?     What  was  the  line  of  coraproiuise? 


422  sp:ti'lement  of  Kansas?. 

FT.  IV.  of  Kansas,  that  territory  had  been  regarded  by  the 
P'D.  V.  North  as  devoted  to  freedom ;  but  by  this  act,  the 
cu.  IV.    gouth  claimed  it  as  having  been  granted  to  them  for 
IS '51   slavery.     To  this  the  whole  North  was  opposed; 
*  and  Congress  was  flooded  with  petitions  against  it, 
May  30.  Hot  Only  froni  all  classes  of  individuals,  including  the 
"^sover-"^' -^  ^^^  England  clergy,  but  also  from  several  of  the 
eignty"es- State  legislatures.     Senator  Atchison,  of  Missouri, 
*by'the'^  was  regarded  as  the  author  of  this  part  of  the  bill. 
Kansas-  But  without  another  portion,  of  which   Senator 
*biu.  **  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  was  the  author,  it  could  not 
have  ]iassed.     Under  the  idea  of  preventing  any  fu- 
ture dangerous  excitement  in  Congress  concerning 
slavery,  the  Kassas-Nebraska  bill  took  from  that 
body  ]»owers  formerly  exercised  over  the  territories, 
and  left  it  to  the  people  themselves,  "to  regulate 
their  own  afl^iiirs,  in  their  own  way,"  especially  in 
regard  to  slavery. 

2.  The  North  and  South  were  now  contestants, — 
M'^^lnd  ^^®  ^^^^  determined  that  Kansas  should  not  have 
June,    slavery,  the   other  that  it  should.     On   each   side, 
madrnew  Combinations  were  early  formed      The  most  efficient 
Indian    of  those  On  the  part  of  the  Free  States,  was  the  New 
England  Emigrant  Aid  Society,  of  which  the  secre- 
tary, Thomas  H.  Webb  of  Boston,  was  the  active 
agent ;  and  two  societies  in  New  York,  of  which 
Theodore  Dwight,  Esq.,  the  president  of  both,  was 
the  acting  manager.*     On  the  pro-slavery  side,  the 
princijjal  weie  the  "  Blue  Lodges,"  which  were  most- 
ly conducted  by  Missourians  of  the  border  counties. 

(rbeir         *  According  to  testimony  taken  before  the  Investigating  ComTnittee,  tha 

travelling  i;migrant  Aid  Society  sent  out,  first  and  last,  1,300  settlers.     According  to 

fiire  was    a  letter  tVoiii  Mr.  Dwight  to  the  author,  the  two  New  YorJc  Societies  so^t 

diinin-     out  8,000.     Neither  of  these  Societies  furnished  money  or  arms  to  the  emi- 

ishfd      grants;  though  individuals  afterwards  sent  both. 

»bout  six • 

dollars.) 

1.  How,  in  view  of  the  new  l;iw,  did  this  line  of  compromise 
affect  Kansas?  IIow  did  the  Southern  view  of  tlie  case  anect  the 
Nortli?  Who  were  regartled  as  the  autliors  of  the  Kansas-Ne- 
braska hill  ?  Under  what  idea  were  the  powers  formerly  exercised 
by  Conu'rcss,  taken  away  ?— 2.  On  what  point  were  the  North  and 
South  ronte.stants  i  What  wc-re  the  principal  combinations  formed 
on  the  North  or  anti-.'^lavcry  side  of  the  question?  Wliat  on  the 
South  or  pru-slavcry  side?      , 


CH.  IV. 


1854. 


THE    "  INVASIOX."  423 

They  collected  much  money,  and  held  in  their  em-  ft.  iv. 
ploy  numerous  bodies  of  men.  "p'o/vT 

3.  In  the  summer  and  fall  of  1 854,  three  companies 
of  emigrants,  headed  by  Branscomb,  Robinson,  and 
PoiiEKOY,  were  sent  to  Kansas  by  the  Emigrant  Aid  jSy**.* 
Society,  and  founded  Lawrence.  Other  companies  ^'■"^'^  p"* 
came  the  following  spring. . . .  Andrew  H.  Keeder,  B'n.  (i50 
of  Pennsylvania,  appointed  as  governor  by  President  fl^t^Lar^ 
Pierce,  arrived  in  the  territory  on  the  9th  of  Octo-  4(io  the ' 
ber.*  According  to  his  prescribed  duty,  he  first  took  spring.) 
the  census ;  finding  in  the  territory  8,501  inhabitants, 

of  whom,  2,905  were  voters ;  and  he  then  ordered 
an  election,  to  take  place  on  the  30th  of  March,  of  1855. 
members  to  form  a  territorial  legislature.  On  that  -"^Tiie  ' 
dav,  armed  bands  were  sent  into  Kansas  fi'oni  thei";;;^'™" 
border  counties  of  Missouri, — who  took  forcible  pos-were  shoo 
session  of  the  polls,  and  themselves  voted  for  pro- „  l"'""',. 

1  T  1  i>        I  •  n        /  votes  Chat 

slavery  candidates,  some  or  whom  were  residents  oi 
Missouri :  and  they  kept  from  voting,  free-state  resi- 
dents ;  and  thus,  they,  and  not  the  settlers  of  Kan- 
sas, elected  a  lecjislature.     Gov.  Reeder  instead  of  was  one 
declaring  the  whole  election  illegal,  gave  the  sanction  ^"n'^feg®. 
of  his  office,  by  certificates  of  lawful  election,  to  a    e<i  Ht 
majority  of  those  elected.     He  caused  new  elections  ton."imt 
in  six  precincts ;  but  on  assembling,  the  majority  'le  was 
voted  out  this  newly-elected  minority,  and  gave  thcoutof  th« 
seats  to  the  membei*  first  chosen.t  legisPture. 

4.  This  legislature  met  by  direction  of  Governor   j^^,^^ 
Reeder  at  Pmonee.     They  chose  Dr.  B.  F.  String- t  Legisfa- 
FELLOW^  their  speaker,   and  then  adjourned,  by  a^'^^^p^f* 
two-thii-ds  vote  over  the  governor's  veto,  to  Shawnee     nee. 

*  Nov.  29th.  Reeder.  before  taking  the  census,  ordered  an  election  of  del- 
egate to  Congress.  Wliitfield  was  chosen,  mostly  by  illepil  votes,  tlie  Mis- 
souriaiis  or  this  day,  making  their  first  invasion,  though  not  in  so  great 
ciinbors  ai  on  the  30th  of  March. 

3.  What  companies  were  sent  out,  and  when,  by  the  Einiofrant 
Aid  Society?  What  place  did  they  found?  When  did  other  com- 
panies arrive?  How  many  eacli  year?  (See  note.)  Wliom  did 
^resident  Pierce  appoint  sovernor,  and  when  did  he  arrive  ?  What 
did  lie  first  do?  IIow  many  inhabitant'*,  and  of  them  how  many 
voters  were  there?  What  election  did  the  governor  order,  and 
when?  Describe  what  took  place  on  the  dav.  What  was  done 
by  (jov.  Keeder,  and  with  what  result  ? — 4.  \^ieQ  and  where  did 
the  lojfislaturc  first  meet?     What  did  they  do? 


424  A    WRONG    LEGISLATURE    AND    LAWS. 

7'T.  i\.  3fission.   Reeder  then  repncliated  tlieir  proceedings, 

P'D.  V.  and  withdrew  from  them,   Tliey,  liowever,  proceeded 

*"•  ^^-    to  enact  a  code  of  laws  for  Kansas, — mostly  copying 

-o-«   those  of  Missouri,  but  adding  otliers,  arbitrary  and 

July  6.'  unconstitutional.    In  establishing  slavery,  they  made 

t^*sb"w-  criminal   any  opposition, — either  by  deeds   or  by 

nee     words, — spoken,  written,  or  printed,  under  penalties 

Mission,  of  gtate-prison,  or,  in  extreme  cases,  of  death.     No 

(The  term  ii^^^i  could  be  a  juror,  or  vote,  or  hold  any  office, 

ft^e-fM  was  unless  he  first  took  an  oath  upholding  slavery.    Ev- 

thisLeiri^ery  officer  was,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  appoint- 

latiire  andg(j  }jy  tbemselves ;  and  there  was  to  be  no  further 

laws.)    election  of  a  legislature  until  October,  1857, — the 

members  to  meet  March  4th,  1858. 

5.  In  the  mean  time,  immigration  was  going  on, 
as  in  similar  cases  of  settling  new  territories ;  usu- 
ally from  the  nearer  States,  and  by  free  laborers. 
All  the  hona-fide  settlers,  including  those  who  came 
as  friends  to  slavery,  as  well  as  the  opposite  party, 
were  indignant  at  "the  invasion"  of  the  30th  of 


» 


Aue  15  ^Is^^'ch ;  and  greatly  excited  by  the  subsequent  pro- 

Meeting  ccediugs  of  the  usurping   legislature.     Tht;ir  lirst 

"state^    measure,  inaugurating  a  series  of  measures,- -which 

settlers  at  ^vere  revolutionai'v  as  re<j:arded  the  territorial  leajis- 

(Kenioviii'hiture, — was  to  hold  a  meeting  in  Lawrence,  and 

"!•  ^'*'!n''.''a(k)i)t  a  memorial  to  Conorress.     This  set  forth,  that 

annouiicd  notwithstandmg  they  were  entitled,  both  by  gen- 

Bameauy'.)  ^'"•■il  I'ight,  and  by  special  law,  to  self-government, 

and  in  this  confidence  had  left  their  homes, — yet  this 

right  was  now  wrested  from  them : — and  they  called 

(tocts.  f^,i'  relief^ — on  Conijress,  and  on  all  their  fellow-citi- 

wa-s  .'leot- zens  of  every  State.      They  resolved   to   nominate 

e,i   \\i'it-l|e('der,  now  removed  from  office,  for  their  deleuate 

sifci^.i  t,y  in  Congress ;+  and  finally,  they  made  formal  arrange 

siaxc'ry   'i^<^'iits  for  a  meeting  of  delegates  fi-oni  all  the  actual 

party.)   scttlers  to  assemble  at  Big  Springs. 

4.  Whiit  course  did  Koedur  pursue?  Give  <in  accriuiit  of  the 
hiws  wiiioli  tlicy  enacted. — 5.  llow  was  iiiiiiiiirration  j^o'm<r  on  ? 
Who  were  indij^naut  at  "  the  iiivu.-iian  ?"  and  what  else  excited 
them  ?  What  was  their  first  measure?  Wlioiii  did  they  noniiiiate, 
and  for  what  \  For  what  future  meeting  did  they  make  arrnuge- 
lucnts  ? 


THE   TOPEKA   CONSTITUTIOIT.  425 

6.  A  large  meeting,  at  Big  Springs,^  denounced  ft.  ir. 
tlie  legislature,  and  declared  they  would  never  sub-  fd.  v. 
mit  to  its  enactments,  but  "all  other  means  failing,    ch. it. 
resist  them  to  a  bloody  issue."     They  decided  that  «g-_ 
all  the  hona-Jide  settlers  should  be  invited  to  choose ^.g^pt*^ 
delegates  to  a  convention  at  TojoeJca.     There  they  ^  J^j? 
organized  a  pi'ovisional   government,!  and  placed  "-P""^ 
Ja.mes  II.  Lane  as  first  on  its  executive  commit- j  sept.  19 
tee  ;  and  they  resolved  that  a  convention  should  hCp,?"^^^^!^ 
called  to  f()rm  a  State  constitution.    The  committee  pekVcon- 
accordingly  issued  their  mandate,  and  members  were  ^^^t'''^- 
elected.      The   conventic^i   met    at    Topelca^   ^"<^§0ct.  28. 
formed  a  constitution^  which  was,  on  the  15th  of  Second 
December,  approved  by  the  people;  and  was  placed '"or^s^a 
in  the  hands  of  Ileeder  to  carry  to  the  House  of  Constim- 
Representatives,  with  their  petition  to  be  admitted 

as  a  State. 

7.  These   proceedings   enraged   the   pro-slavery 
party.     They  met  at  Leaven  worth!  and  denounced  i  Nov.  1 4. 
them  as  revolutionary, — took  the  style  of  the  "law  ^^^' 
and  order"  ]^arty, — made  arrangements  for  stopping  meeting 
aiul  turning  back  eastern  emigrants  on  the  Missis-  enwonh! 
sippi  river,  oi'ganized  a  committee  in  Leavenworth 

to  see  that  none  opposed  to  slavery  either  remained 
there,  or  passed  into  the  territory  to  settle.  Ar- 
ranorenients  wei-e  here  made  to  brinsf  a  force  against 
Lawrence ;  which  they  rightly  con.sidered  as  the 
head-quarters  of  the  opposers  of  slavery. 

8.  To  serve  as  an  excuse  for  this  predetermined 
foray,  Siieuiff  Joxks,  of  Douglas  county,  wrote  to  Nov.  27. 
Gov.  SiiAxxox,  the  successor  of  Reeder,  that  Law-  mau^a 
rence  was  in  rebellion  :   and  he  called  on  him  to  '■':<i"'*i- 
send  all  "hiw-abuung  citizens"  to  his  aid  m  execut-     Gov. 
iiig  a  legal  process  in  which,  he  said,  he  had  been 
forcibly  resisted.     Shannon  sent  out  his  mandate, 

0.  Give  an  account  of  tlie  meetinff  at  Bi»  Sprhiffs.  Oftlie  first 
Topcka  ("niivention.  How  was  the  second,  or  constitutional  To- 
iH'ka  Convention  culIetH  Wlien  did  it  meet,  and  wlmt  do? — 7. 
What  ert'ect  had  tliese  iiroceedinjrs  on  the  Pro-Shivery  party,  and 
what  did  tliey  do?  For  wliat  did  tliey  inuke  arrangements? — 8. 
Ucserilio  the  introduction  of  the  foray  against  Lawrence,  ca'led 
the  Wakcrusa  War. 


Sbannoa 


Bhannon 

at 


4-26  WAKERUSA  WAK. 

p-T.  IV.  and  nearly  2,000  men  appeared,  havinir  armed  them 

P'l).  V.  selves  by  forcibly  breaking  open  the  United  Statea 

cu.  IV.    Arsenal   at  Liberty.     By  their  leaders  they  were 

encamped  on  tlie  Wa/cerasa  river,  six  miles  from 

*  Lawrence.     But  Robinson  and  the  other  principal 

men  there,  were  careful  that  no  pretence  to  attack 

■D,,c  6.    should  be  given  to  the  invaders.     It  was  probably 

Bari.er   [n  i\^q  hopc  to  obtain  this,  tliat,  in  seemino'  wanton- 

fiho*"  bv  G.  ^  ,         .  ^ 

w.'ciark.' ness,  the  blood  of  tlie  unoffending  Barber  was  shed, 
two  miles  from  the  city. 

9.  Shannon,  now  resolved  to  visit  Lawrence.  As 
he  entered  the  hotel,  he  shuddered  at  beholding  the 
corpse  of  Barber,  and  hearing  the  shrieks  of  his 
widow. — An  agreement  was  signed,  in  which  the 
leaders  promised  that  they  would  be  submissive  to 

Lawrence,  the  laws ;  though  they  would  not  bind  themselves 
with  respect  to  those  made  by  tiie  territorial  legis- 
lature. Shannon  then  wrote  to  the  camp,  that  he 
was  satisfied,  that  Sheriff  Douglas  could,  without  re- 
sistance, execute  any  process  in  Lawrence ;  and  he 
therefore  ordered  the  army  to  disband, — which  was 
done.  He  commissioned  Robinson  and  Lane  to 
organize  their  own  military  force  for  defence.  Law- 
rence was  fortified. 

10.  These  operations  .against  tlie  emigrants  were 
reported  in  the  Free  States — with  exaggerations; 
and  the  north  indignantly  aroused.  A  new  party 
M'as  now  formed  in  the  KortlKMii  States, into  which 

Thirty-  Others  were  merged,  called  the  Republican,  whose 
fourth    watchword  was  Kansas :  and  congressional  elections' 
begins,    were  controlled  by  it.     Wlien  Congi-ess  met,  the  in- 
^[®gj  j,','"'tense  feeling  of  the  different  parties  manifested  itself 
Bpeaker,  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  by  a  more  heated 

contest  for  Speaker  than  had  ever  before  occuri-ed. 

The  South  nominated  Mr.  Aikin  of  South  Carolina,* 

•  Mr.  Aikin  had  been  governor  of  South  Carolina.  The  respect  in  which 
he  was  iield  in  every  pait  of  the  Union,  was  increased  by  his  beliavior  <li:r- 
Ing  that  memorable  canvass.  When  at  length  Mr.  Banks  was  elected,  Mr. 
Aikin  conducted  tiim  to  his  seat 


9.  What  .happened  on  the  visit  of  Gov.  Shannon  to  Lawrence! 
— 10.  Where  and  liow  were  these  proceedings  reported^  Wlial 
new  party  was  formed  ! 


TOPKKA    AT    WA.SHINGTON.  427 

the  North,  Mr.  Baxks  of  Massachusetts.     There  pt.  iy. 
was  a  tie  between  them,  and  not  a  member  would  p-o.  v. 
change,  until  after  nine  long  weeks  of  voting,  when   ^'h.  iv. 
by  the  absence  of  one  southern  man,  Mr.  Banks  ob-  ^^-^ 
tained  the  chair.     Then  came  Reeder  from  Kansas   peb.  % 
with  the  Topeka  coustitution.     Hisrh  words  and^r.  Banki 
fierce  debate  ensued.     At  length  a  majority  of  the  Speaker. 
House  voted  to  accept  it,  and  receive  Kansas  as  a 
State;  bi\t  the  Senate  rejected  it. 

11,  In    the    mean    time,  the   Kansans    chose    a 
legislature  under  the  Topeka  constitution,  making /^^gg^^j^^ 
Charles  RoBioS'SOisr,  governor.     The  members  met  Ledshi- 
in  March,  took  the  oath  of  office,  chose  a  committee  atTopek^^ 
to  prepare  a  code  of  laws, — and  then  adjourned  to 

meet  on  the  4th  of  July.     The  Missouri  party,  hav- 
ing missed  their  object  by  the  measures  of  Gov. 
Shannon,  again  planned  to  break  up  the  settlement  ^o^^^^* 
at  Lawrence;  and  they  wished  to  effect  it  before  son's  mes- 
the  arrwal  of  the  large  Spring  emigration,  which    ^^^-^ 
they  were  aware  the  Free  States  were  preparing  to 
send.      They  had  made   frequent   appeals   to   the 
South  not  to  leave  them  with  all  the  trouble  and  ex- 
pense of  maintaining  the  common  cause ;   but  to 
send  them  men  and  money, — and  these  calls  had 
been  responded  to.     Col.  Buford  had  arrived  with   4^J^\y» 
a  regiment  from  Alabama,  Major  Titus  with  men  from  the 
from  Georgia,  and  Captaijs"  Wilkes,  from   South 
Carolina. 

12.  Samuel  D,  Lecompte  was  chief  justice,  and 

J.  B.  DoxALDsoN,  marshal  of  the  United  States  District 
court  in  Kansas.     They  were  of  the  pro-slavery   ^^"^^^^ 
party,  and  ready  to  do  whatever  might  facilitate  its  Lecomp- 
designs  against  Lawrence.   A  grand  jury  was  formed     ^"' 
at  Lecompto7i,  by  which  Robinson  and  others,  who 


10.  How  was  Congress  affec  ed?  and  what  happened  in  reojard 
to  the  choice  of  Speaker  ?  What  in  regard  to  the  Topeka  consti- 
tution ? — 11.  What  in  the  mean  time  was  done  in  Kansas  by  the 
Anti -Slavery  party ?■  What  by  the  Missouri  party?  What  was 
the  result  of  their  appeals  to  the  South  ? — 12.  Where  in  Kansas 
was  tlie  U.  S.  District  Court  located  ?  What  officers  are  meu- 
tiourtd  ?     What  action  was  taken  by  this  court  ? 


428  THE   liS^'ESTIGATIXG    COitMI'lTEE. 

FT.  IT.  had  accepted  office  under  the  Topeka  constitution 
P'D.  V.  were  indicted  for  treason  ;  and  a  further  indictment 
was  found,  by  Avhich  the  presses  of  the  two  free- 
state  papers  in  Lawrence,  and  the  best  building 
there, — indeed,  tlie  best  in  tlie  territory — tlie  hotel 
of  the  Emigrant  Aid  Society,  were  pronounced  to 
be  nuisances,  and  thus  condemned  to  destruction. 


OH.  V. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Civil  war  in  Kansas. — Sacking  of  Lawrence. 

1S56.      1.  The  House  of  Representatives  chose  from  their 

'5^*^j^^-'^- number  Messrs.  Howard  of  Michigan,  Sherman  of 

tee  ap-    Ohio,  and  Oliver  of  Missouri,  as  a  committee  of 

pointed;  investigation  to  proceed  to  Kansas,  with  powers  to 

8i?IlVin  examine  persons  and  papers.     Reeder  and  Whit- 

Kausaa.  field,  delegates  elected  from  the  two  opposite  par- 

ties  in  Kansas,  were  sent  back  to  aid  them  in  their 

published  arduous  dutics.     By  perseverance,  they  succeeded, 

CTess^n'a  •'^Ithough  bitterly  opposed  by  the  pro-slavery  party, 

volume  of  in  getting  together  a  body  of  evidence  by  which 

pageslandthe  preceding  history  of  Kansas  is  fixed.t     Reeder 

inchHies  a  ^vas  wronsrfullv  subpoenaed  from   their   court   bv 

in  1  n  on  t  v  ^^  ^ 

as  woii  as  order  of  Judge  Lecompte.     Refusing  to  (jbey  the 

y'"*j^^[|!y  summons,  he  was  made  to  know  that  iiis  life  was  in 

danger ;  and  he  escaped,  and  tied  down  the  Missouri 

Mays,   river  in  disguise.     Robinson,  attempting  to  go  to 

token?"  the  East  to  hasten  on  the  expected  emigration,  was 

made  prisoner  at  Lexington,  in  Missouri. 

2.  On  the  21st  of  May,  occurred  the  "sacking  ot 

May  21.  Tjawrence"  by  about  700  men  acting  under  the  orders 

Lawrence,  of  Atchison  and  the  southern  officers.     The  hotel 


Chapter  V. — 1.  Who  were  chosen  by  the  House  of  Eepreseiik- 
atives — when — and  for  wliat  purpose?    What  hindrances  and  au 
anoyances  had  they?     What  did  they  accomplisli?     What  is  said 
of  Keeder?     Of  Sobinsoii  ? — 2.  What  occurred  on  the  21st  of 
Mav  1     Bv  whom?     Wiii%t  w.w  done  at  the  sacking  of  Lawrence 5 


a 


"  BLKKDING    KANSAS."  429 

of  the  Emigrant  Aid  Society,  and  the  two  printing  ft.  iv. 
presses   were    destroyed;    and   stores   and   private  fd.  v. * 
houses  were  rifled.    The  liotel,  a  verv  liigh  buiklinor,    *'"■  ^' 
and  also  Gov.  Robinson's  house  standing  on  an  emi-  ie,r« 
nence,+  were  burned  just  at  evening.     The  flames  (+ c'aiied 
slione  far  over  the  country,  and  seemed  to  madden   q^J^-^^. 
the  ])eo})le.    They  could  no  longer  be  restrained,  and  .-^    gj 
tlioy  rose  up,  and  without  authority  formed  them-    Three 
selves  into  guerilla  parties — John  Brown,  a  native  » father 
of  Connecticut,   being  the   principal   leader.      At  ^nri  his 

-i~»  .         •     A        ^      '71  ,        1     <•  1  sons,  nnil 

Fottawatonne  Creek,  they  took  nve  pro-slavery  men  twoothen* 
at  night,  and  after  a  mock  trial  shot  them.  munieredj 

3.  The  troops  from  the  South  w'ere  placed  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Kansas,  in  four  fortified  camps, — to 
get  their  living,  by  depreilating  on  the  anti-slavery 
people,  M'ho,  they  had  been  taught  to  believe,  had 
no  riijht  to  be  there,  since  Congress  had  ijiven 
Kansas  to  be  a  Slave  State.  The  guerilla  parties 
under  John  Brown  and  others,  were  abroad  to 
meet  them;  and  they  held  that  it  was  right  to 
take  the  property  of  all  who  favored  their  enemy. 

Tlius  was  it  that  civil  war  was  produced  in  Kansas  ;^°'^  '"'^^ 

I     .  '    war  was 

and  indescribable  were  the  suftermgs  of  the  peace-  produced, 
ful  settlers — es})ecially  the  women.  Their  husbands 
being  in  the  war,  they  weie  left  alone,  or  with  their 
helpless  infants,  in  their  solitary  homes ;  while,  on 
either  side,  murderers,  thieves,  and  house-burners 
were  abroad. 

4.  It  was  the  object  of  the  guerilla  parties  -to 
break  up  the  fortified  camps  of  the  invaders.  The 
Missouiians,  who  had  called  the  Southerners  from 
their  homes,  felt  bound  to  protect  them  ;  and  Capt, 
I\vTK,  (tkx.  Keu),  and  others,  came  with  armed 
bands   and   took    part   in   the   contest.     Numerous 

2  What  effect  had  the  burning  upon  the  people?  Who  was 
the  leader  of  tlie  ffut-rilla  hands'  What  was  their  first  exploit? 
— 3  How  were  tlie  southern  troops  disposed  ot'i  Ami  how  were 
tliej  to  tret  tlieir  livinji;  ?  What  enemy  was  m  the  lield  to  meet 
thiiu?  Wliut  was  ppxluoed  i  What  was  tlie  eti'ect  of  civil  war? 
— 4.  What  was  the  orTiect  of  the  gnurilla  parties?  Whj  did  the 
Missouiians  feel  bound  to  protect  the  Southerners!  What  was 
done  hy  them  ? 


430  EIVFBARKASSMKNT    OF   THK    EMIGRANTS. 

FT.  IV.  skirmishes  occurred.     Tlie  one  best  deservinir  the 


o 


P'D.  V.  iiiime  of  a  battle  was  at  Ossawatomie,  and  Joha 
*^  ^-    Brown,  whose  home  was  near,  and  who  had  had  one 

ifi'SA  ^^^^  tortured  to  insanity,  and  another  just  killed, 
OSSA-'  was  the  hero  of  the  battle.  With  40  mounted  men 
^^^^^-  he  attacked  300  under  Pate  and  Reid— killed  31, 

/.  lirown.  wounded  32,  and  escaped  with  the  loss  of  only  two 

,^  .  .  ,  5.  Durinff  this  period,  emiarrants,  coming:  up  the 
begin  tj  Missouri  rivcr  to  Arkansas,  were  loi-cibly  turned 
lo^va'and  ^^ck ;  their  property,  especially  their  arms,  taken 
Nebska.)  from  them,  and  their  families  distressed.  In  Leav- 
(tMay  25.  enworth  a  "vigilance  committee"  turned  out  of  the 
Phillips  ^^^y  ^^^  ^^^^  assumed  independence  of  opinion  on  the 
•was  shot  slavery  question.t 

worthj^by      6.  Men,  money,  and  "  Sharp's  rifles,"  were  now 
Captain  gent,  by  northern  people,  to  Kansas,^  through  Iowa 

Bloody   and  Nebraska.  .  .""President  Pierce  ordered  the  mil- 
Monday.)  itary,  under  the  command  of  Col.  Sumner  at  Fort 
($Arm8  Leavenworth,  to  interpose:  and  he  marched  onto 
er  sent  by  the  battle-grounds,  and  partially  put  a  stop  to  the 
*^r  ^h^  ^^^'-  •  •  When,  on  the  4th  of  July  the  free-state 

N.Y.  legislature  met  at  Topeka,  he,  with  a  company  of 
Bocie  les.)  -[jnited  States  dragoons,  forcibly  dispersed  them.  .  . 
LanJ  at  I^^wrence  sent  a  military  force  of  300  mounted  men 
Lecoinp-  to  Lccomptou,  Under  Lane — who  liberated  Robinson 
"oi/bai^^and  his  fellow-prisoners  confined  there. 
^°d*th°°  ^'  ^^^'  Shannon  had  resigned,  and  the  worthy 
other  pris-  Gov.  Geary  was  appointed  to  succeed  him.     Trav- 

onors.  filing  with  his  secretary.  Dr.  Gihon,  up  the  Missouri, 
.(§  Se®  he  met  Shannon,  who  was  fleeing  for  his  life.  Says 
and  Kan-  Dr.  Gihon,§  "  his  description  of  the  country  was 
jSinN  frightful  and  horrible."      "A  civil  war,"  he  said, 

Gihon,' 

Becrctary 

of  Gov.        4.  What  personal  provocation  nad  John  Brown?    Eelate  the 

Geary.)  battle  of  Ossawatomie. — 5.  Relate  some  of  the  acts  of  violence  by 
which  the  free-state  eraigrantw  sntfered  ? — 6.  How  were  the  Free 
States  affected  by  these  proceedings?  What  new  way  had  the 
emigrants  found?  What  action  was  taken  by  the  rresident? 
What  in  consequence  was  done  by  the  U.  S.  troops  ?  What  other 
military  force  is  mentioned  ?  VV  hat  was  done  by  it  ? — 7.  W  hat 
is  said  of  the  two  governors  ?  What  account  of  Kansas  was  ^ven 
by  Shannon? 


LKMIT    IN    A    DARK    Pf.ACE.  i:31 

"  was  vnginir  in  Knnsas;  murder  ran  rampant ;  and  PT.  lY. 
the  roads  were  cverywliere  strown  Avith  the  bodies  V'c  v. 
of  slanghtei-ed  men."     The  new  governor  passiii'i-    oh- "^• 
on^vards  to  Lecompton,  saw  the  ravages  of  war,  in  -g,-^ 
the  blackened  ruins  of  burned  houses,  and  in  fields 
laid  waste ;   and  he  chanced  to  witness  the  dying  j„iy  lo. 
struggles  of  poor  Buffum,t  exclaiming,  "  Oh,  it  "^^''"i!^  i^^^a*^,^"^ 
a  foul  murder !"  and  he  resolved  that  he  would  objected 
bring  the  murderer  to  justice.     ,n,.iMni«r-T-T>  ^^^is° 

8.  Geary  was  sent  to  settle  differences  and  make  horse  to  a 
peace.  .  The  influence  of  public  opinion  on  the  ap-"'*'^'^" 
proacliing  presidential  election  demanded  it.     The 
United  States'  forces — now  about  to  be  transferred 
to  the  command  of  Gen.  Persifer  F.  Smith,  were  to 
be  used  at  his  discretion.     Arrived  at  Lecompton,  sept  ii. 
he  issued  his  proclamation,  commanding  all  military  ^^eary's 

^    ^     ,  .  TIT  T  proclama- 

orofanizations  oi  the  territory  to   disband.      Lane  Uon  at  Le- 
immediately  disbanded  his  forces,  and  went  east  to  *^'*"'P'^°°- 
hurry  on  the  approaching  emigrants.      Meantime 
2,700    men,  mostly  from  Missouri,  had    collected, 
with  five  pieces  of  artillery,  and  encamped  within 
four  miles  of  Lawrence.     The  inhabitants  fearing 
instant  destruction,  appealed  to  the  governor.     He  gept.  14. 
came  to  their  relief  with   300  United  States  dra-  Geary  at 
goons ;  and  found  men,  with  women  and  some  chil- 
dren, armed,  and  preparing  to  resist.     Gov.  Geary, 
after  taking  them  under  his  protection,  proceeded 
to  the  camp ;  and  conferring  with  Atchison  and  the 
other   leaders,   persuaded   them  to   disband   their 
troops.     They  returned  to  their  homes,  and,  aware 
of  the  vastly  superior  numbers  of  their  opponents, 
they,  from  this  time,  abandoned  the  contest ;  leav- 
ing it  to  new  leaders,  less  violent,  but  less  honest. 

7.  What  was  seen  by  Gov.  Geary  ■— 8.  Why  was  Gov.  Geary 
Bent?  What  is  said  concerning  the  U.  S.  troops?  What  procla- 
mation was  made?  By  whom  was  it  promptly  obeyed?  What 
caused  a  delay  at  Lawrence  3  and  what  was  the  final  result  I 


432  GOV.    GEARY    ILL-TREATED. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Geary's  tronbles. — Piesidential  election. — Walker's  govemorahip 

FT.  IT.      1 .  Exultant  at  his  success,  Gov.  Geary  proclaimed 

FD.  V.  that  peace  was  restored  to  Kansas.     But  applying 

cu.  VI.   himself  to  organize  a  legislature  and  a  judicial  tvi- 

___  bunal,  under  which  the  inhabitants  could  live  in 

Oct.  10.*  peace,  with  any  prospect  of  equal  justice,  he  found 

240  emi-  }je   had   undertaken    what    he   could    not    accom- 

arrested.  plish.  ...  A  party  of  emigrants  advancing  under 

Oct  14.  the  lead  of  Gen.  Pomeroy  through  Iowa,  were  ar- 

disin^ied  I'ested  on  entering   Kansas*.      They  satisfied  Gov. 

by  Gov.  Geary,  that  they  came  as  hona-fide  settlers ;  and  he 

^"^'   sent  them  in  peace  to  their  several  destinations.  .  .  . 

ISST.  The  legislature,  called  together  by  the  governor, 

Lecomp-  and  assembled  at  Lecompton,  were  furiously  opposed 

*°]atur?^^®  his  measures.      On  the  floor  of  the  house  the 

asseinbi'd.  most  shocking  and  profane  abuse  was  heaped  upon 

Attempt  him;  and  on  occasion  of  his  visiting  the  legislature, 

^aat^Gor"  ^^  attempt  was  even  made  upon  his  life. 

Geary  '      2.  This  Outrage  produced  a  reaction,  and  the  pro- 

gTws  slavery  settlers  united  with  the  others  in  publicly 

book),    denouncing  it.+     The   free-state   men  would  then 

(tAprenthave  Submitted  to  the  usurped  government,  had 

wM*he"id  Geary  been  allowed  to  administer  it.    They  told  him 

at  Le-    their  troubles,  and  he  tried  to  help  them.     No  mur- 

to°s^mpa-der  of  a  free-state  man,  they  said,  had  ever  been 

"jV'g®^^'^'' punished  by  law.     The  murderer  of  Buffum,  Geary 

.    had  discovered,  but  he  could  not  have  him  appre- 

murdered  hcnded.  Until  he  sent,  at  his  own  expense.  Major 

«iffer»a  Titus,  with  a  military  party.     Hay,  the  murderer, 

toMcapa  was  then  indicted  ;   but  was  dismissed,  by  Judge 


Chapter  VI. — 1.  Under  what  state  of  feelinff  did  Gov.  Geary 
proclaim  peace  ?  How  was  he  disappointed?  Eelate  what  hap- 
pened to  a  party  of  emigrants.  How  came  the  legislature  to 
assemble  ?    What  were  their  feelings  and  conduct  respecting  tho 

fovernorl — 2.  What  were  the  feelings  and  conduct  of  the  people  I 
>eBcribo,  by  the  case  of  the  murderer  of  Buffum,  the  condition  of 
the  U.  S.  Court. 


THE    DRED    SCOTT   DECISION.  483 

Lecompte,  on  nominal  bail.     Gov.  Geary  sent  long  pt.  it. 
accounts  of  these  affairs  to  Washington ;   but  art-  fd.  v. 
ful  counter-statements  were  also  forwarded  by  Le-  ^^-  "^^ 
compte  and  others.     Secretary  Marcy  sent  them  to  ,-=,« 
Geary — coolly  remarking,  that  he  desired  to  call  his  Marcy's* 
attention  to  the  discrepancies  between  those  state-  '||t«>"  ^ 
ments  and  his  own,  of  which  he  expected  an  expla- 
nation.    Thus  did  artful  misrepresentations  avail  to 
poison  the  minds  of  the  authorities  at  Washington 
against  tlieir  own  cliosen  officers.     Lecompte  was 
sustained  in  office.     Geary  tendered  his  resignation,    Geary 
to  take  effect  on  the  4th  of  March.  '■^'^■■ 

3.  On  that  day,  James  Buchanan  of  Pennsylva-  j^^^^^,,  4 
nia,  long  known  and  well-beloved  by  his  fellow-citi-  inan^nr* 
zens,  was  inaugurated  President  of  the  United  States,  Buchanan 
and  John  C.  Breckenridge  of  Kentucky,  Vice-  *  Breck- 
president.     There  had  been  tAvo  other  candidates  in 

the  field — Mr.  Fillmore,  who  was  selected  by  a 
comparatively  small  party,  called  "the  American,"  1S56. 
whose  motto  was,  "Americans  must  rule  America ;"  J°"«^s- 
— and  John  C.  Fremont,  the  candidate  of  the  Re-  m'eet  at*" 
publican  party.     He  lost  his  election  because  con-  Pt'ia^'a- 
servative  men  of  the  North  feared  that  the  success  ^^^^  ^ 
of  a  party,  bounded,  as  this  was,  by  a  geographical  Dem-Cn. 
line, — all  the  slave-holding  States  being  opposed  to  clndnu 
it, — might  endanger  the  perpetuity  of  the  Union, 
and  thus  the  very  existence  of  the  nation. 

4.  On  the  day  succeeding  the  inauguration,  a  ma- 1857. 
jority  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  pred" 
the  celebrated  case  of  Dred  Scott,  made  the  decis-Scott  wm 
ion — that  the  territories,  acquired  by  the  United  suiiTgf!!!- 
States,  being  for  the  common  benefit  of  all  its  citi-  ^'^^^^^ 
zens,  all  were  equally  entitled  to  go  and  make  their 

2.  What  did  Gov.  Geary  ?  How  was  lie  counter-worked  ? 
Which  was  upheld  at  Washington,  tlte  governor  or  tlie  judge? 
Wliat  was  the  consequence  ?— 3.  Wlien  was  the  inauguration, 
Rud  wlio  was  inaugurated  ?  How  many,  and  what  candidates 
had  been  in  the  iield  ?  Of  what  party  was  John  C.  Fremont 
the  candidate?  Why  did  he  lose  his  election?  What  was  the 
motto  of  the  American  party  ?  Who  their  candidate  ? — 4.  WJiat 
decision  was  made  by  the  Supreme  Court  in  ths  Dred  Scott 
case? 

19 


1857. 


434  WAT.KKR    AND    STANTON". 

PT.  IV.  homes  there, — carrying  Avith  thorn  wliatever  waa 
P'D.  V.  allowed  by  the  Constitution  to  be  their  propei-ty, 
cu.  VI.  and  that  included  their  slaves.  This  decision  was 
not  acceptable  at  th.*  North. 

5.  The  first  care  of  the  new  president  was  to  make 
Eobert  J.  •T' judicious  Selection  of  a  governor  and  secretary  for 

Walker  Kaiisas ;  and  Robert  J.  Walker  and  Frederick  P. 
'stanton,'  Stanton,  botli  men  of  distinction,  and  Southerners, 

anT"'"-'^  were  pievailed  upon  to  accept  these  offices.  Stan- 
retary  of  ton  preceded  Walker  by  six  weeks.     He  was,  when 

Kansas,  j^^  went  into  the  territory,  as  he  says,  "a  real  bor- 
Apni  15.  ^^^''"  niffian"t  regarding  the  territorial  legislature  as 

atanton   a  legal  power,  and  all  those  who  opj^osed  it,  as  rebels 

Kansas,  •'^"d  encuiies  to  the  public  jjeace.     His  first  official 

duty,  however,  led  him  to  understand  its  character, 

<J^"*")®bv  the  unfair  arranfrements  which  it  had  made,  in 

Dv  which      *  .  ^         . 

Missouri-  preparing  for  the   election  of  members  to  form  a 
ga^edln  "^^^   constitution.     No   one   could   vote   unless   his 
this  con-  name  was  found  on  a  registry  of  voters  made  ex- 
picased   pressly  for  the  occasion  ;  and  to  obtain  this  registry, 
'ii^i)  a  new  census  had  been  taken  by  its  officers.     The 
census-takers  had  left  ont  just  one-half  the  coun- 
ties, and  in  the  other  half,  omitted  many  of  the  free- 
May"^  state  party, — who,  thus  situated,  refused  to  go  into 
"Walker  the  election  ; — although  assured  by  Gov.  Walker, 
who  had  then  arrived,  that  the  constitution,  when 
June  15.  formed,  should  be  submitted  to  the  people.     The 
Election  rgguit  of  this  election  showed  a  small  vote,  but  it  was 

oi  mem-  •        n  /•     i  i  i  •    i 

bers  to  the  01  coursc  m  favor  of  the  pro-slavery  party ;  which 
ton'con-  was,  therefore,  the  maker  of  the  Lecompton  con- 
•titutfon.  stitution. 

6.  The  scene  now  changes,  and  the  people  of 
Kansas,  for  the  first  time  obtain  their  right  of  self- 
government.    Mr.  Buchanan  had  given  stringent  or- 

4.  Was  this  acceptable  at  the  North? — 5.  What  was  the  first 
care  of  the  new  President?  Who  were  appointed  ?  Give  an  ac- 
count of  Stanton  and  his  first  proceedings.  What  did  he  learn  in 
the  exercise  of  his  first  official  duty?  What  unfair  ^rranffcinents 
were  made  by  the  legislature  for  a  convention  to  frame  the  con- 
stitution, afterwards  called  the  Lecompton  constitution?  What 
course  was  taken  by  the  froe-8tate  party?  What  was  the  resui* 
o'the  election? — 6.  What  change  now  occurs? 


FRAUD    ANTl    FOLLY.  4:i^ 

dv-  i-s  that  the  polls  should  be  guarded  from  violence ;  pt. TV_^ 
aud  to  this  end  had  23laced  2,000  United  States  troops  p'd.  v, 
under  the  command  of  Gov.  Walker.     He  assured   *'•'  "^ 
the  people,  that  if  they  would  vote  in  the  election  «g,^,y 
which  was  to  take  place  (by  decree  of  the  first  legis-    oct.9.' 
latnre,  on  the  9th  of  October)  for  a  new  legislature,  ^'^J^* 
that  the  polls  should  be  protected.     The  free-state    lature 
men,  believing  him,  voted,  and  carried  the  election,  f^^^l^ 
But  they  came  near  to  losing  it,  by  a  stupendous    state 
fraud,  committed  under  a  new  and  crafty  set   of   ^^^*^' 
leaders,  of  whom  the  surveyor-general  John  Cal-  gppt  s. 
HOUN,  was  at  the  head.*    He  was  made  president  of  Lecomp- 
the  convention  for  forming  the  constitution,  which  assemble 
assembled  at  Lecompton  on  the  5th  of  September,  (K«^«»- 
The  constitution  was  to  be  submitted  to  the  people  Nov.V> 
on  the  21st  of  December, — when  they  were  to  vote  T>ec*i. 
in  the  words  "  for  the  constitution  with  slavery"  or  people  to 
"for  the  constitution  without  slavery;"  but  a  sched-^"^'^  ^°^- 
ule  was  appended,  not  to  be  voted  on,  niakmg  hered-  any  w»f. 
itary  slavery  permanent,  and  providing,   that  the 
constitution  should  not  be  altered  till   1864,  and 
then  only  by  a  two-thirds  vote. 

7.  To  the  president,  Mr.  Calhoun,  the  returns  of 
this  voting  were  to  be  made,  as  also  of  another  elec- 
tion,— that  of  members  to  a  State  legislature,  to  be 
held  under  it,  on  the  4th  of  January,  1858,+  the  day^f^^^J^^ 
that  the  free-state  legislature  (thus  to  be  superseded)  territorial 
was  by  law  to  meet.     The  free-state  people  were  *^*  ''^^ 
fiercely  indignant.     Gov.  Walker  had  left  the  terri- 

*  From  the  precinct  of  Oxford,  where  were  43  voters,  and  from  McGee  1.S38* 
county,  where  no  poll  was  opened,  returns  were  sent  to  Stanton — from  Ox-     Jan.  4. 
ford,  containing  1.600  votes,  and  from  McGee  county,  1,200.   These  returns.    Import- 
it  is  said,  were  made  out  by  copying  the  names  from  an  old  Cincinnati  di-    ance  of 
rectory.    Wlien  Stanton  received  them,  in  a  great  roll  of  papers  pasted  to-  this  dato 
gather,  he  unrolled  it,  upon  the  floor  of  his  office,  and  it  stretched  to  the     in  the 
length  of  40  feet  annals  of 

— — Kansasi. 

6.  How  did  Mr.  Buchanan  take  the  first  step  in  prodiicinof  this 
change?     What  part  had  Gov.  Walker  in  its     What  ditt'creiK-e 
wa.s  there  in  this  election  and  tliat  of  Marcli  30,  1855  ?     How  did  (-f-  a  very 
the  free-state  people  come  near  to  losing  a  declared  majority^   ditferent 
What  do  you  learn  of  John  Calhoun?!     In  what  form  of' words  man  fiotu 
was  the  Lecompton  constitution  to  be  submitted  to  the  people?  ^"^"  ^- 
—7.  How  was  a  legislature  to  be  chosen  to  supersede  that  chosen  Calhoun.) 
by  the  froo-stoie  pooole  f 


436  THE   LECOMPTON    CONSTITUTION. 


FT  IV  toi'Y  on  a  \nsit  to  Washington,  and  they  persuaded 
P'D.  V    Secretary  Stanton  to  antedate  the  meeting  of  tlie 

cu.  Ti.    legislature  to  the  19th  of  December.     Tl)e  tirst  day 

___      of    tlieir   session,   they   remonstrated    to  Congress 

Dec.  19*  against  the  Lecompton  constitution,  declaring  it  a 

MeetiMKofj|j.m.p;^tion  to  which  they  would  never  submit;  and 

state*^  they  appointed  tlie  succeeding  4th  of  January,  to 
'^^if^*,^'^y  take  a  vote  of  the  people,  whether  they  would  or 
Stanton,  would  not  accept  it. 

fortyiiays.  §•  Ou  the  2 1  st  of  December,  the  vote  had  been 
taken,  "  Constitution  Avith  slavery,"  or  without,  and 
1857.  Calhoun  reported  6,226  votes  for  "  Constitution 
^te,Con-with  slavery."  These  votes  being  afterwards  ex- 
Btitntion  amiucd  by  a  committee  of  investigation,  which  this 

■without  vz?  ' 

«kvery.  legislature  appointed,  2,700  of  them  were  shown  to 
be  fraiuiulent.*     The  vote  of  the  people,  as  cast  on 
the  Lpcompton  constitution,  by  tlie  law  of  the  free- 
state  legislature,  was   the   largest    ever    polled   in 
Kansas,  there  being  a  majority  of  9,512  against  it. 
^lanan'      ^'  '^^^^  Lccomptou  Constitution  was  now  by  Mr. 
eouid  not, Calhoun  carried  to  Washington.     He  placed  it — no 
Wmejiave^o^^^^  with  his  owu  vcrslon  of  affairs — in  the  hands 
known  of  of  the  president ;  who,  impressed  with  the  belief 
frauds)  that  its  adoption  by  Congress  Avould  quiet  Kansas, 
1858   ^"^  restore  harmony  to  the  nation,  sent  it  to  the 
Feb.  2.*  House  of  Representatives,  with  a  special  commend- 
me^^e  ^^ory  message.     A  stormy  debate  ensued,  in  which 
(t  These  ^  number  of  his  friends  in  the  House,  at  the  head  of 
are  now  whom  was   Mr.  Hickjian,  took   decided   ground 
Anti^Le-  against  his  message.t     jMk.  Douglas,  in  the  Senate, 
*^^^'?""took  the  same  ground.     Congress  having  made  sev- 

*  Capt.  Walker,  the  sheriff,  demanded  the  votes  at  the  oflBce  of  Calhonn, 

Frand  of  °d  *  warrant  from  the  committee.     "They  »re  not  hert',"  he  wa.s  told. 

the  "  l)el-  "Search  the  office."     "  I  shall  not  search  the  office,  but  the  wood-pile,"  said 

aware      the  sheriff;  and  there  he  soon  uneiirthed  a  caiuUe-hox,  containing  tlie  mi^- 

Crossing,"  ing  votes.     Thus  was  this  fraud,  which  was  chiefly  that  of  the  '■Dclawaro 

and  dis-    Crossing,"  brought  to  light. 

covery  of 

the  can-  7.  How  by  the  aid  of  Stanton  did  the  ^ree-state  legislature  come 
die-box.  together,  before  the  4th  of  January  ?  (the  day  Calhoun  meant  their 
power  should  cease.) — 8.  What  report  did  Calhoun  make  coneern- 
■..ng  the  people's  vote  on  the  Lecompton  constitution?  How  were 
his  frauds  detected  ?  {See  note.) — 9.  Who  placed  the  Lecompton 
constitution  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Buchanan?  What  did  he  think, 
and  wluit  do  ?    How  wa.s  Mb  message  rocorvedf 


MA6SACKE   OF   THE   MAKAI8   DKS   CTGNE8. 

era!  attempts  to  agree  on  some  plan  of  settlement,  p'T.  it. 
finally  adopted  the  "English  bill."  This,  in  an.indi-  i-d.  vT 
rect  manner,  referred  the  constitution  to  the  people  *^"-  "^'- 
of  Kansas.  If  they  accepted  it,  they  Av^ere  immedi-  -^-^ 
ately  to  become  a  State;  otherwise,  they  were  not  May 4.* 
again  to  apply  to  Congj-ess  till  they  had  a  number  of "^.''e 'K"^ 
inhabitants  (93,423)  suthcient  to  entitle  them  to  one  So  called 
representative  in  that  body.  On  the  9th  of  August,  a*{]^^or^ 
by  the  large  majority  of  11,300  to  1,788,  the  people  member 
of  Kansas  rejected  the  Lecompton  constitution.  n.  r^ 

10.  While  tiie  English  bill  was  pending,  Capt.   An?.  9. 
Hamilton,  with  two  (^f  his  brothers,  to  intimidate  the  ^^^^ 

„  1-1  T    1         T        1  T      KansHns 

iree-state  people,  raised  an  armed  band,  who  rode  reject  uie 
at  noonday  into  the  small  town  of  Trading  JPost,  ^fn  c™n- 
and  seized  eleven  of  the  unsuspecting  people;  one,  an  stitutum. 
old  man,  one,  a  youth  from  behiud  the  counter,  and 
one  a  minister  of  the  Gospel.    They  then  took  them  Massacre 
about  three  miles,  to  a  ravine  near  a  small  stream  "raiffi^s"" 
called  the  3farais  des  Ci/c/nes,  and  there  shot  tliem,  CyKnea. 
Some  by  feigning  death,  saved  their  lives.      The     ^^' 
people  aroused,  and  under  the  brave  old  partisan 
leader,  James  Montgomeky  (a  cousin  of  him  who 
fell  at  Quebec),  they  pursued  the  murderers  with 
200  men.    But  failing  to  overtake  them,  they  sought 
in  lawless  ways,  to  right  esksting  wrongs, — especially  j,^^^  99. 
at  Marmaton  and  Fort  Scott.  ...  Gov,  Denver,  (Conven- 
who  had  succeeded  Walker,  visited  the  region  ;  and  Eaysvuie 
persuading  Montgomery  to  lay  down  his  arms,  i"e- Q^'""p|^„. 
stored  quiet  to  the  country.     Gov.  Medaky  hasver's  visit 
succeeded   Denver.      The   Kansans  have   recently  so'i?theit 
formed  at  Wyandotte  a  constitution  to  be  oifered  of  Kausas.) 
for  acceptance  to  Congress.     They  have  elected  un- 
der it  a  legislature,  and    again   chosen   Robinson 
governor, 

9.  What  was  done  in  Congress  respecting  it?  In  wliat  manner 
did  the  Englisli  bill  refer  tlie  Lecompton  constitution  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Kansas?  What  was  the  result?— 10.  Relate  the  massacre 
of  the  Marais  des  Cygnes  (prfmounc^d  mara-da-seen).  What  fol- 
lowed? Who  succeeded  Walker  as  governor?  What  was  done 
by  him?  Who  was  his  successor?  What  constitution  is  now 
fonr.ed  ?     Who  ckoson  governor  under  it? 


4:c{8  THE   60UNJ   DUES. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

The  Sound  Dues. — Dr.  Kane's  Arctic  Expedition. — Walker  the 
Filibuster — Mormon  War. — JDlie  Revulsion. — Paraguay. — Eng- 
land and  America. 

PT.  IV.  1.  Having  continued  unbroken  the  chain  of  in- 
P'D.  V.  terior  history,  during  the  years  in  which  it  turned 
OIL  viL  upon  that  of  Kansas,  we  now  give  our  attention  to 
„__  such  other  matters  of  the  last  decade,  as  lie  Avitinn 
April  u!  our  province  to  record.  .  .  .  The  "  Sound  Dues" 
Notice  of  v\'ei-e   a  premium   claimed  by  Denmark   from  the 

the  Ainer-  i  .-'  •   i       j      ^ 

icaii  srov-  SMips  01  every  nation  passmg  Jier  islands  to  enter 
To^Den-  ^^'^   Baltic  sca.     By  the  treaty  of  1826,  America 
mark,    had  agreed  to  pay  this  tribute ;  but  with  the  re- 
sei'ved  right  of    abrogating  the   treaty   after   ten 
years,  on  a  year's  previous  notice  being  given.     Mr. 
Marcy,  the  American  Secretary,  gave  this  notice  to 
the  Danish  government  on  the  14th  of  April,  1855, 
March  u  — ^^^^^^  his  exceptions  to  the  Sound  Dues,  as  an  ex- 
Treaty  tor  action,  unreasonable,  and  behind  the  spirit  of  the 
tionof"h'o^o6.      Other  nations  united  in  the  remonstrance, 
sound    thus  sct  ou  foot  by  the  American  government :  and 
fected    the  affair  was  settled,  by  the  final  abolition  of  the 
Sound  Dues,  and  the  sulDstitution  of  a  specific  sum 
of  money.     Thus  this  grand  highway  is  now  free  to 
all  nations. 

2.  In  the  search  after  Sie  John  Franklix  (a  Brit- 
ish navigator,  lost  in  the  Arctic  seas),  among  those 
who  were  moved  by  the  pathetic  appeals  of  his  wife, 
1S50.  Lady  Jane  Franklin,*  was  Mr.  Henry  Grinnelt., 
Grimieii  '1  Wealthy  merchant  of  New  York,     He  fitted  out, 
Expedi-  i,j  1850   an  expedition  with  two  ships,  the  Advance 

non  under         -,      rt  ■    ■  ^  i  -r  -r^ 

DoHaven  and  liescue,   giving   the   command  to   Lieut.  De 

*  Thla  noble  woman  came  to  America,  in  1S46.  She  spent  a  day  in 
examining  the  regulations,  and  learning  the  studies  and  uiodea  of  teaching 
in  the  Female  Seminary  at  Troy. 

Chapter  VII. — 1.  What  was  meant  by  the  "Sound  Dues?" 
What  \\\rc  the  conditions  of  the  treaty  ot''l826  ?  What  was  done 
in  April,  18.';o  ^  \Vhut  was  the  result  ?— 2.  Who  was  Sir  John 
franklin?  Wliat  is  said  of  lieiiiy  Grianeli?  Give  an  accoiiut 
•f  tlie  tirst  Gnunell  Expeditiuu. 


DR.    KANe's    arctic    EXPEDITION.  439 

Haven.    He,  failing  to  obtain  any  traces  of  the  lost  pt.  it. 
navigatoi-,  Dr.  Elisiia  Kent  Kane  of  Philadelpliia,  p-D.  r.' 
encouraged  by  Mr.  Grinnell  and  otliers,  proceeded  ch.  vh. 
witli  the  Advance  to  renew  the  search.      In  hiojh 
northern  latitudes  he  encountered  a  terrific  storm,  Mav  30.* 
■which  obliged  him  to  find  anchorage  for  his  vessel,  in   Dr".  k. 

■M-~*  o  '  sails. 

Rensselaer  Harbor,+  where  his  party  fitted  up  their 
cabin, — which  became  their  home  for  two  winters,  caile^'by 
Their  bold  explorations — travelling  in  various  direc-   Dr.  K.) 
tions  with  dog-trains — extending  their  observations  (Ansr.  20. 
north  two  deii-rees  bcvond  the  eig-htieth,  and  the''^  storm.) 
indications  tliey  there  found  of  an  open  polar  sea —  -rl^.T^ 
their  sufferings  and  adventures  among  the  barbarous tennineto 
Esquimaux — have  made  this  one  of  the  most  tamousp^^Jn'^^"^,*'^ 
voyages   on    record.     Attempting  to    return,   after  Harbor.) 
the  second  winter,  they  were  met  on  the  coast  of  i§55, 
Greenland  by  Lieut.  Haetstein,  who  had  been  sent  (<^'.*-  ^'• 

,,  •'  .,  ,  ,.,.,.     arrive  in 

by  the  government  with  two  vessels  to  tlieir  rehei.     n.  y.) 

3.  In  1853,  William  Walker,  who  had  been  the 
editor  of  a  paper  at  San  Francisco,  set  on  foot  an  1853. 
expedition,   which    sailed    with   53  men   from  that   waiker 
poit.     The  object  was  to  prevail  on  the  people  of    ^**'^ 
Old  California  and  SonoraXo  declare  independence, 

and  then  raise  the  American  flag.     After  a*  series  of 
operations,   which  at  first   seemed  to  promise   suc- 
cess, and  drew  others  from   California  to  join  him, 
he  was  finally  reduced  to  distress  by  the  hostility  of  1854. 
the  inhabitants,  and  prevented  from  receiving  rein-  ^^I^^^IJ 
forcements,  by  Gen.  Wool,  who  had  been  sent  out    aiui  40 
by  the  government  with  special  ordei'S  to  put  a  stop  ^reiu've.r 
to  such  violations  of  the  neutrality  laws.     Finally,  by  Gen. 
Walker,  with  the  miserable  remnant  of  his  party, 
were  taken  from  Ensenada,  by  a  vessel  dispatched  ,(Jj|^"j','[^?, 
by  Gen.  Wool,  and  carried  to  San  Francisco.  invasion.) 

4.  This  enterpi'ising  filibuster,  soon  sailed  again 
/rom  the    same  port  with   65   men ;    having  been 

2.  Of  the  sccoud,  sent  out  under  Dr.  Kane.  Of  his  explora- 
tions and  return. — 3.  Wlien,  witli  what  object  and  \vliat  foree,  did 
William  Walker  .sail  t'roni  San  Francisco  \  What  was  his  course, 
and  its  final  result?  F<v.-  what  wus  Gen.  Wool  sent  to  the  Padlio 
CO!\st,  aiid  wiiat  did  lie  d<^  \ 


4:40  WALKER,    THE   FILIBUSTER. 

F'T.  IV.  tempted  by  the  splendid  offers  of  vast  qnantitie.^  of 
P'D.  V.  land,  made  by  one  Chamorro,  a  rebel  against  tlie 
CH.  TIL  government  of  Nicaragua.  When  there,  Walker 
IS '^4^  played  his  game  so  artfully  that  he  raised  himself  to 
May  17.*  the  head  of  the  government.  This  drew  to  his 
'^.^"^/''  standard,   hundreds   of  his   deluded   countrA^men.i" 

sails  lor    ~-~^  ^   -vx*  • 

Nicar'gua.  Jiut  a  stroug  party  01  ^icaraguans  were  m  arms 

(+ Of  3000  against  him,  and  they  obtained  military  aid  from 

iTwedor  Gosta  Mica.     Although  Walker  was  sometimes  vio 

joined    torious,  yet  his  army  was  wasting,  not  only  by  war, 

but  600  but  by  diseases  of  the  climate  quickened  by  intem- 

returned.) perance.     The  maimed  and  sickly  remnant  of  his 

forces,   was    at   length   carried   from    Nicaragua; 

June  28*  partly  by  British,  and  partly  by  Ameri'^an  govern- 

First    ment  vessels,*, . .  The  governments  of  Nicaragua  and 

brought  Costa  Rica,  on  the  11th  of  May,  1858,  made  an  ap- 

byCom   P®^^  *^  ^^^  great  Powers  of  Europe  to  protect  them, 

Paulding,  against  lawless  invasions  fi'om  the  United  States. 

5.  After  Utah  was  made  a  Territory,  President 

3^^,    *  Fillmore  unfortunately  appointed  Brigham  Young, 

Yoling   governor ;  thus  apparently  adding  the  sanction  of 

Grn'ornor  ^^^  General  Government  to  his  already  despotic 

of  Utah,  powers,  as  "  prophet,   seer,    and   revelator  of  the 

Mormon   clmrch."      Such  of  the  judges  and  other 

officers  appointed,  as  were  not  Mormons,  soon  found 

that  neither  the  laws  of  the  land,  nor  the  usages  of 

*i^"'  civilized  society,  could  be  there  maintained.     The 

whole  community  was  bound  to  their  chief,  either 

as  accomplices  in  ciime,  or  as  fanatical  dupes, — be- 

lievinsr  that  his  will  and  word  were  those  of  God. 

*  All  who  returned  were  brought  home  by  American  vessels.  June  2S, 
1857,  Commodore  Paulding  brouglit  to  New  York,  in  the  Wabash,  121  of 
Walker's  men;  August  3,  the  frigate  Roanoke  brought  204;  and,  Ansrust 
18,  tlie  steamer  Ttntiessee,  275 — making  in  all,  COO.  Commodore  Paulding 
took  Walker  from  Kicaragua;  for  which,  tliat  government  officially  re- 
turned Lim  their  thanks. 

4.  What  was  Walker's  ne.\t  attempt?  How  had  he  been 
tempted,  and  enabled  to  tempt  otliers?  Relate  liis  conrse  in 
Kicaragfiia.  What  was  the  final  result?  By  whom  were  he  and 
his  men  taken  from  Niearai,nia?  How  many  Americans  followed 
or  joined  him,  and  how  iiumy  returned  ?  (Cunsulttlie  notes.) — 5. 
What  etfcet  liad  the  ai>poiiitiiiir  of  Brigliam  Young  a?  governor  of 
Utah?  What  was  found  by  ntiicer.s  not  Mormons  to  be  the  con- 
dition of  that  ilc-lirkd  people? 


THE    MORMON    WAR.  44:] 

The  Danites,  a  secret  military  organization,  wet  e  P'T.  iy. 
his  avenging  spirits, — ready  to  take  off,  by  poison  or  fd.  v. 
otherwise,  any  man  whom  his  spies  should  report  as  *'°-  ^^^ 
about  to  escape,  or  any  woman,  who  should  dare 
refuse  to  marry  or  join  a  harem,  at  his  dictation. 
These  secret  murders  no  Mormon  may  or  will  dis- 
close..   Impannelled  as  a  grand  jury,  they  will  not  (t  Also 
indict;  as  a  petit  jury,  they  will  not  convict.     At  gfrnctimi 
length,  the  wholesale  murder  of  an  emigrant  train  "f  Lieut, 
of  eiglity  persons,  at  Mountain  Meadows^  charged  wuh  an 
upon   tlie  Indians,  but  believed    (now  known)   to  ^^"^^^^^^ 
have  been  the  work  of  the  Mormons,  aroused  the      8.) 
countiy. 

6.  Mr.  Buchanan  removed  Bri^ham  Youngr  and  ^„,^ 
appointed  Mr.  Gumming,  of  Georgia,  his  successor.  Brisham 
He,  with  other  officei's,  set  out  for  the  Territory   ^^"^"^ 
under  the  escort  of  a  detachment  of  U.  S.  troops.   ®™°^^ 
When  Brigham  Young  leai'ned  these  measures,  he  sept  is. 
issued  a  treasonable  proclamation, — openly  assumed  ^ngham 

1  1  •  1       T-r    •       1    Youngs 

sovereign  powers,  and  prepared  to  resist  the  U  nited  prociama. 
States  authority  by  force  of  arms.     Congress  em-     '^"^ 
powered  the  President  to  send  against  him  an  addi- 
tional and  competent  force.     In  the  spring  of  1858,    j,,ne 
the  troops  intended  for  this  service  were  detained  Army  be 
on  account  of  the  troubles  in  Kansas,  till  it  was  too  ^marcL 
late  before  the  army  of  Utah  began  their  march 
across  the  plains.     Gen.  Johnson,  their  able  leader, 
would,  however,  have  had  them  comfortably  fed,  as  ^l^j 
well  as  sheltered,  at  Fort  JBridger^  but  that  the  goes  into 
Mormons  burnt  and  wholly  destroyed,  on  Green  ''^pP*' 
Rloer.  a  provision  train  of  eighty  wagons.     This  Bridger. 
left  the  army  to  diminished  rations,  and  the  fear  of 
starvation,  before  suiDplies  could  be  obtained  in  the 
spring. 

7.  In  this  condition,  one  of  the  officers,  Captain 
Ma  ROY — well-chosen  by  the  commander — with  65 

5.  Who  were  the  Daiiites  I  What  is  said  of  their  secret  murders  ? 
Wiiat  terrible  massacre  aroused  the  country? — 6.  What  was  done 
by  Mr.  Buchanan?  What  by  Brigham  Youno;  ?  What  by  Con- 
gross  >:  How  wore  the  troops  employed  in  1858  ?  Describe  the 
turtiier  progress  of  the  army,  what  happened  at  Green  River,  and 
the  conseijuences. 

19* 


eioners 
Mint 


4*2  CAPT.    MARCT'S    ENTERl'KISK. 

P'T.  IV.  men,  heroically  undertook  one  of  the  most  perilous 

P'T).  V.   euterjM-ises  on    rec-oi'd.      He  ci-osscd   at  the  dead  of 

CH.  viL    winter,  the  drifted,  pntliless  pjains  and  inoiuitains, 

from  Foit  Biid<j;er  to  the  towns  of  New  Mexico — 

Nov.  24*  obtained  provisions,  and,  though  believed  to  have 

Captain  perished  witii  his  little  army,  he  eraeri^ed  from  the 

htf^riiis  his  waste  or  snows, — liavmg  in  three  montlis  marclied 

march*  ^^^^^   miles,   and   bi-ought   supplies,   to   the    great 

relief  of  the  suffeiing  army.      Gex.  Garland,  in 

1858.  command  at  New  Mexico,  had  made  every  exertion 

^^Marcv^'  ^^  assist  him,  and  furnished  him  on  his  return  with 

arrives,  a  guard  of  mounted  rifles.    This  is  another  instance, 

jievesThe  ^^  which  American  officers  and  soldiers  have  done 

•rmy.    great  honor  to  the  nation. 

8.  In  April,  Mr.  Buchanan,  wishing  to  save  a 
bloody  conflict,  sent  two  commissioners,  Messrs. 
CommiV  Powell  and  McCulloch,  to  treat  with  the  Mor- 
mons. Brigham  Young,  liaving  found,  that,  in  the 
near  vicinity  of  2,500  U.  S.  troops,  his  militia  were 
not  to  be  relied  on,  negotiated  and  made  fair  prom- 
ises. The  army  peacefully  passed  through  Salt 
Lake  City,  and  forty-five  miles  southwest,  they  en- 
camped in  Cedar  Valley, — built  houses  of  adobe,  and 
called  the  place  Camp  Floyd.  But  the  farce  of  the 
Mormons  voluntarily  submitting  themselves  is  al- 
most at  an  end ;  the  insecurity  of  life  and  property, 
and  the  degradation  of  woman  continues.  Brigham 
Young,  with  his  Danite  guard,  is  the  same  lawless 
tyrant  now  as  before. 

1857.  9.  In  the  summer  of  1857,  occurred  one  of  those 
J^."s'^^-,  sudden  and  far-spreading  seasons  of  business  calam- 

Failure  of.  i  •    i      i  ^         •        ?    i  c  cl  i   •         .. 

the  Life  ity,  which  has  received  the  name  oi    '  revulsion." 

ComJany'The  first  great  failure  was  that  of  the  "Life  and 

Trust  Company"  of  Cincinnati,  which  occurred  on 

1858.  the  24th  of  August,  1857. . . .  Our  affairs  with  Spain 
BaiiTs  have  been  comi)licated  with  the  filibustering  expedi- 
re-^utue  tions  fitted  out  in  American  ports  against  her  island 

payment.) 

7.  Describe  Captain  Marey's  march  and  return. — 8.  What 
measures  were  next  taken  by  tlie  government  and  the  army? 
Where  did  the  army  make  a  fortified  camp  ? — 9.  What  happened 
ic  1857  ? 


DTFFICCLTIKS    WITH   SPAIX    AND   PAJIAGUAT.  443 

of  Cuba.     The  English  and  French  proposed  to  our  pt.  iv. 
government  to  enter  into  a  tri-partite  treaty^  nnitu-  "fdTvT 
ally  to  defend  for  Spain  her  possession  of  tliat  island.  '^^-  ''^ 
Mr.  Everett,  then  Secretary  of  State,  promptly  de-  ig^o 
clined  any  such  "  entangling  alliance."     An  Amer-  Tn-par* 
ican  steamship,  the  Black  Warrior^  was  seized  in  **^'|.J^^*'7 
Havana,  and  declared  confiscated.      The  17.  S.  min- 
ister in  Spain  was  instructed  to  demand  immediate  1S54* 
satisfaction  ;  but  in  the  mean  time  the  Cuban  author-  Feb.  23. 
ities  released  the  vessel  on  the  payment  of  6,000  wamor 
dollai's,  made  by  the  owners  under  protest.     The    seized, 
subject  of  purchasing  Cuba  of  Spain,  has  been  much  no"™''- 
agitated ;  but  the   offended  pride  of  that  ancient   offered 
nation,  refuses  the  most  tempting  offers.  '"'  Cuba.) 

1 0.  Intercommunication  with  South  America  has 
increased.  There  has,  however,  been  a  difficulty 
with  the  Republic  of  Paraguay.  Lopez,  the  supreme 
ruler  (called President),  had  not  only  refused  to  ratify 

a  treaty  formerly  negotiated,  but  he  had  refused  to  igsy, 
an  American  government  vessel,  the  Water  Witch,    Likct. 
the  privilege  of  sailing  through  Paraguay, — ordering  th^w]w, 
one  of  his  forts  on  the  Parana  to  fire  upon  her ;  by  insulted, 
which  one  of  her  men  was  killed.     Congress  em- 
powered the  President  to  send  a  force  competent  to  1858. 
bring  the  offending  nation  to  terms ;  and  Mr.  Bu-  Congrese 
chanan  sent  out  a  squadron  of  nineteen  vessels  under  outrage. 
Commodore  Shubrick.    At  Monte  Video,  the  Amer- 
ican Commissioner,  Mr.  Bowlin,  come  on  board 
the  flag-ship  Fulton,  in  which  he  piocceded  up  the 
Parana,  leaving  the  other  vessels  behind  to  be  called 
into  action,  if  necessary. 

11.  At  the  city  of  Parana,  the  capital  of  the  Ar-  1859. 
gentine  Confederation,  Mr.  Bowlin  was  warmly  -^^^'^i^^, 
received  by  the  gallant  Gen.  Ukquiza,  its  dictator,  Mn  at  l% 
Avho  generously  preceded  the   American  squadron  ^"'"i'^"* 

9.  How  were  our  affairs  with  Spain  complicated?  What  pro- 
posal is  here  related  i  How  was  it  met  by  the  government  ?  Re- 
late, the  affair  of  the  Black  Warrior.  What  is  said  of  the  piireha.«e 
of  Cuba  from  Spain?— 10.  With  what  country  of  S.  .\;}ieriea  lias 
there  been  a  diilicuity?  What  was  tiie  cau.sc  ?  What  was  done 
by  roni;-res>^  What  by  the  l'r*isi«lent  ?  Describe  the  course  of 
ilifc  t!X|itdiuoti  up  the  i'araua. 


444  TEEATIES. 

P'T.  IV.  to  Assumptio7i^  the  capital  of  Paraguay,  ami  used 
P'D.  V.  I'is    iiitiueiice   witli   Lopez   to   jjersuade    him  to  a 
cii.  viL   tVieudly  scttleniout.      Lopez   tlien  prepared  to  re- 
_„^      ceive  the  embassy  in  state;  and  as  tlie  American 
A  grand  Commissioner,  attended  by  all  the  officers  of  tiie 
recoption.  fi-ig^te,  was  received  by  the  President  of  Paraguay, 
with    his  high   officers   in    attendance,  and   in   the 
presence  of  the  Dictator  of  the  Argentine  Confeder- 
acy,— a  novel  scene   was  passing  in  the  heart  of 
„  ,   ,„   South  America,  which  may  be  hailed  as  the  harbin- 

Feb.  10.  ,.1  •  •    •!•        •  T         1  1 

Treaty  g^'''  oi  advancmg  civilization.     In  three  weeks,  a 

Avitli     satisfactory  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  was  ne- 

Para-   gotiated,  due  apologies  were  made,  and  ten  thousand 

gnay*    dollars  given  as  an  indemnity  to  the  family  of  the 

slain  mariner. 

1 2.  Disa2:reements  between  England  and  America 
1§'54.  have  repeatedly  occurred  within  the  last  ten  years, 
The  Re-  ^^^^  they  have,  thus  far,  had  a  peaceful  termination. 
ciprocity'^he  Reciprocity  treaty  respected  Canada,  and  was 
Treaty  negotiated  by  Lord  Ei.gix,  the  governor-general, 
*r\v^K--'h-  ^"'^  Secretary  Marcy.     By  it,  duties  formerly  paid, 
ingion.   were  on  each  side  remitted,  and  thus  traffic  on  the 
border  much  facilitated.  ...  In  the  summer  of  1854, 
Great  Britain,  being  engaged  in  war  with  Russia, 
opened  a  recruiting  service  in  Canada,  intending  to 
receive  volunteers  from  the  United  States.     In  car- 
rying it  on,  the  British  Minister,  Mr.  Crampton, 
*  Mr      ^^^^  ^^^'^  of  the  British  Consuls  in  the  United  States, 
Crampton  violated  national  law ;  and  so  offended  the  American 
recalled  goY(3,-mTient,  that  the  recall  of  Mr.  Crampton  was 
requested  by  Secretary  Marcy,  and  peacefully  ob- 
tained by  Mr.  Buchanan, — then  resident  minister  in 
LoiHk)n, — And  here  we  record  a  remarkable  act  of 
British  magnanimity,  which  seems  to  show  the  im- 
proved  monvl   tone  of  the  world.     British  vessels 
having  attenii)ted  to  search  American,  Secretary 

11.  What  is  said  of  Gen.  Urquiza?  Relate  the  reception  at  As- 
Bumption.  The  result  of  the  neirotiation. — 12.  What  lias  been  the 
state  of  our  relation.s  with  G.  Britain]  What  is  said  of  the  Reei- 
procity  treaty?  Describe  the  atfair  in  which  Mr.  Crainptou  waa 
implicated. 


QUEEN    VICTORIA   VISITS   THE   KESOLUTE.  4:45 

Cass  made  complaint,  -writing  to  Mr.  Dallas,  then  P't.  iv. 
minister  at  London,  boldly  and  ably  on  the  subject,  pd.  v. 
Parliament  voluntarily  took  up  the  question,  and  ^^-  "^"■ 
frankly  abandoned,  what  they  acknowledged  had  1858. 
been  falsely  called — the  British  right  of  search.  the' 

13.  A  dispute  is   now  pending   concerning   the  S'?btof 
ownership  of  the  island  of  St.  Juan,  in  the  straits  of   aban- 
Fuca.   Gen.  Scott  was  sent  thither  by  Mr.  Buchanan,   *^°°®*^ 
Gen.  Harney  having,  it  was  feai'ed,  endangered  the  «  §50 
peace  of  the  country,  by  excluding  the  British  from    Sept  ' 
a  joint  occupation  of  the  island, — to  which,  though ^„f^** 
it  may  be  found  contrary  to  treaty  stipulations,  stJuan. 
they  had  been  accustomed.    Gen.  Scott  has  returned, 
having  restored  the  mutual  occupancy,  leaving  the 

right  to  the  island  to  be  decided  by  the  civil  powers. 

14.  Many  pleasing  maritime  incidents  have  occur- 
red, which  have  shown  that  the  tie  of  blood  and  lan- 
guage is  especially  felt  between  the  seamen  of  the 
two  countries, — and  the  governments  have  lost  no 
opportunity  to  foster  this  feeling  of  kindred.     An 
example  occurs  in  the  finding,  by  Americans,  of  the 
British  Arctic  discovery  ship  Resolute,  which  had     ^ea 
been  abandoned   by  the  crew — her  purchase   andTheRe»<>- 
fitting  up,  by  the  American  government — and  their  J* j|ngrl 
sending  her  to  Great  Britain  by  Lieut.  Hartstein, 

The  Queen,  to  whom  she  was  delivered,  came  on 
board  of  her ;  and  received  from  American  seamen 
the  homage  due  to  virtue,  still  more  than  to  rank. 
The  officers  received  on  shore  many  hospitable  at- 
tentions from  the  neighboring  nobility  and  gentry. 

12.  What  was  done  in  Parliament  concerning  the  right  of 
aeaich?-- '13.  Kelate  the  dispute  concerning  the  island  of  St. 
J'lan.  What  has  been  done  concermng  it! — 14.  Between  what 
cl  issies  is  the  ti«  of  blood  and  language  telt  I  Belate  the  exampl* 
g;  yen. 


446  TWO   NEW    STATES. 


CHAPTER  Vin. 

Temtoriss. — Rontcs  of  travel  in  the  Pacific. — Canses  of  the  Dim- 
in  iitioii  of  Foreign  Immigration. — Eiots. — Disasters  by  sea  and 
land. — Benefactions. — Mount  Vernon  Association. 

FT-  IV.      1 .  Ix  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  a  mistake 
P'D.  V.  was  made  in  describing  the  southern  boundary  of 
en.  VHL  ^Yie  ceded  territory, — in  consequence  of  the  incor- 
l§i§   ^^ctness  of  the  map  after  which  the  description  was 
Feb.  2.*  made.     From  this  arose  the  long  dispute  concerning 
Treaty  of  the  Mesilla  Valley,  and  the  subsequent  treaty  made 
Gaada-  j^  Mexico  by  the  American  envoy,  Mr.  Gadsden ; 
Hidalgo,  ^y  which  the  government  quieted  its  title  to  the 
valley,  and  obtained  another  small  territory  south 
1854.  of  the  river  Gila;  both  amounting  to  160,000  acres, 
Purchasl  ^^^  dearly  paid  for,  by  ten  millions  of  dollars.     The 
made,    territory  is  called  Arizona,  and  is  for  the  present  ap- 
pended to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Gold  mines  have  recently  been  discovered  at 
1§58  JP Ike's  jPeak,  on  the  Rocky  Mountains,  west  of  Kan- 
-^«     sas ;  and  a  considerable  population  has  thus  been 
found  at  attracted  thither.     Oregon  and  Minnesota  were  ad- 
^^^^    mitted  to  the  Union  as  States  in  May,  1858.     Wash- 
ington  was  made  a  territory  in  1853,     The  Union 
1S58.  now, — 1860, — numbers  thirty-three  States,  and  five 
May.    incorj'Orated  territories,  exclusive  of  the  District  of 
and  Min-  Columbia. . . .  One  of  the  most  prominent  objects  of 
admitted  ^^  present  decade  has  been  the  establishment  of 
as  States,  routes  of  travel,  to  connect  together  the  eastern  and 
western  parts  of  the  republic.     The  Gadsdgn  Pur- 
p.'Hfic^'^ii  chase  was  made,  because  it  afforded  an  eligible  route 
K.  t(i  pass  for  a  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to  begin  in  Texas 
the  GUa   and  ])ass  south  of  the  Gila.     Another,  and  more 
route,     northern  route  is  needed;  and  several  have  been 
surve}  ed  by  order  of  Congi-ess. 

Chatter  VIII. |^—1.  What  caused  the  dispute  concerning  tlia 
Mesilhi  Valley  %  Wliat  new  treaty  was  made,  and  what  wim  gained 
and  wl;at  iriven  ?— 2.  Wliat  is  said  of  Pike'.'*  K-ak  ?  What  two  States 
were  aci'nHted  ?  Wliat  Territory  e.'^tablished  ?  How  many  States  and 
Territories  in  18G0?   What  is  here  said  of  railroads  to  the  PacLSel 


THE    ISTHMUS    RAILROAD.  447 

8.  Tlie  important  step,  in  tlie  world's  commercial  ft.  iv. 
progress,  of  cai-rying  a  railroad  across  the  Istlimus  of  fd.  v. 
Darien,  was  accomplished  in  1854, — b}'  a  company  «».  vul 
of  New  York  merchants,  of  whom  Mr.  Aspinwall  ,q<-o 
was  chief;  the  right  of  way  having  previously  been  jan.  2a.' 
secured  by  the  government,  in  a  treaty  with  New."^*?^^"' 

■'  ~  '  *  train  over 

Grenada,     On  the  22d  of  January,   1858,  the  road  the  isth- 
was  opened  from  Aspinwall  to  Panama;  and  the ^"^^^^^^^^^ 
rude  inhabitants  of  the  Isthmus  forests,  saw  for  the  «  Pana- 
first  time  the  fire  and  steam  of  the  wonderful  self-     ™^^ 
moving  engine,  with  its  train  of  travelling  and  mer- 
cantile apartments. , . ,  An  overland  mail-route  has 
been  established,  by  which  regular  weekly  commu- 
nication is  kept   up   between   St.   Louis   and   San 
Fi'ancisco.     The  telegraph  wir^s  to  accompany  it 
are  already  laid  along  a  considerable  part  of  the 
way.  .  , .  Foreign   imraigi-ation    has  greatly  dimin- 
ished.    In  Ireland  the  condition  of  the  laborer  is  (in  isso, 
improved ;  and,   no   doubt,  America  lias  been   re-  ^50,000 
poited  in  Europe,  in   consequence  of  the   Kansas  grams ;  m 
civil  war,  and  other  disorders,  as  having  fallen  into  1^**^^) 
anarchy,  and  no  longer  a  desirable  country  to  reside 
in.     As  about  three-quarters  of  all  the  crimes  com- 
mitted in  the  country  have  been  by  foreigners,  we 
hope   our  state-prisons  may  hereatter  have   fewer 
inmates. 

4,  Disorders  tending  to  anarchy. — In  Sept. 
1858,  the  Quarantine  buildings^  on  Staten  Island,  185§. 
were  burnt  in  the  night;  the  sick  were  carried  out,^^''^Jj'^*** 
laid  on  the  grass,  and  otherwise  exposed.  Gov.  Quurrm- 
KiNG  of  New  York,  proclaimed  the  transaction  to  ^"'^,|ll^'"*" 
be  a  lawless  outrage ;  and  called  out  the  militia  to  destroyed. 
guard  the  remaining  property.     The  citizens  who 

3.  What  was  done  in  1S54?  By  whom?  How  was  the  rii,'ht  oi 
way  obtained?  Wliat  is  said  of  the  opening  of  this  railn>ad  ? 
y\  hat  coinniunication  was  in  1860  established!  Wl>-it  is  said  of 
fi 'reign  inunij^ratiou?  What  reasons  are  ji^ivcu  wli\  Tewt-r  people 
conie  over  from  Ireland,  and  from  the  rest  of  Europe  I  What 
l^'ioportion  of  the  crimes  committed  in  the  D.  S.  have  beep  by 
tdVcifj^ners  ?  What  then  m^v  he  honpri  and  exnecred  if  fewer 
foreigners  come  to  our  country  ?^4.  Which  la  tlie  first  meutioued 
of  tlie  disorders  tending  to  anarchy? 


448  LAWLESS    PKOCEKinNGS. 

P'T.  IV.  committed  this  act  had  long  remonstrated  against 

~pr>.  V.  the    location    of  the   Quar;uitine   buildings,   as   en- 

OH.  VIII.  dangering   the  health   of  their   families.     Expense 

accrued,  which  the  State,  it  is  supposed,  will  collect 

of  the  county.  . .  In  1854,  men  and  women,  at  Erie, — 

Di^*^^-  ^t  Harbor  Creek,  and  other  places  on  the  Erie  rail- 

M  rfoLs  on  road,  made  a  series  of  attacks   upon   the  trains, — 

E.  K.'*  tearing  up  the  rails   and  destroying  the  bridges. 

They    were  dissatisfied  with  an   arrangement,   by 

which  the  passengers  were  not  obliged  to  stop  on 

their  part  of  the  road, 

5.  "  Vigilance  Committees"  in  St.  Francisco  have 
taken  several  prisoners  from  the  hands  of  the  law 
1§56.  and  hung  them.    These  committees  were  too  strong, 
(Vijuance  ^nd  had  too  much  cause  for  their  measures,  to  be 
Ooniniit-  pn^  down  Or  punished,  although  the  governor  resist- 
Francisco  cd  their  action,  and  appealed  to  the  President  of 
^"inenT"  ^^^   United   States   for  aid.     This   shows   the   im- 
portance, if  we  would  avoid  anarchy,  to  maintain 
an  independent  and  able  judiciary. . . .  Baltimore,  the 
capital  of  Maryland,  was  infested,  till  recently,*  with 
organized    bands,   committing  occasional   murders, 
1 S60   ^       unlawfully  interfering  to  control  elections  by 
*  New*  force  and  fraud.     A  set  of  these  ruffians,   calling 
'uii'tumr  themselves  "  Plug  Uglies,"  went  to  Washington  on 
lour     the   1st  of  June,    1857,   to    control,    by   force,    an 
^col"lX^  election   tliere.     They   overpowered   the   police, — 
Dies  guard  whcu,   at  the  Fcqucst  of  tlic  mayor,   the  marines 
"^  *^'  ^'  were  ordered  out.     Five  of  the  invaders  were  killed 
1S57.  ^^^  seventeen  wounded,  before  they  could  be  quelled. 
'Plus-   In  New  York,  in  Louisville,  and  in  other  places, 
fvash-'"  there  have  been   occasional  riots ; — but  when  we 
6  kfi'iedlT  ^^"^  *^^'^^  ^^"^  broad  country,  and  behold  its  num- 
woaiid'ed.  bers  of  happy  families,  and  reflect  that  nowhere  else 
has  mankind    ever  enjoyed   so  much    liberty   and 
prosperity,  with  so  great  a  degree  of  security,  we 

4.  What  that  happened  in  1854:? — 5.  What  lawless  proceedinga 
occurred  in  San  1  rancisco  ?  Why  were  they  not  put  down  and 
punished^  What  is  thus  shown?  What  is  .«aid"of  the  city  ot 
of  Baltimore  ?  What  happened  on  the  1st  of  June,  1857  ?  Have 
there  been  riots  in  other  places  ?  But  what,  on  the  whole,  may 
be  said  of  the  state  of  the  country  t 


AOCTDENTS    AND   DISASTEE8.  44& 

are  led  to  bless  our  Almighty  Preserver  that  so  ft.  iv. 
great  a  degree  of  peace  and  safety  has  been  enjoyed,  fd.  v. 
6.  Accidents  ajhd  Deaths, — It  is  computed  that  '^^  "^™- 
the  deaths  by  railroad  accidents,  during  the  year 
1859,  were  1,000.     Of  those  which  occurred  during 
the  last  ten  years,  the  most  fatal,  and — in  regard  to  f  g^^, 
the  timeless  fate  of  several  children  of  a  Sunday-   JniyT. 
scliool    excursion — the   most   aifecting,  occurred  a  ioS,n*ear 
shoit  distance  out  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  N.  Pennsyl-  Pi'i'adei- 
vania  Railroad.    Sixty  were  killed  and  seventy-eight  60,  w.  ri 
wounded.     Accidents  at  sea  have  been  still  more 
fatal.      The   steamer    San   Francisco   sailed    from  l**^** 
New  York  with  700  on  board,  a  part  of  whom  were  L,4"of tiie 
United  States  soldiers.     She  foundered  at  sea,  and  J^^/''*^- 
240  were  lost.    The  ship  Powhatan^  from  Havre  to  perished. 
New  York,  having  on  board  311  emigrants,  went 
ashore  in  a  gale,  on  the  coast  of  Long  Island,  and  -n,e"pow. 
every  soul  perished.    The  "  Collins"  line  of  American  g^^f*"- , 
steamers,  plying  between  New  York  and  Liverpool, 
were  celebrated  throughout  the  world  for  the  ele- 
gance,— even    to    supei"fluity, — with    which    these 
"  Heating  palaces"  were  finished  and  furnished.    One 
of  them,  the  Arctic^  Capt.  Luce,  on  her  way  to  New  sept.  27. 
York, — when  near  Cape  Race,  came  in  collision  (the  "[^^  ^22' 
fog  being  dense)   with  the  French  screw-steamer  perished. 
Vesta.     The  bows  of  the  Arctic  stove  in,  and  she 
went  down  with  322  of  her  crew  and  passengers. 
The  Pacific^  another  of  these  splendid  steamers,  left  **^„^' 
Liverpool  with  400  persons,  and  was  never  heard  01   Pacific 
more.     The  Central  America,  Caft.  Herndex,  on  pg^^^j^^,^ 
her  way  from  Aspinwall  to  New  York,  with  579     400- 
persons  on  board,  was  destroyed  by  a  terrific  storm. 
After  a  part  of  her  passengers  had  been  washed  *fpf  ^* 
overboaid,  a  small  American  brig,  the  Marine,  ap-  TheCon- 
peai-ed.     The  gallant  Hernden,  with  great  exertion,  "a.  ^-p^j. 
sent  aboard  her  all  she  could  take, — preferring  the  "s^ed,  425 

6.  How  many  lives  were  lost  in  the  year  1859  from  accidents  on 
raihoads?  Which  hai^  been  the  most  fatal  of  these  accidents 
duriuir  tlie  last  decade?  Give  an  account  of  the  San  Francisco. 
Tiie  Powhatan.  What  account  can  vou  give  of  tlie  Collins' 
Btciuners?     Of  the  Arctic?    The  Pacific?    The  Central  America  I 


450  TirE  ruKoiiASE  of  Washington's  home. 

FT.  lY.  women  arid  children, — and  himself  went  down  with 
p'D.  V.  the  remainder  of  his  passengers,  in  the  wreck  of  hia 

CH.  IX.        Q's^yi^    Sllip. 

7.  This  country  continues  to  be  distinguished  for 

the  benefactions  of  wealthy  individuals,  to  public 

objects.     George  Peabody,  the   enterprising  and 

Ft'b.  *  wealthy  American    banker  of  London,   has   given 

Mr.  Pea-  lialf  a  million  of  dollars  to  the  city  of  Baltimore,  to 

to  25     lound  and  endow  a  literary  and  scientinc  mstitution 

foMiftfu-  <^^"  a  l^igh   order The  "  Mount  Vernon  Associ- 

111. >iv,    ation,"    a    Society  of  American   women,  of  which 

siibse- '  PaiMela   Cunningham,    of  Georgia,   is   the   head, 

r'uuutio'  ^^^^  purchased   the    estate    of  Mount  Vernon,  the 

'  home  of  Washington.     This  Society,  beginning  at 

the  South,  has  found  a  warm  co-operation  at  the 

North, — not  from  the  women  only,  but  from,  at  least, 

one  honored  man :  Edwaud  Evekett,  by  his  lec- 

IQ'5S   t'^ires  and  writings,  made  for  this  express  purpose. 

Mount*  has  raised  the  sum  of  sixty-nine  thousand  dollars, — 

bmteht  of  which  he  has  given  to  aid  in  paying  the  two  hundred 

J.  Wash-  thousand,  for  which  the  estate  has  been  purchased 

ington.   ^£  John  Washington,  the  proprietor. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Harper's  Ferry. 

1.  On  Sunday  night,  the  16th  of  October,  1859, 

IS59.  the  inhabitants  of  the  village  of  Harper's  Ferry  were 

Oct.  iG.  alarmed,   by  learninsr  that  their  brid2:e   over  the 

Harper's  Potouiac  was  in  the  possession  of  armed  men,  wdio 

Ferry,    jjg^^j  stoppcd  the  train  of  cars  coming  in  from  the 

west, — but,  after  a  parley,  had  permitted  them  to 

7.  For  what  does  America  continue  to  be  distinguished  ? 
Wlio  is  George  Peubody  ?  What  act  of  liberality  is  mentioned  ? 
What  society  is  liere  mentioned  ?  Wliat  lady  is  at  its  head  i  Wli:it 
nas  this  society  done  i  What  has  Edward  Everett  done  to  aid 
this  patriotic  object  i 

Chapter  IX. — 1.  As  what  happened  at  Harper's  Ferry  it*  an 
important  event,  give  the  day  and  date.  What  happened  at 
Harper's  Ferry  that  Sunday  night? 


ALARM    AT   HARPEk's   FERRY.  451 

go  on,  giving  them  notice,  that  no  more  trains  from  ft.  it. 
either  direction  would  be  allowed  to  pass.     A  negro,  pd.  v. 
one  of  the  employees  of  the  train,  who,  on  the   *^  ^ 
bridge,  had  left  it  to  reconnoitre,  was  shot;  as  also  a  jo«q 
negro  porter  in  the  town,  who  refused  to  yield  him- 
self to  their  direction.     The  people  soon  found  that 
their  unknown  foes  had  possession  of  the  arsenal, 
and  held — there  imprisoned — some  Of  its  officers, 
whom  they  had  surprised  and  taken ;  as  also  some 
of  the  neighboring  planters,  among  whom  was  Col. 
Lewis  Washington.     Horses,  carriages,  and  wagons 
M^ere  seized — the  wagons  to  carry  arms.     All  the 
negroes  who  could  anywhere  be  found  wei'e  pressed 
into  their  service. 

2.  The  inhabitants,  made  prisoners  in  their  own 
houses,  were  excited  to  the  highest  pitch.  Whence 
these  murderous  iiivaders — what  their  object,  or 
their  numbers,  none  knew.  But  from  their  bold 
and  successful  measui'es,  they  judged  there  must  be 
several  hundreds — the  report  of  their  numbers  as 
sent  forth,  varying  from  two  hundred  to  seven. 
But  relief  was  approaching.  Although  the  insur- 
gents had  cut  the  adjacent  telegraph  wires,  the  peo- 
ple had  found  means  to  send  out  to  the  neighbor- 
hood, where  they  were  sound, — and  the  governor 
of  Virginia,  at  Richmond,  was  notified.  The  west- 
ern train  having  gone  on  to  Baltimore,  had  tele- 
graphed in  advance. 

3.  At  one  o'clock  on  Monday  morning,  Mr.  Ger-  oct.  it. 
RiTT,  the  able  director  of  tlie  raili-oad,  telegraphed  ?^""^*^ 
to  the  Secretary  of  War,  at  Washington,  and  the     a.  m.. 
President  of  the  United  States  himself  replied,  that  ^gj|^^;^-j,j 
orders  had  gone  on  to   Old    Point   Comfort,   and  {nun  Uai- 
several  companies  from  there  would  soon  be  on  the 

way.   The  Baltimore  volunteers,  under  Gex.  Stuart, 

1.  What  were  the  two  first  murder.-?  cominitt''*d  ?  What  <lid  the 
peiiple  Icani  conecrniiiir  tlie  arsenal  and  those  imprisoned  in  it? 
— 2.  What  was  the  eondition  and  what  were  the  feelinirs  of  the 
pe.ipli;  ot'  Ilarjier's  Ferry?  Wliut  cireaiiistances  indicated  ap- 
proc;cl>iuor  rtdief' — 3.  How  early  on  Monday  morninijr  was  \lr. 
Gf.rritt  (haviiitr  been  telc^^craphed)  enabled  "to  tele?|rapk  to  tiie 
governmeut  at  Wushingtou?     How  was  he  answered  J 


452  bkown's  object  and  fokce. 

rr.  lY.  were  ready  for  the  train  which  left  that  city  in  thb 
P'D.  V.  afternoon ;  and  they  found  at  the  Relay  House, 
OH.  IX.    -where  the  Washington  train  met  them,  a  company 

-jg__  of  marines,  sent  forward  by  the  Secretary  of  War  ; 
*  — and  the  two  proceeded  together.  Col.  Lee  was 
soon  to  follow,  charged  with  the  chief  command. 
In  the  meantime,  by  the  governor's  orders,  the 
militia  throughout  the  State  were  rising.  Those  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Harper's  Ferry  were  first  at 
the  scene  of  action.     From  more  distant  parts,  as 

t(8che-  the  alarm  spread,  aid  was  offered.t     Gen.  Wool, 

"^'^'i^j^^'*  chief  commander  of  the  U.  S.  army,  in  the  absence 
offered'  of  Gen.  Scott,  was  on  his  way  from  Troy,  when  tele- ' 

^^Jg^^*)"' graphed  that  his  services  would  not  be  needed. 

4,  On  Monday  evening,  the  neighboring  militia 
took  the  bridge.  The  insurgents  fought  desperately 
to  defend  it,  but  were  defeated.  Nine  on  both  sides 
were  killed,  and  two  prisoners  of  the  rioters  were 
taken.  The  militia  then  entered  the  town,  relieved 
the  inhabitants  from  their  fears,  and  were  there  to 
receive  the  marines  and  Baltimore  volunteers,  who 
arrived  about  midnight.  The  Martinsburgh  militia 
had,  in  the  mean  time,  stormed  the  workshop  of  the 
arsenal,  and  set  free  the  workmen ;  who,  as  they 
came,  on  Monday  morning,  to  their  daily  labor,  had 
been  seized  and  there  confined.  It  was  now  known, 
by  the  prisoners  taken,  that  the  leader  of  this  as- 
tounding invasion  was  John  Brown,  the  hero  of 
Ossawatomie.  It  was  proved,  too,  that  his  object 
was  to  raise  the  negroes,  and  set  tliem  against  the 
masters;— that  his  present  party  was  small,  number- 
ing only  seventeen  white  men,  and  five  negroes  ; 
but  he  had  arms,  including  those  in  the  arsenal, 
sufficient  for  arming  thousands  more ;  and  it  seemed 
obvious,  that  he  must  be  expecting  aid,  or  he  would 

3.  What  of  the  Baltimore  volunteers?  Of  the  marines  from 
Washington?  Whn  was  to  have  the  chief  command?  Whc  were 
first  at  the  scene  of  action  ?  As  the  alarm  spread,  what  was  done  f 
— 4.  Eelate  the  events  mentioned  in  the  first  part  of  parag-raph 
4th.  What  was  known  by  the  prisoners  taken?  Wiiac  was 
learned  of  John  Brown's  ohject? — of  his  force? — of  his  means  tc 
arm  the  negroes,  suppose  they  had  rison? 


A    DAEING    INVASION    QUKLLIJJ.  453 

not  have  ventured  on  a  measure  so  bold  and  daring,  ft.  it. 
Not  a  negro  was  found  Avilling  to  join  him.  fd.  v 

5.  Brown  had  now  retreated  to  the  engine-house,   ^^-  '^ 
the  strongest  building  of  the  arsenal,   and  there,  j^^^q 
with  his  prisonei's  and  the  remains  of  his  party,  he 
stood  hke  a  stag  at  bay.     At  seven  o'clock  on  Tues- 
day morning,  Col.  Lee  sent  him  a  summons  to  sur-  oct.  is. 
render ;  but  he  demanded  such  terms  as  could  not  Tuesday. 
be  granted.     The  soldiers  had  brought  artilleiy  ;  but 

to  cannonade  the  building  would  be  to  endanger  the 
hves  of  Col.  Washington  and  other  of  their  friends. 
The  hundreds  of  troops  who  had  arrived  were 
stationed  around,  so  that  no  prisoner  should  escape, 
and  none  be  maltreated  by  the  infiiriated  crowd. 

The  marines  were  then  ordered  to  the  attack, — 
Capt.  liussel  leading  them  on.     They  rushed  to  the 
large   double  doors  of  the   engine-house,  striking    gine- 
them  with  huge  sledge-hammers, — but  they  resisted  Jj"'^^^ 
the  blows.     Then  twenty  men  brouglit  a  heavy  lad-   by  the 
der,  which,  after  raising,  they  let  fall  against  the  ™"'°^ 
door.     At  the  second  stroke  a  part  of  it  fell.     The 
marines  rushed  through  the  breach.     A  brisk  firing, 
— a  momentary  death-scuffle, — and  the  strife  was 
ended.  John  Brown,  bleeding  from  nine  wounds,  was 
brought  forth  and  laid  upon  the  grass,  with  live  of 
his  tbllowers  beside  him, — two  of  whom  were  his 
sons.     One  was  dying,  the  other  had  been  killed  the 
day  before. 

6.  These,  with  two  prisoners  taken,  and  a  party 

of  three,+  who  had  escaped  to  Pennsylvania,  were  all  (t  of  this 
which  now  remained  of  a  terrific  foe,  whose  invasion  ^^■o^k''/\'i,j 
had  brought  and  was  bringing   together,   a  force  iii?i»:st  in 
more  than  sufficient  to  have  crushed  them,  had  each    '^■^nieT 
of  its  twenty-two  mea  been  a  thousand.  ^""'"J"' 

The  planters  kept  by  Brown  as  hostages  were  leader.) 

4.  Bid  the  negroes  show  any  favor  to  John  Brown  or  his 
project? — 5.  Where  was  John  Brown  early  on  Tuesday  morning, 
the  18th?  What  summons  did  he  receive,  and  wiiat  answer  re- 
Uirn  J  What  hindered  t)\e  cannouadnig  of  the  Engine  Hou.se? 
IldW  were  the  troops  stationed  S  Give  an  account  of  the  onset, 
und  its  result. — 6.  What  now  remained  of  Brown's  party  of  22? 
What  la  said  of  the  force  which  tlie  alarm  had  raised  against  th«m? 


454  AN    TMAOTNAUY    KMPTRT5. 

PT.  IV.  nnhnrt.     Col.  Washington  was  not  more  rejoiced 

P'D.  V.  at  recovering  his  personal  liberty,  than  in  the  resto- 

CH.  IX.    ration  of  two  precious  relics,+  which  attested  his  con- 

-~__   nection  with  tlie  Father  of  our  country;  one  was  a 

(t  Taken  ciirious  antique  sword,  presented  to  him  by  Frederic 

amuh''  the  Great  of  Prussia;  and  the  other,  a  pair  of  ])istols, 

party  who  f)resented  by  La  Fayette.     The  wounds  of  Brown, 

Co'"w.j  though    supposed    mortal,  being   carefully  tended, 

healed  by  degrees. 

7.  Gov.  Wise  arrived   in  season   to   secure   the 
Theffov.  prisoners  for  trial.     The  militarv  then  proceeded  to 

of  Va  .  -I 

arrives,  scarcli  the  neighborlioo<l  for  concealed  arms  and 
papers.  Brown  had  hired  a  farm  in  the  vicinity, 
six  months  before;  and,  under  the  assumed  name 
of  Smith,  he  had  caused  to  be  brought  thither,  as 
miners'  tools,  200  ritios,  200  revolvers,  and  1000 
pikes.  On  the  pi'emises,  besides  these  arms,  were 
found    important    papers, — by    which    it    appeared, 

Brown's  that  Brown  was  actinof  as  commander-in-chief  of  a 

provision-  ...  '^  ,■       i  •    i      i       i 

ai  eov-    '"  provisional  government,"  the  plan  ot  winch   had 
eminent,  j^ggj-^  concocted,  not  in  any  American  State,  but  in 
that  part  of  the  British   ))rovince   of  Canada  in- 
habited by  runaway  negroes,  going  thither  by  the 
so-called  "  underground  railroad." 

8.  For  the  nation  or  state,  which  was  to  be  thus 
provisionally  governed,  there  was  found  a  printed 

ex^°e^t"d  constitution,  made  at  Chatham,  the  negro  ca{)ital. 
•mpire,  as  Where   the   country  lay,   which   was  to  form  the 

fin ( )  w  n  */  J  ' 

from  his  grouud-plot  of  this  new  empire,  is  not  expressly 
'^"tion''*'  st^^sd  in  the  constitution ;  but  it  speaks  of  a  "  con- 
quered territory" — of  an  "  enemy"  from  whom  great 
spoils  were  to  be  taken — the  property,  which  had 
been  earned  by  the  members  of  the  organization, 
but  soon  to  be  wrested  from  those  who  wrongfully 
held  it.  These  circumstances  point  unmistakably  to 
Brown's  expectations  of  overcoming  the  territory  of 

6.  What  is  here  said  of  Col.  Washington  ?  What  of  Brown  ? 
— 7.  What  is  said  of  the  arrival  of  the  governor  of  Virginia? 
Where  had  Brown  concealed  arms?  IIow  many  and  wliat  i  What 
besides  arms  were  found  by  the  military?  lii"  wliat  capacity  wad 
John  Brown  acting  ? — 8.  Where  did  he  expect  to  make  liis  new 
empire  \ 


TRIAL    OF   JOUN    liROWN.  455 

the  slaveholders,  and  there  setting  up  his  empire  of  .      /V. 
freed  slaves.  "p-i 

9.  Brown,  after  he  was  taken,  said  he  only  meant   ^^  '■-' 
to  set  the  slaves  at  liberty;  it  was  not  his  wish  or  -e-^ 
intention    to   kill   the  owners.     In   what   sense   he  *^*^' 
meant  this,  is  thus  explained  in  the  thirty-second  in  what 
article  of  his  constitution.     "  No  person,  after  having  s'^se jt 
surrendei-ed  himself  or  herself  a  prisoner,  and  who  ^Tiia't"^ 
shall  properly  demean  himself  or  herself  as  such,  to   f:^^'Z"t 
any  officer  or  private  connected  with  this  organiza-  intend  to 
tion"  (probably  meaning  tlieir  own  slaves  then  to     ^''^ 
become  their  masters),  "  no  such  person  afterwards 

shall  be  put  to  death,"  &c. . . ,     Valuable  lives  had 
been  lost  among  the  inhabitants  of  Harper's  Ferry, 
especially  that  of  Mr,  Turner.     All  was  yet  indig- 
nation and  excitement,  when  these  disclosures  added 
fuel  to  the  fire.     The  measures  of  Gov.  Wise  were 
such  as  might  have  been  expected.     He  called  on     -nje 
Vii-ginia  to  arm  and  defend  herself;  he  called  on  mpasnres 
the  President  of  the  United  States  to  defend  her  ;   °wis&' 
and   he  collected   troops  to  guard   the   prison   at 
Charlestown,  to  prevent  a  rescue,  which  he  feared 
would  be  attempted. 

10.  At  that   place,  in  November,  John  Brown 
was  tried,  convicted  of  murder  and  treason, — and 
condemned  to  be  executed  on  the  2d  of  December,  rj-^",^^. 
Five  thousand  soldiers,  on  that  day,  surrounded  the    -Xohn 
gallows,  forming  two  squares;  between  the  inner  q''J,°^' 
and  outer  of  which,  were  thousands  of  spectators ;    town. 
who  could  see  the  brave  old  criminal  mount  to  the   ^ 
Bcalfold  with  unflinching  steps, — but  were  too  distant  Executi^on 
to  hear  his  last  words.     This  was  the  only  circum-  "^  Brown, 
stance  in  his  treatment  of  which  he  complained.     He 

had  played  a  deep  game.  If  he  had  succeeded  he 
would  now  have  been  at  the  head  of  an  empire.  He 
had  lost  the  game, — and  with  the  fortitude  worthy  of 

9.  Brown  said  he  did  not  mean  to  kill  the  masters,  but  only  to 
free  the  slaves  :  how  do  we  learn  what  he  meant  by  this  ?  What 
wiis  the  state  of  feelino^  among  the  people  of  Harper's  Ferry? 
VVliat  can  you  say  of  the  measures  of  Gov.  Wise  ? — 10.  When  and 
where  was 'John  Brown's  trial  ?  Of  what  was  he  convicted  S  When 
executed  ?    Kelate  the-circmmstances. 


456  GRANDEUR    OF    POSITION. 

P'T.  IV.  a  martyr,  he  paid  the  forfeit.     Of  the  remainder  of 
PD.  V.  Brown's  party,  two   white  men  and  two  negroes 

CH.  IX.  ^gi-e  executed,  at  the  same  place,  a  fortnight  later. 
1S59.  ir.  There  is  yet  an  unsolved  mystery  in  this  trans- 
"^Cook^'  action,  which  we  hope  the  committee  of  investigation 
Coppic,  appointed  by  the  U.  S.  Senate,  of  which  Senator 
anTGre'en  Mason,  of  Virginia,  is  at  the  head,  will  bring  to 
hung  at  jigiit.     It  is  not  Only  to  be  shown  whence  came  the 

town,    considerable  sums  of  money,  but  whence  came  the 

able  combinations  of  mind,  by  which  a  man  so  defi- 

Mine"he  ci^^^  i'^  comprehensiveness  of  intellect,  as  to  believe 

money  ?  in  the  possiblc  ultimate  success  of  such  a  mad  scheme, 

thede^  took  such  judicious  measures,  as  to  effect  so  much. 

caicuia-  g^it  ijy  whoever  this  "  infernal  machine"  of  Harper's 

rons?  and  _,  •'  .  it  i  i  at 

for  what?  r  QYVj  was  dcviscd,  we  believe  that  the  same  Al- 

{♦1860.  mighty  Power,  who  overruled  the  oppressions  of 

July,    jjjjjjj — gj.g^^  ^Q  ^^g  settlement,  then  to  the  independ- 

T.hlSC0m-  „     ,    .    .  •^^  1       •  -r-  1 

miiteo    enee  oi  this  country — will  overrule  its  terrmc  explo- 

reported.  siou  for  the  good  of  the  nation.     We  believe  that  it 

They  have  -will  form  the  crisis  of  that  fearful  slavery  agitation 

theaiT  which  has  so  long  threatened  the  destruction  of 

Brown    -yy^jjat  is,  to  the  patriot's  heart,  nearest  to  his  God — 

must  have     .  '  .^t;  '  . 

received,  his  country.  Without  the  preservation  oi  the  union, 
manTr  ^^c  American  has  no  country;  with  it,  the  noblest 
»™t°i!i!  %  ^^®  ^^^°  shines  on.  Though  the  sea  heaves  from  the 
"""""  recent  storm,  and  the  waves  run  highest  after  it  is 
over,  yet  it  "  rocks  itself  to  rest." 

12.  America,  now  a  continent  in  extent,  an  island 
in  security,  has,  by  successive  acquisitions,  reached 
a  geographical  and  commercial  position,  superior 
to  that  of  any  other  nation,  ancient  or  modern.  And 
this  grandeur  of  position  having  been  attained  at 
the  very  time  in  the  world's  progress,  when  intelli- 

11.  What  committee  was  appointed  by  the  Senate?  What  tw« 
things  in  the  John  Brown  raid  seem  mysterious  ?  In  what  re 
spects  has  the  Almighty  heretefore  overruled  the  events  of  Amer 
ican  history  to  the  good  of  this  nation  ?  In  what  present  even* 
do  we  hope  for  the  same  Divine  protection  ?  What  does  thi 
author  say  concerning  the  fearful  slavery  agitation?  What  differ 
ence  does  it  make  to  an  American  whether  the  Union  is  pre- 
Berved,  or  whether  it  is  not?— 12.  What  is  said  of  the  geographi 
cal  and  commercial  position  of  the  Republic  of  America? 


▲merios.) 


CONCLUSION.  467 

gence  travels  by  lightning,  and  men  by  steam,  vast-  P'T.  iv. 
ness  of  extent  no  longer  offers  an  impediment  to  a'po.  vT" 
union  of  States,  under  one  general  government ; —   ^^-  ^^ 
and  such  is  here  established,  by  a  constitution  which 
embodies  in  its  theory  the  perfection  of  political 
wisdom.     By  it  the  American  people,  unlike  those  Europo. 
of  Europe,  whenever  they  see  that  corruption  and  »"*  s>^^'fe 
party  tyranny  have  enthralled  them,  can  rise  in  their  by  revoiu- 
might,  and,  without  revolution,  gain  all  that  they  "^.'^r*!!.'^ 
have  lost,  and  return  to  the  first  principles  taught   Amori- 
them  by  their  fathers.     Their  nationality  will  never  ^.he".aii^ 
be  lost  by  disunion,  while  Washington,  in  the  majesty     ^^^ 
of  his  peerless  fame,  yet  lives  in  their  hearts.     It 
augurs  well  for  the  fortunes  of  the  Republic,  that 
though  her  sons  are  too  often  disobedient  to  the 
injunctions  of  his  "  Farewell  Address,"  yet,  not  one 
has  yet  been  found,  disloyal  to  his  memory.     His 
birth-day  is  our  national  festival, — and  his  mansion 
is  made,  by  the  united  daughters  of  the  nation,  a 
common  home  for  the    children  of  the  Father  of 
our  great  country — the  undissevered  Republic  of 
America. 

12.  And  what  is  remarkable  concerning  the  time  when  this 
grandeur  of  position  was  attained?  What  is  its  bearing  on  the 
question  of  a  union  under  one  government  of  States  so  far  sepa- 
rated? What  is  said  of  the  theory  of  the  American  constitution? 
In  what  respect  is  the  condition  of  the  American  people  difterent 
from  those  of  Europe  ?  What  is  said  of  our  nationality  in  its  oonr 
nection  witji  Waslmigton? 

20 


THS 

CONSTITUTION 

OF   THE 

UNITED   STATES   OF  AMERICA. 

Framed  during  the  year  1787,  iy  a  convention  of  delegate*^ 
who  met  at  Philadelphia,  from  the  States  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,   Connecticut^  New  York,  Neto  Jer 
fey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia^  North 
Carolina^  South  Carolina^  Georgia. 


"We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  forin  a 
more  perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tran- 
quillity, provide  for  the  conitnon  defence,  promote  the 
fre«mbie.  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  our- 
selves and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Con- 
stitution for  the  United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE  I. 

-    .  ^^^.^       Sect.  I. — All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be 
powen     vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  con- 
sist of  a  senate  and  a  house  of  representatives. 

Sect.  II. — 1.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  be  com- 
posed of  members,  chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people 
lu  source,  of  the  Several  states,  and  the  electors  in  each  state  shall 
have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most 
numerous  branch  of  tlie  state  legislature. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative,  who  sliall  not  have 
KiiKibiiity  attained  to  tlie  age  of  tweuty-tive  years,  and  been  seven 
••"nmrvea.  y^ars  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not, 

when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  in  which  he 
shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned 
Manner    ^'nong  the  several  states  which  may  be  included  within 

»nd  ratio   thls  UnioH,  accordiug  to  their  respective  numbers,  which 

iii"m"and  shiiU  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free 

taiHiio...   persons,  including  those  l)ound  to  servitude  for  a  term  of 

years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  ihree-fiftlis  of  all 

other   persons.     The   actual   enumeration   shall   bo  made 


CONSTITUTION.  450 

within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  congress 
of  the  United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  terra  of 
ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law  direct. 
The  number  of  representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for 
every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  state  shall  have  at  least 
one  representative:  and,  until  such  enumeration  shall  be 
made,  the  state  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to 
choose  three,  Massachusetts  eight,  Rhode  Island  and  Prov- 
idence Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five,  New  York  six, 
New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one,  Mary- 
land six,  Virginia  ten.  North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina 
five,  and  Georgia  three. 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  yacande* 
any  state,  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs 

of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

5.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  choose  their  speaker,  speaker, 
and  other  ofiicers;  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  im-  ^"^ntg''' 
peachraent. 

Sect.  III. — 1.  The  senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
composed  of  two  senators  from  each  state,  chosen  by  the  f^o'f.'om 
legislature  thereof,  for  six  years:  and  each  senator  shall e^cu sww. 
have  one  vote. 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally 
as  may  be  into  three  classes.     The  seats  of  the  senators  of 

the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  Armnye- 
second  year;  of  the  second  class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  ™hoi/eof 
fourth  year;  and  of  the  third  class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  one-third 

11  1  .     1  11  1    every  se«- 

Bixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every  second  ondj-ear 
year ;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or  otherwise, 
during  the  recess  of  the  legislature  of  any  state,  the 
executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appointments,  until 
the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature,  which  shall  then  fill 
such  vacancies. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  tliirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  ~.^. ... 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,   when  io'^ci? 
elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  for  which  he  shall 

be  chosen. 

4.  The  vice-president  of  the  United  States  shall  be  presi-  p^^ij, 
dent  of  the  senate,  hut  shall  have  no  vote,  unless  tliey  be    officer, 
equally  divided. 

5.  The  senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also 
president  pro  tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  vice-president, 
or  wlien  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  president  of  the 
United  States. 


460  CONSTITUTION. 

6.  The  senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  ira- 
Powerof  peachments.     When  sittinsj  for  that  purpose,  thej'  sliall  be 

trial  in    on  oatli,  Or  affirmation.     When  the  president  of  the  United 
BMitrond  States  is  tried,  the  chief-justice  shall  preside:  and  no  person 
shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirda 
of  the  members  present. 

7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend 
further  than  to  removal  from  office,  and  disqualitication  to 

penalty.  ^^^^^  ^^d  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit  under 
the  United  States;  but  the  party  convicted  sliall,  neverthe- 
less, be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment, 
and  punisliment,  according  to  law. 

Sect.  IV. — 1.  The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding 

.       ^    elections  for  senators  and  representatives,  shall  be  prescribed 

■  in  each  state  by  the  legislature  thereof;  but  the  congress 

may,  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such  regulations, 

except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  senators. 

f      ^-  '^'^®  congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every 

cOTigrfss.  year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first,  Monday  in 

December,  unless  they  shall,  by  law,  appoint  a  diffijrent 

day. 

Sect.  V. — 1.  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elec- 
tions, returns,  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and 
Their  or-  ^  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business ; 
ganiiation.  but  a  Smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and 
may  be  authorized  to  comjjel  the  attendance  of  absent 
members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such  penalties  as  each 
house  may  provide. 

2.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings, 
BdIm,    punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the 

concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member. 

3.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings, 
and  from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such 
parts  as  may,  in  their  judgment,  require  secrecy;  and  the 
yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  house,  on  any 
question,  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present, 
be  entered  on  the  journals. 

4.  Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  congress,  shall, 
•d^onrn-  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than 

ment.     three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in  which  the 
two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Sect.  VI. — 1.  The   senators  and  representatives   shall 

receive  a  compensation  for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained 

Compen-  hy  Jaw,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States. 

privUege*.  They  shall,  in  all  cases  except  treason,  felony,  and  breach 

of  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance 


CONSTITUTION.  461 

at  the  sessioa  of  their  respective  houses,  and  in  going  to 
and  returning  from  the  same;  and  for  any  speech  or 
debate  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any 
other  place. 

2.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time 
for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have 
been  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  of  office*, 
increased  during  such  time;  and  no  person,  holding  any 
otlice  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  a  member  of  either 
house  during  his  continuation  in  office. 

Skot.  VII. — 1.  All  bilk  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  ori&in  of 
in  the  house  of  repre.sentatives ;  but  the  senate  may  propose     '''"*• 
or  concur  with  amendments,  as  on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives and  the  senate  shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law, 
be  presented  to  the  president  of  the  United  States ;  if  he 
api)rove,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  sliall  return  it,  with 
liis  objections,  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have  origi- 
nated, who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their 

oiirnal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  recun- 
jideration,  two-tliirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the 
bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the 
other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  co'l'rse'ia 
if  a[)proved  of  by  two-thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall  become  becoming 
a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall 
be  dc-tennined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  per- 
sons voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the 
journal  of  each  house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be 
returned  by  the  president  within  ten  days  (f-'indays  ex- 
cepted) after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same 
shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless 
the  congress,  by  their  adjournment,  prevent  its  return,  in 
"which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  con- 
currence of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  may  be 
necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  adjournment),  shall  be 
presented  to  the  president  of  the  tJnited  States;  and  ApproT«i 
before  the  same  shall  take  eflfect,  shall  be  approved  by  him ;  powwi. 
or,  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two- 
thirds  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  according 

to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

Sect.  VIII. — The  congress  shall  have  power — 

1.  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises; 

to  pay  the  debts,  and  provide  for  the  common  defence  and 

general    welfare   of  the   United   States;    but   all   duties, 


462 


CONSTTTDTION. 


imposts,    and   excises  shall   be   uniform   thronghont   the 
United  States. 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States. 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and 
among  the  several  states,  and  with  the  "Indian  tribes. 

4.  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and 
uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout 
the  United  States. 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of 
foreign  coin,  and  tix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures. 

6.  To  provide  for  thfe  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the 
securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United  States. 

7.  To  establish  post-offices  and  post-roads. 

8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts, 
by  securing,  for  limited  times,  to  authors  and  inventors, 
the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective  writings  and  dis- 
coveries. 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  court. 
Of  the  da-     10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  commited 

ties^Hiid   (jji  tiie  liigh  seas,  and  oflEences  against  the  law  of  nations, 
•ongress.       11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal, 
and  make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land  or  water. 

12.  To  raise  and  support  armies;  but  no  appropriation 
of  money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two 
years. 

13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy. 

14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of 
the  land  and  naval  forces.  "' 

15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute 
the  laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel 
invasions. 

16.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining 
the  militia,  and  for  governing  suph  part  of  them  as  may  ba 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  reserving  to 
the  state?,  respectively,  the  appointment  of  the  officers,  and 
the  authority  of  training  the  militia,  according  to  the  dis- 
cipline prescribed  by  congi-ess. 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation,  in  all  cases  whatso- 
ever, over  such  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square), 
as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  states,  and  the  acceptance 
of  congress,  become  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  autliority  over  all  jilaces 
purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  in 
which  the  same  sliall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  maga- 
zines, arsenals,  dock-yards,  and  other  needful  buildings: 
— and 


OON-STITUTION.  463 

18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper 
for  carrying  into  execution  the  fcregoing  powers,  and  all 
otiier  powers  vested  by  this  constitution  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  department,  or  office 
thereof. 

Skot.  IX. — 1.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such 
persons  as  any  of  the  states  now  existing  shall  think  proper 
to  admit,  shall  not  be  proliibited  by  the  congress,  prior  to  Sxe^" 
the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a  tax 
or  duty  may  be  im[)osed  on  such  importation,  not  exceed- 
ing ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

2.  Tlie  privilepre  of  t lie  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall   not   Right  a 
be  suspended,  unless  wlien,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,      "'"'• 
the  ])ublic  safety  may  require  it. 

3.  No  bill  of  attainder,  or  ex-post  facto  law,  shall  be  Attainder, 
passed. 

4.  No  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  "'iless^    .,g,jp^ 
in  i)roi)orti(>n  to  the  census,  or  enumeration,  hereinbefore 
directed  to  be  taken. 

5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid   on  articles  exported 
from   any   state.     No  j)reference  shall   be  given,   by   any  ^^^ 
regulation  of  commerce  <^  revenue,  to  the  ports  of  one      ciai 
state  over  those  of  another;  nor  shall  vessels,  bound  to  or  "'"''"" 
from  one  state,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in 
another. 

6.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in 
consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law;  and  a  regular  Treaimr/. 
statement  and  account  of  the  receif>ts  and  expenditures  of 

all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

7.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United 
States ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  ti'ust   interd;* 
under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  congress,  accept     j^j^"^ 
of  any   present,   emolument,   office,   or  title  of  any  kind 
whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state. 

Sect.  X. — 1.  No  state  shall  enter  into  any  ti-eaty,  al- 
liance,   or    confederation  ;    grant   letters   of   marque    and 
reprisal;  coin  money;  emit  bills  of  credit;  make  any  thing    non  of 
but  gold   and  silver   coin  a  tender  in  i)ayment  of  debts;   ves^7a 
pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex-post  facto  law,  or  law  impair-  ^^«  vmoB. 
lug   the   obligation   of  contracts,   or  grant  any   title  of 
nobility. 

2.  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  congress,  lay 
aiiy  imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or  ex[«)rts,  except  what 
may  be  absolutely  necessary   for  executing  its  inspection    Funhei 
laws:   and  the  ner   produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts,  laid    ^'^^^*>^ 
by  any  state  on  imports  and  exjsorts,  shidl  be  for  the  use 


mer- 

al 
reveuues. 


4:64.  CONSTITUTION. 

of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  all  each  lawfc 
shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  congress. 
No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  congress,  lay  any 
duty  on  tonnage,  keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war,  in  time  of 
peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  another 
Btate,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war,  uiilesa 
actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not 
admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Sect.  I. — 1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a 

president  of  the  United  States  of  America.     He  shall  hold 

»    iBtrate.  his  office  during  the  term  of  four  years,  and,  together  with 

the  vice-president,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be  elected  as 

follows : 

2.  Each  state  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legis- 
lature thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to 

Ti'  man-  ^^^^  whole  number  of  seiiators  and  representatives  to  wnich 

na  ifhis  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  congress;  but  no  senator 

or  representative,   or   person   holding   an  office  of  trust 

or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed  an 

elector. 

3.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  tJieir  respective  states,  and 
vote  by  ballot  for  two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall 

p^oi-JftT;  iiot  be  an  inhabitant  in  the  same  state  with  themselves. 
And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  the  persons  voted  for,  and 
of  the  number  of  votes  for  each ;  which  list  they  shall 
sign  and  certify,  and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  directed  to  tlie  president  of  the 
senate.  The  president  of  the  senate  shall,  in  the  presence 
of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  open  all  the 
certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be  the 
president,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  num- 
by  the  ber  of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  there  be  more  than  one 
represent-  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of 
aUves,  votes,  then  the  house  of  representatives  shall  immediately 
choose,  by  ballot,  one  of  them  for  president:  and  if  no 
person  have  a  majority,  tlien  from  the  five  highest  on  the 
list,  the  said  house  shall,  in  like  manner,  choose  the  presi- 
dent. But  in  choosing  the  president,  the  votes  shall  be 
taken  by  states,  the  representation  from  each  state  having 
one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purjjose  shall  consist  of  a 
member  or  members  fr(;in  two-thirds  of  the  states,  and  a 
majority  of  all  the  stales  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 
In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the  president,  the  person 


CONSTITUTION.  465 

having  tlie  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors,  shall 
be  the  vice-president.     But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  »"'5oft^« 
more  wlio  liave  equal  votes,  the  senate  shall  choose  from '^"'den " 
them,  hy  ballot,  the  vice-president. 

4.  The  congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing 
the  electors,  and  the  day  on  v^hich  they  shall  give  their 
votes  :  which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  United 
States. 

5.  No  ])erson,  except  a  natural-born  citizen,  or  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  at  th-e  time  of  the  adoption  of  this 
cor.stirutiim,   shall   be  eligible   to  tlie  office  of  president,   ment'for 
neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to   that  office,  who     °®''®* 
shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and 

been  fourteen  years  a  resident  within  the  United  States. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  president  from  office,  or 
of  his  death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the 
powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall  devolve 

on  the  vice-president;  and  the  congress  may,  by  law,  pro- Proviso  in 
vide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,   d^th°or 
both  of  the  president  and  vice-president,  declaring  what  removal, 
officer  shall  then  act  as  president,  and  such  officer  shall 
act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  presi- 
dent shall  be  elected. 

7.  The  president  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive*  for  his 
services,  a  compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  increased 

nor  diminished  during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  compen- 
beeii  elected,  and  he  shall  ni>t  receive,  within  that  period,  »a"on,  and 
any  other   emolument  from   the   United  States,   or   any 
of  them. 

8.  Before  he  enters  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he 
shall  take  the  following  oath,  or  affirmation: 

''  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully 
execute  the  office  of  president  of  the  United  States,  and    o»thof 
will,    to   the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect,    and     °****" 
defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

Sect.  II. — 1.  The  president  shall  be  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the 
miliria  of  the  several  states,  when  called  into  the  actual 
service  of  the  United  States ;  he  maji  require  the  oi)inion, 
in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive ^^j,  j„y^ 
departments,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their 
respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  re- 
prieves and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United  States, 
except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
"■onsent  of  tlie  senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two- 

90* 


4^6  coNBTiTUTrojr. 

»nd  powers  thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur;  and  he  shall  nffmi- 
treaties"^  fiJ'te,  and  by  and  with  tlie  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate, 
shall  ap])()int  anil)as.<adors,  other  i)ublic  ministers,  and 
consids,  jinlfres  of  the  supreme  court,  and  all  other  ofBcers 
of  the  United  States,  whose  aj)pointmcnts  are  not  herein 
otherwise  [)r()vided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by 
law.  But  the  congress  may,  by  law,  vest  the  appointment 
of  snch  inferior  othcers  as  they  tliink  proper  in  the 
president  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of 
depnrtmeMts. 

3.  The  president  shall  have  power  to  fill  t5p  all  vacancies 
aningva-  that  may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  senate,  by  grant- 
"^and"^'   ing  commissions,  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their 
next  session. 

Skot;  III. — He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  con- 
gress information  of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend 
to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall  judge 
necessary  and  expedient;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  oc- 
casions, convene  both  houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in 

•ODTening  J    t  ■,  ,  .    i  i 

ofcou-  case  or  disagreement  between  them,  with  respect  to  the 
gress.  ^jiijg  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as 
he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and 
other  public  ministers;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be 
faithfully  executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of 
the  United  States. 

Sect.  IV. — The  president,  vice-president,  and  all  civil 
officers  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  office 
fronToffice.  <>"  impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  or 
other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  III. 

Sect.  T. — The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shaH 

be  vested  in  one  supreme  court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts 

as  the  congress  may,  from  time  to  time,  ordain  and  estab- 

eiaiy  and  lish.     The  judgcs,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  courts, 

"fnveifti"^  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at 

ture.     stated  times,  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation, 

which  shalUnot  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in 

office. 

Skot.  IT. — 1.  The  judicial   power   shall    extend    to   all 

cases,  in  law  and  equity,  arising  under  this  constitution. 

Their     the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which 

powers.    j;li;i]l  \)Q  made,  under  their  antboritv   to  all  o.f\.:^f^M  .lifi^cring 

ambassadors,   other   public   ministers  and  consuls;  to  flll 

cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction ;  to  contro- 


COlfSTITUTIOIf.  46T 

rersies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party;  to 
controversies  between  two  or  more  states,  between  a  state 
and  citizens  of  another  state,  between  citizens  ot"  different 
states,  between  citizens  of  the  same  state  claiming  lands 
under  grants  of  different  states,  and  between  a  state,  or  the 
citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  states,  citizens,  or  subjects. 

2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  minis- 
ters, and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  state  shall  be  a 
])arty,  the  supreme  court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction. 

In  all  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  supreme  court  ^Jj^ 
sliall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact, 
with  such  exceptions,  and  under  such  regulations  as  the 
congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment, 
shall  be  by  jury ;  and  such  trials  shall  be  held  in  the  state 
where  the  said  crime  shall  have  been  committed;  but 
when  not  committed  within  any  state,  the  trial  shall  be  at 
such  place  or  places  as  the  congress  may,  by  law,  have 
directed. 

Sect.  III. — 1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall 
consist  only  in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to 
their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.     No  person  ^^^^jf 
shall  be  convicted  of  treason,  unless  on  the  testimony  of      and 
two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in 
open  court. 

2.  The  congress  Shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punish- 
ment of  treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  howpna- 
corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except  during  the  life  of 
the  person  attainted. 


ished. 


ARTICLE  IV. 

Sect.  I. — Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each 
state  to  the  public  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  onamntj 
of  every  other  state.     And  tlie  congress  may,  by  general    of  state 
laws,  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records,  and 
proceedings  sliall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Sect.  II. — 1.  The  citizens  of  each  state  shall  be  entitled  to  ^ 
all  the  privileges  and  immuuilies  of  citizens  in  the  several    izauon. 
states. 

2.  A  person,  charged  in  any  state  with  treason,  felony, 
or  other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  f'otuwl  in 
another  state,  sludl,  on  demand  of  the  executive  ant'iority  ^}^^J* 
of  the  state  from  which  lie  fled,  be  deliveivl  up,  to 
be  removed  to  the  state  having  the  jurisdicJoa  of  the 
Clime. 


rigats, 


and  eqiml- 


quikuii 


46S  C0N8TTTUTI0W. 

3.  No  person,  held  to  labor  or  service  in  one  state, 

under  the  laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,   in 

and  sur    consequence  of  any  law,  or  regulation  therein,  be  discharged 

"°  "'    from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on 

claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may 

be  due. 

Skct.  III. — 1.  New  states  may  be  admitted  by  the  con- 
gress into  this  Union,  but  no  new  state  shall  be  formed  or 
Xa^     erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  state ;  nor  any 
lutes,    state  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  states,  or 
parts  of  states,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature  of  the 
states  concerned,  as  well  as  of  the  congress. 

2.  The  congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and 

make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  terri- 

■nd public  ^^'"^i  ^^  Other  property,  belonging  to  the  United  States; 

laada.     and  nothing  in  this  constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 

prejudice  any   claims   of  the  United   States,   or  of  any 

particular  state. 

Sect.  IV. — The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every 

Protection  State  in  this  Union,  a  republican  form  of  government,  and 

of  form  of  sJiall  protect  each  of  them  against  invasion;  and  on  appli- 

meut.    .cation  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the  executive  (when  the 

legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE  V.     . 

The  congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses  shall 
deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Con- 
stitution, or,  on  the  application  of  the  legislature  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  several  states,  shall  call  a  convention  for  pro- 
men*8  of  posing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid, 
*\uUon''  ^^  ^^^  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  constitution, 
when  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourtlia  of  the 
several  states,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof, 
as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed 
by  the  congress:  Provided,   that  no  amendment,  which 
may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
with  pro-  and  eight,  shall,  in  any  manner,  aflfect  the  first  and  fourth 
^•°'-     clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article;  and  that  no 
state,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal 
suffrages  in  the  senate. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

tion  of        1.  All  debts  contracted,  and  engagements  entered  into, 
*Ja«taJr^  before  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  shall  he  as  valid 


Ooaattts- 
tk». 


CONSTITUTION.  <^69 

against  the  United  States  under  this  constitution,  as  under 
the  confederation. 

2.  This  constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States 
wliich  sliall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the  sasii  of 
United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land;  and  ^f^'^. 
the  judges  in  every  state  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any  thing  soudated. 
in  the  constitution  or  laws  of  any  state  to  the  contrary 
notwithstanding. 

8.  The  senators  and  representatives  before  mentioned, 
and  the  members  of  the  several  state  legislatures,  and  all 
executive  and  judicial  officers,  both  of  the  United  States  and  obii- 
and  of  the  several  states,  shall  be  bound  by  oath,  or  affir-  i^'^aJei 
mation,  to  support  this  constitution ;  and  no  religious  test 
shall  ever  be  required,  as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or 
public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  states  shall  be 
sufficient  for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution,  between 
the  states  so  ratifying  the  same. 

Done  in  convention  hy  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  states 
present^  the  seventeenth  day  of  September^  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord^  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven^ 
and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  ofAmerica^ 
the  twelfth.  In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  stib- 
scHied  our  names. 

The  Constitution,  although  formed  in  1787,  was  not 
adopted  until  1788,  and  did  not  commence  its  operations 
until  1789.  The  number  of  delegates  chosen  to  this  con- 
vention was  sixty-five,  of  whom  ten  did  not  attend,  and 
sixteen  refused  to  sign  the  Constitution.  The  following 
thirty-nine  signed  the  Constitution : — 

Ifew  Hampshire. — John  Langdon,  Nicholas  Gelman. 

Massachusetts. — ^Nathaniel  Gorham,  Eufus  King. 

Connecticut. — "William  Samuel  Johnson,  Koger  Sher- 
man. 

New  Torlc. — Alexander  Hamilton. 

New  Jersey. — William  Livingston,  David  Brearley,  Wil- 
liam Patterson,  Jonathan  Dayton. 

Pennsylvania. — Benjamin  Franklin,  Thomas  Miffliiu 
Robert  Morris,  George  Clymer,  Thomas  Fitzsimmons,  Jared 
lugQrsoU,  James  Wilson,  Gouverueur  Mowis. 


TlaMeC 


470  OONS'llTUTION. 

Delaware. — George  Read,  Gunning  Bedford,  jr.,  John 
Dickinson,  Richard  Bassett,  Jacob  Broom. 

Maryland. — James  M'Henry,  Daniel  of  St.  Thomas  Jeni- 
fer, Daniel  Carroll. 

Virginia. — John  Blair,  James  Madison,  jr. 

North     Carolina. — William    Blount,    Richard    Dobbs 
Spaight,  Hugh  Williamson. 

South  Carolina. — John  Rutledge,  Charles  C.  Pinkney, 
Charles  Pinkney,  Pierce  Butler. 

Qeorgia. — Wilham  Few,  Abraham  Baldwin. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  Freaident. 

WILLIAM  JACKSON,  Secretary. 


AMENDMENTS, 

To  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.,  ratified  aecord- 
ing  to  the  Provisions  of  the  Fifth  Article  of  the  forego- 
ing  Constitution. 

Beiigioni      Akt.  I. — Congress  shall  make  no   law  respecting  an 

toleration,  establishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise 

thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the 

ihe%res»,  prcss ;  ov  the  rights  of  the  peojile  peaceably  to  assemble, 

petition,    an^  to  petition  the  government  for  a  redress  of  grievences. 

Aet.  II. — A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessary  to 

mUitia.    the  security  of  a  free  state,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep 

and  bear  arms,  shall  not  be  infringed. 

Aet.  III. — No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quar- 
tered in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor 
in  time  of  war;  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Aet,  IV. — The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their 

persons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable 

■warrant  scarches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated ;  and  no  war- 

•eS^es.  rants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by 

oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place 

to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

i»re«ent-       Aet.  V. — No  pcrson  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capi- 

"*rand^   tal,  01"  Otherwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment 

iuries.     or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the 

land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  ser- 

'^e-'^  vice,  in  time  of  war,  or  public  danger;   nor  shall  any 

guaids.    person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in 

jeopardy  of  hie  or  limb ;  nor  shall  be  compelled,  in  any 


CONSTITUTK.^N.  4T1 

criminal  case,  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be 
deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  doe  process 
of  law ;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use 
without  just  compensation. 

Aet.  VI. — In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall 
enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  t^^^- 
jury  of  the  state  and  district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have    Jmy. 
been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously 
ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and 
cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  wit-  and  -wiu 
nesses  against  him ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtain-    "es"»i 
ing  witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of 
counsel  for  his  defence. 

Aet.  VII. — :In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in 
controversy  shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  regulate 
by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact,  tried  by  jury,  shall  ^J^JJ"' 
be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United 
States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

Aet.  VIII. — ^Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor 
excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments     ^*^ 
inflicted. 

Aet.  IX.  • — The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution,   of  Lineb*. 
certain  rights,  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  sutuSi^" 
others  retained  by  the  people. 

Aet.  X. — The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  ^^d  stat* 
by  the  Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  states,  are    rights 
reserved  to  the  states  respectively,  or  to  the  people.  '^ 

Aet.  XI. — The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall 
not  be  construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity.  Limitation 
commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  thp  United  States,  ofjudiciu 
by  citizens  of  another  state,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of    ^^'^ 
any  foreign  state. 

Aet.  Xn. — ^The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective 
states,  and  vote  by  ballot,  for  president  and  vice-president, 
one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the 
same  state  with  themselves;  they  shall  name,  in  their 
ballots,  the  person  voted  for  as  president,  and,  in  distinct 
ballots,  the  person  voted  for  as  vice-president ;  and  they 
shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  president, 
and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  vice-president,  and  of  the 
number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and 
certify,  and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  president  of  the  senate.  m?"t!» 
The  president  of  the  senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  ^^  ii^ 
senate  and  house  of  representatives,  open  all  the  certificates, 
and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.    The  person  bavhig 


472  OONSllTUTION. 

the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  president,  shall  be  th* 
president,  if  such  number  be  a  majority" of  the  whole  num- 
ber of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  such  a 
majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers, 
not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  presi- 
dent, the  house  of  representatives  shall  choose  immediately 
by  ballot,  the  president.  But,  in  choosing  the  president, 
the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  representation  from 
each  state  having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose 
ihall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of 
-jT^a**"'  '^®  states,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  states  shall  be  necessary 
**"  X)  a  choice.  And  if  the  house  of  representatives  shall  not 
choose  a  president,  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shaU 
devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next 
following,  then  the  vice-president  shall  act  as  president,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  death,  or  other  constitutional  disability 
of  the  president. 

The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  vice- 
president,  shall  be  the  vice-president,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ;  and 
if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then,  from  the  two  highest 
numbers  on  the  list,  the  senate  shall  choose  the  vice-presi- 
dent— a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds 
of  the  whole  number  of  senators,  and  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

But  no  person,  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  ofSca 
of  president,  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  vioe-prflsident  of  tbt 
Unitod  States. 


RECOMMENDATIONS 

ov 

FARKEE  &  WATSON'S  READERS. 

♦  *» 

from  Peof.  Febbkeick  8.  Jewell,  o/ffi«  New  York  State  Normal  Schook 
It  gives  me  pleasure  to  find  in  the  National  Series  of  School  Headers  ample  rtToni 
for  commendation.    From  a  brief  examination  of  them,  I  am  led  to  believe  that  w« 
kave  none  equal  to  them.    I  hope  they  will  prove  as  popular  as  they  are  excellent. 

From  Hon.  Theodoee  Frelinghutskn,  President  ofBviger^  College,  N.  J. 
A  cursory  examination  leads  me  to  the  conclusion  that  the  system  contained  tfl 
.these  volumes  deserves  the  patronage  of  our  schools,  and  I  have  no  doabt  that  it  will 
(become  extensively  used  in  the  education  of  children  and  youth. 

from,  N.  A.  Hamilton,  President  of  Teachers'  Union,  Whitewater,  Wis. 

The  National  Eeaders  and  Speller  I  have  examined,  and  carefully  compared  with 
others,  and  must  pronounce  them  dftcidedly  superior,  in  respect  to  literary  merit, 
style,  and  price.  The  gradation  is  more  complete,  and  the  series  much  more  desirable 
for  use  in  our  schools  than  Sanders'  or  McGufifey's. 

From  PEor.  T.  F.  Thickstdn,  Principal  of  Academy  and  NormM  School, 

MeadnUle,  Pa. 
1  am  much  pleased  with  the  National  Series  of  Eeaders  after  having  canvassed 
their  merits  pretty  thoroughly.  The  first  of  the  series  especially  pleases  me,  because 
!t  aflfords  the  means  of  teaching  the  '■'■  tcord-methoW  in  an  appropriate  and  natural 
manner.  They  all  are  progressive,  the  rules  of  elocution  are  stated  with  clearness, 
and  the  selection  of  pieces  is  such  as  to  please  at  the  same  time  that  they  instruct. 

From  ^.  W.  Schermeehorn,  A.  B.,  Principal  Coll.  Institute,  Middletovm,  N.  J. 
I  consider  them  emphatically  the  Eeaders  of  the  present  day,  and  I  believe  ths.t 
their  iLtrlnsic  merits  will  insure  for  them  a  full  measure  of  popularity. 

From  Petee  EotrGKT,  Principal  Public  School  No.  10,  Brooklyn. 
It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  be  able  to  bear  my  unqualified  testimony  to  the  excel 
lence  of  the  National  Series  of  Eeaders,  by  Parkbe  and  Watson.  The  gradation  of 
the  booI<s  of  the  series  is  very  fine ;  we  have  reading  in  its  elements  and  in  its  highest 
style.  Tlie  fine  taste  displayed  in  the  selections  and  in  the  collocation  of  the  pieces 
Reserves  much  praise.  A  distinguishing  feature  of  the  series  is  the  variety  of  th« 
subject-matter  and  of  the  style.  The  practical  teacher  knows  the  value  of  this  charac- 
teristic for  the  development  of  the  voice.  The  authors  seem  to  have  kept  constantly 
in  view  the  fact  that  a  reading-book  is  designed  for  children,  and  therefore  they  have 
succeeded  in  forming  a  very  interesting  and  improving  collection  of  reading-matter, 
highlv  adapted  to  the  wants  and  purposes  of  the  school-room.  In  short,  I  look  upon 
the  National  Series  of  Eeaders  as  a  great  success. 

From,  A.  P.  Haerinoton,  Principal  of  Union  School,  Marathon,  N.  Y. 
These  Eeaders,  in  my  opinion,  are  the  best  I  have  ever  examined.  The  rhetorical 
exercises,  in  particular,  are  superior  to  any  thing  of  the  kind  I  have  ever  seen.  I  have 
had  better  saccess  with  my  reading  classes  since  I  commenced  training  them  on  these 
than  I  ever  met  with  before.  The  marked  vowels  in  the  reading  exercises  convej'  to 
the  reader's  mind  at  once  the  astonishing  fact  that  he  has  been  accustomed  to  mispro- 
Bonnce  more  than  one-third  of  the  words  of  the  English  language. 

From  Charles  S.  Halset,  Principal  CoUegiate  Institute,  Newton,  N.  J. 

In  the  simplicity  and  clearness  with  which  the  principles  are  stated,  in  the  appro 

priaU'n(;8s  of  the  selections  for  reading,  and  in  the  happy  adaptation  of  the  different 

part"  or  the  series  to  each  other,  these  works  are  superior  to  any  other  text-books  on 

this  subject  which  I  have  examined. 

From,  William  Travis,  Principal  of  Union  School,  Flint,  MicK 
I  biv-e  examined  the  National  Series  of  Eeaders.  and  am  delighted  to  find  it  so  fai 
III  advance  of  most  other  series  now  in  use,  and  so  well  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the 
tjhi^t  Schools.  It  is  unequaled  in  the  skillful  arrangement  of  the  material  used 
bcijtifiil  typography,  and  the  general  neat  and  inviting  appearance  of  its  severs) 
bo<,ks  I  predict  for  it  a  cordial  welcome  and  a  general  introduction  by  many  of  oui 
Diust  piiterprising  teu-hers. 


RATIONAL  SEBIES  OF  STAKSABI)  SCEOOL-BOOES. 

PARKER  &  WATSON'S  READING  SERIES. 

niE  NATIONAL  ELEMENTARY  SPELLER 

IHE  NATIONAL  PRONOUNCING  SPELLER.    188  pages. 

A  full  treatise,  with  words  arranged  and  classified  according  to  their  Towal 
Boands,  and  reading  and  dictation  exercises. 

tHE  NATIONAL  SCHOOL  PRIMER;  or,  "  PRIMARY  •WORD-BXTILDER.* 
(Beautifully  Illustrated) 

rHE  NATIONAL  FIRST  READER;  or,  "WORD-BUILDER." 
(Beautifully  Illustrated) 118  pages. 

XHE  NATIONAL  SECOND  READER 224  pages. 

Containing  Primary  Exercises  in  Articulation,  Pronunciation,  end  Panctnatioiv 
(Splendidly  Illustrated.) 

THE  NATIONAL  THIRD  READER 288  pages. 

Containing  Exercises  in  Accent,  Emphasis,  Punctuation,  &a.    (Illustrated.) 

IHE  NATIONAL  FOURTH  READER 405  pages. 

Containing  a  Course  of  Instruction  in  Elocution,  Exercises  in  Beading,  Declam*- 
tion,  &c. 

THE  NATIONAL  FIFTH  READER 600  pages. 

With  copious  Notes,  and  Biographical  Sketches  of  each  "Writer. 


These  Beadebs  have  been  prepared  with  the  greatest  caro  and  labor,  by  Bicharo 
6.  Parker,  A.  M.,  of  Boston,  and  J.  Madison  Watson,  an  experienced  Teacher  oi 
New  York.  No  amount  of  )abor  or  expense  has  been  spared  to  render  them  as  nea» 
perfect  as  possible.  The  Illustrations,  which  are  from  original  designs,  and  tb» 
Typography,  are  unrivalled  by  any  similar  works. 

The  First  Header,  or  "  'Word-Euilder,"  being  the  first  issued,  is  alreadj 
In  extensive  use.  It  is  on  a  plan  entirely  new  and  original,  commencing  with  wordt 
(if  one  letter,  and  building  up  letter  by  letter,  until  sentences  are  formed. 

The  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth  Readers  follow  the  same  inductiv« 
plan,  with  a  perfect  and  systematic  gradation,  and  a  strict  classification  of  subjects 
The  pronunciation  and  definition  of  difi&cult  words  are  given  in  notes  at  the  bottom 
of  each  page.  Much  attention  has  been  paid  to  Articulation  and  Orthoepy;  anc 
Exercises  on  the  Elementary  Sounds  and  their  combinations  have  been  so  introduceo 
BS  to  teach  but  one  element  at  a  time,  and  to  apply  this  knowledge  to  immediate  U8«^ 
until  the  whole  is  accurately  and  thoroughly  acquired. 

The  Fifth  Reader  Is  a  full  work  upon  Reading  and  Elocution  "I no  works  « 
mnny  authors,  ancient  and  modern,  .bave  been  consulted,  and  more  than  a  hundic* 
standard  writers  of  the  English  language,  on  both  sides  the  Atlantic,  laid  under  con 
tiibutien  to  enable  the  authors  to  present  a  collection  rich  in  all  that  can  inform  th« 
understanding,  improve  the  taste,  and  cultivate  the  heart,  and  which,  at  the  sanu 
time,  shall  furnish  every  variety  of  style  and  subject  to  exemplify  the  principles  * 
Ehetorical  delivery,  and  form  a  finished  reader  and  elocutionist  Classical  and  bis 
torical  allusions,  so  common  among  the  best  writers,  have  in  all  cases  been  explaineil 
■nd  concise  Biographical  Sketches  of  autliors  from  whose  works  extracts  have  leeu 
■elected,  have  also  been  introduced,  together  with  Alphabetical  and  Chronolo<dc9 
libtM  of  the  Names  of  Authors ;  thus  rendering  this  a  convenient  text-book  for  Stu 
takta  in  English  and  American  Literature. 

A.  S.  BARNES  &  BURR,  Publishers, 

61  &  53  Jotin  Street,  New  York 


NATIONAL  SERIES  OF  STANDARD  SCHOOL-BOOKS 


D  AV  IE  S' 

Complete  Course  of  Mathematics. 

Slementars  Course. 

DAVIE8'  PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC  AND  TABLE-BOOK ^ 

DA  VIES'  FIRST  LESSONS  IN  ARITHMETIC ,. 

DAVIES'  INTELLECTUAL  ARITHMETIC 

DAVIES'  NEW  SCHOOL  ARITHMETIC 

KEY  TO  DAVIES'  NEW  SCHOOL  ARITHMETIC i 

DAVIES' NEW  UNIVERSITY  ARITHMETIC •: 

KEY  TO  DAVIES'  NEW  UNIVERSITY  ARITHMETIC ' 

DAVIES'  GRAMMA'R  OF  ARITHMETIC 

DAVIES'  NEW  ELEMENTARY  ALGEBRA 

KEY  TO  DAVIES'  NEW  ELEMENTARY  ALGEBRA 

DAVIES'  ELEMENTARY  GEOMETRY  AND  TRIGONOMETRY.... 
DAVIES'  PRACTICAL  MATHEMATICS _ 

^UbanceTi  Course 

DAVIES'  UNIVERSITY  ALGEBRA 

KEY  TO  DAVIES'  UNIVERSITY  ALGEBRA 

DAVIES'  BOURDON'S  ALGEBRA 

KEY  TO  DAVIES'  BOURDON'S  ALGEBRA 

DAVIES'  LEGENDRE'S  GEOMETRY 

DAVIES'  ELEMENTS  OF  SURVEYING 

DAVIES'  ANALYTICAL  GEOMETRY 

DAVIES'  DIFFERENTIAL  AND  INTEGRAL  CALCULUS 

DAVIES'  ANALYT-ICAL  GEOMETRY  AND  CALCULUS 

DAVIES'  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOMETRY 

DAVIES'  SHADES,  SHADOWS,  AND  PERSPECTIVE 

DAVIES'  LOGIC  OP  MATHEMATICS 

DAVIES'  MATHEMATICAL  DICTIONARY 

Da  vies'  Mathematical  Chart  (Sheet) 

This  Series,  combining  all  that  is  most  valuable  in  the  various  methods  of  Europeah 
instruction,  improved  and  matured  by  the  suggestions  of  nearly  forty  years'  experienca, 
now  forms  the  only  complete  consecutive  Course  of  MaUiematios.  Its  methods, 
harmonizing  as  the  work  of  one  mind,  carry  the  student  onward  by  the  same  analogies 
and  the  same  laws  of  association,  and  are  calculated  to  impart  a  comprehensive  knowl- 
e<lge  of  the  science,  combining  clearness  in  the  several  branches,  and  unity  and  propor- 
tion in  the  whole.  The  higher  Books — in  connection  with  Prof.  Ohurch''s  Calcufw* 
and  Analytical  Geometry— are  the  Test-books  in  the  Military  Academies  of  the 
IJniled  States.  The  Superintendents  of  Public  Instruction  in  very  many  States 
have  officially  recominended  this  Series.  It  is  adopted  and  in  successful  use  ia  tbe 
Normal  Schools  of  New  York,  Michigan,  Connecticut,  and  other  States,  and  in  a 
largB  proporti;i  of  the  best  Schools,  Acadeniie-s,  and  Colleges  of  the  Union.  The 
Revised  E<litions  of  the  Aritlmietics  eiribody  all  the  latest  and  most  approved  pro- 
•esses  of  imparting  a  knowledge  of  the  science  of  numbers. 

A.  S.  Barnks  &  Burr  have  tlie  plea.«nre  of  announcing  an  kntieelt  New  Work, 
y  Professor  Davib8,  entitled 

*:LEMENTS  of  analytical  GT^OMETRY.  and  of  the  DIFFE71 
ENTIAL  AND  INTEGRAL  CALCULUS, —forming  a  compend  of  the  tw 
larger  volumes  by  Prof.  Davies  on  the  respective  branches  treated  of.     It 
complete  in  itself,  and  contains  all  that  is  necessary  for  the  general  student. 

Also  recently  issued — 

NEW  ELEMENTARY  ALGEBRA, 

UNIVERSITY  ALGEBRA, 

Forming,  wi/Ji  the  Author's  Bourdon's  Algebra,  a  complete  and  ocBSOcatiTa 

coarse. 

A.  S.  BARNES  &  BURR,  Publisher, 

61  and  b'-i  Johu  Street.  New  York 


BECOMMENDATIONS  OF  DAVIES'  MATHEMATICS. 


Da  vies'  Course  op  Matheila.tics  are  the  prominent  Texl-BooJcs  in  moH 
of  the  Colleges  of  the  United  States,  and  also  in  the  various  Schocls  and 
Academies  throughout  the  Union. 

ToEK,  Pa.,  Aug.  2S,  185S. 

DitriMs^  Series  of  Mathematics  I  deem  the  very  best  I  ever  saw.  From  a  numb«i 
of  amliors  I  selected  It,  after  a  careful  perusal,  as  a  course  of  study  to  be  pursued  by 
the  Teachers  attending  the  sessions  of  the  York  Co.  Normal  School — believing  it  also 
to  be  well  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  schools  throughout  our  country.  Already  two 
hundred  schools  are  supplied  with  Davies' valuable  Series  of  Arithmetics  ;  and  I 
ftilly  believe  that  in  a  very  short  time  the  Teachers  of  our  country  en  masse  will  be 
•ngaged  in  imparting  instruction  through  the  medium  of  this  new  and  easy  method 
of  analysis  of  numbers.  A.  R  BLAIR, 

Principal  of  York  Co.  UTormal  School, 

Jackson  Union  School,  Michigan,  Sept.  25, 185S. 
Mkssrs.  a.  8.  Barnes  &  Co. : — I  take  pleasure  in  adding  my  testimony  in  favor  ol 
Davies'  Series  of  Mathematics,  as  published  by  you.  We  have  used  these  works  in 
this  school  for  more  than  four  years ;  and  so  well  satisfied  are  we  of  their  superiority 
over  any  other  Series,  that  we  neither  contemplate  making,  nor  desire  to  make,  any 
change  in  that  direction.    Yours  truly,  E.  L.  KIPLEY, 

New  Bkitain,  Jxme  12iA,  1858. 
Messrs.  A.  8.  Barnes  <&  Co. :— I  have  examined  Davies'  Series  of  Arithmetics 
■with  some  care.  They  appear  well  adapted  for  the  different  grades  of  schools  for 
whfch  they  are  designed.  The  language  is  clear  and  precise;  each  principle  is 
thoroughly  analyzed,  and  the  whole  so  arranged  as  to  facilitate  the  work  of  instruc- 
tion. Having  observed  the  satisfaction  and  success  with  which  the  different  books 
have  been  used  by  eminent  teachers,  it  gives  me  pleasure  to  commend  them  to  others, 
DAVID  N.  CAMP,  Principal  of  Conn,  State  Ji'ormal  School. 

I  have  long  regarded  Davies'  Series  of  Mathematical  Teat-Boohs  as  far  snperloi 
to  any  now  before  the  public.  We  find  them  in  every  way  adapted  to  the  wants  of 
the  Normal  School,  and  we  use  no  other.  A  unity  of  system  and  method  runs  through* 
out  the  series,  and  constitutes  one  of  its  great  excellences.  Especially  in  the  Arith- 
metics the  author  has  earnestly  endeavored  to  supply  the  wants  of  our  Common  and 
Union  Schools:  and  his  success  is  complete  and  undeniable.  I  know  of  no  Arith' 
metics  which  exhibit  so  clearly  the  philosophy  of  numbers,  and  at  the  same  time  lead 
the  pupil  surely  on  to  readiness  and  practice.  A.  8.  WELCH. 

From  Pkof.  G.  W.  Plympton,  late  of  the  State  Normal  School,  N.  Y. 
Out  of  a  great  number  of  Arithmetics  that  I  have  examined  during  the  past  year,  1 
find  none  that  will  compare  with  Davies''  Intellectual  and  Davies'  Analytical  and 
Practical  Arithmetics,  in  clearness  of  demonstration  or  philosophical  arrangement. 
I  shall  with  pleasure  recommend  the  use  of  these  two  excellent  works  to  those  who 
go  from  our  institution  to  teach. 

From,  C.  Mat,  Jr.,  School  Commissioner,  Keene,  N.  B. 
I  have  carefully  examined  Dalies''  Series  <f  Arithmetics,  and  Higher  Mathe- 
matics, and  am  prepared  to  say  that  I  consider  them  far  superior  to  any  with  which 
I  am  acquainted. 

From  John  L.  Campbbll,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Natural  Philosophy,  and 
Astronomy,  in  Wabash,  College,  Indiana. 

Wabash  Collksb,  June  22, 1858. 
Messes.  A.  8.  Barnes  &  Co. : — Gentlemen:  Every  text-book  on  Science  properly 
consists  of  two  parts — the  philosophical  and  the  illustrative.  A  proper  combination 
of  abstract  reasoning  and  practical  illustration  is  the  chief  excellence  in  Prof.  Davies" 
Mathematical  Works.  I  prefer  his  Arithmetics,  Algebras,  Geometry,  and  Trigonom- 
etry, to  all  others  now  in  use,  and  cordially  recommend  them  to  all  who  desire  th« 
advancement  of  sound  learning,    Yours,  very  truly,  JOHN  L.  CAMPBELL. 

Pkofbssoes  Mahan,  Bartlett,  and  Chitrch,  of  the  United  States  Military  Academy, 
West  Point,  saj  oi  Dames'  University  Arithmetic : — 

"In  the  distinctness  with  which  the  various  definitions  are  given,  the  clear  and 
strictly  mathematical  demonstration  of  the  rules,  the  convenient  form  and  wcU-choscD 
mrttt*r  of  the  tables,  as  well  as  in  the  complete  and  much-desired  application  of  all  to 
the  biipiness  of  tlie  ■  nnury.  Ihp  Cuirfiftity  Arithmetic  of  Prof.  Davies  is  s\  perior  to 
»ny  other  work  of  the  kind  with  which  wu  are  acquainted  "' 


NATIONAL  SERIES  Or   STAITDARD  SCHOOL-BOOKS, 


raOIVTEITH    AND    McNAtLY'S 

DEL  .^.  *£>  I^  X  :E3  S. 


MONTEITH'S  FIRST  LESSONS  IN  GEOGRAPHY 

MONTEITH'S  INTRODUCTION  TO  MANUAL  OF  GEOGRAPHr. 

MONTEITH'S  NEW  MANUAL  OF  GEOGRAPHY 

M«NALLY'S  COMPLETE  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY 


Monteith's  First  Lessons  in  Geograpliy— Introduction  to  Man- 
ual of  Geography— an<l  New  Manual  of  Geograpliy,  are  arranged  on 
the  catechetical  plan,  which  has  been  proven  to  be  the  best  and  most  successful 
method  of  teaching  this  branch  of  study.  The  questions  and  answers  are  models  ol 
brevUy  and  adaptation,  and  the  maps  arc  simple,  but  accurate  and  beautifuL 

McTsTally's  Geograpliy  completes  the  Series,  and  follows  the  same  geneial 
plan.  The  maps  are  splendidly  ensrraved,  beautifully  colored,  and  perfectly  accurate; 
and  a  profile  of  the  country,  showing  the  elevations  and  depressions  of  land,  is  given 
at  the  bottom  of  the  maps.  The  order  and  arrangement  of  map  questions  is  also 
peculiarly  happy  and  systematic,  and  the  descriptive  matter  just  what  is  needed,  and 
nothing  more.  No  Series  heretofore  [.nhlished  has  been  so  extensively  introduced  in 
»o  short  a  time,  or  gained  such  a  widr-siinad  popularity. 

These  Geographies  are  used  more  extensively  in  the  Public  Schools  of  Nesv  York, 
Brooklyn,  and  Newark,  than  all  others. 

53^  A.  B.  Clark,  Principal  of  one  of  the  largest  Public  Schools  in  Brooklyn,  says 
"  I  have  used  over  a  thousand  cojiies  of  Monteith's  Manual  of  Geography  since  itf 
^dojition  by  the  Board  of  Education,  and  am  prefiared  to  say  it  is  the  best  wo  /  tyt 
tdnior  and  intermediate  classe.<t  in  our  schools  1  have  ever  seen." 

77ie  Seriei,  in  whole  or  in  pari,  has  been  adopted  in  the 

Public  Schools  of  New  York. 


New  York  State  Normal  SchooL 
New  York  City  Norm.al  School. 
New  Jersey  Stale  Normal  Schosl. 
Kentucky  State  Normal  School. 
Indiana  State  Norma!  SchooL 
Ohio  State  Normal  School. 
Micliisan  State  ,\iiriMal  School. 
York  County  ( I'a  )  Normal  Schoo.. 
Biooklyn  I'olyi.echnic  Institute. 
Cleveland  Female  Seminary. 
Public  Schools  of  Miiwaiikie. 
Public  Schools  of  Pittsburgh. 
Public  Schools  of  Lanca.ster,  Pa. 
Public  Schools  of  New  Orleans. 


Public  S<;lioo!s  of  Brooklyn,  L.  L 
Public  Schools  of  Now  Haven. 
Public  Schools  of  T.>ledo,  Ohio. 
Public  Schools  of  Norwallc,  Conn. 
Public  Schools  of  Richmond,  Yl 
Public  Schools  'jf  Madison,  Wis. 
Public  Schools  of  Indianapolis. 
Public  Schools  of  Springfield,  Mass. 
Public  Sclioi'ls  of  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Public  Scho.>ls  of  Hartford,  Conn 
Public  Schools  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

And  other  places  too  numerous  to 
mention. 


They  have   also  been   recommended  by  the  State  Superintendents   of  iLi.isoa 
KDiAKA,   WiscoNsi.N.    MiKSouui.   NoRTii    Caiioi.ina,   ALABAMA,    and    by    numerotu 
Teaot-^ra' Association.s  and  In.-tiiiites  thmnsrhout  the  country,  and  are  in  .succejisful 
oee  1»»     mnlUtuc's  of  I'uMic  an<l  Privnte  ScIdoIs  throughout  the  United  States. 

A.  S  BARNES  &  BURR,  Publishers, 

51  &  5?  John  Stiset,  New  Yo 


nONTEITH  AND  McNALLFS  GEOGRAPHIES 

THE  MOST  SUCCESSFUL  SERIES  EVER  ISSUED. 


RECOMMENDATIONS. 

A.  B.  Clark,  Principal  of  one  of  the  largest  Public  Schools  in  Brooklyn,  wjrs;— 
•"I  have  used  over  a  thousand  copies  of  Monteith's  Manual  of  Geography  Bince  iti 
adoption  by  the  Board  of  Education,  and  am  prepared  to  say  it  Is.  the  best  woik  foi 
Junior  and  intermediate  classes  in  our  sciiools  I  have  ever  seen." 


The  Series,  in  whole  or  in  part,  has  been  adopted  in  th« 


New  York  State  Normal  School. 
New  York  City  Normal  School. 
New  Jersey  State  Normal  School. 
Kentucky  State  Normal  School. 
Indiana  State  Normal  School. 
Ohio  Srate  Normal  School. 
Michigan  State  Normal  School. 
York  County  (Pa.)  Normal  School. 
Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute. 
Cleveland  Female  Seminary. 
Public  Schools  of  Milwaukio. 
Public  Schools  of  Pittsburgh. 
Public  Schools  of  Lancaster,  Pa. 
Public  Schools  of  New  Orleans. 


Public  Schools  of  New  York. 
Public  Schools  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I. 
Public  Schools  of  New  Haven.- 
Public  Schools  of  Toledo,  Ohio. 
Public  Schools  of  Norw'.ilk,  Cona. 
Public  Schools  of  Richmond.  Va. 
Public  Schools  of  Madison,  Wis. 
Public  Schools  of  Indianapc'is. 
Public  Schools  of  Springlield.  Mass. 
Public  Schools  of  Columbus.  Ohio. 
Public  Schools  of  Hartford.  C<>nn. 
Public  Schools  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

And  other  places  too  numerous  to 
mc'ution. 


They  have  also  been  recommended  by  the  State  Superintendents  of  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Wisconsin,  Missouri.  Noutii  Carolina,  .\labama,  and  by  numerous 
Teachers'  Associations  and  Institates  throusrhout  the  country,  and  are  in  successful 
use  in  a  multitude  of  Public  and  Private  Schools  throuchout  the  United  States. 


From  Prof.  Wm.  F.  Phklps,  A.  M.,  Principal  of  the  New  Jersey  State 

Normal  School.    . 

Trento;^,  Jime  17.  iSfiH. 
Mkssrs.  A.  S.  Barnks  &  Co. : — Gentlkmf.n  :  It  gives  me  much  pleasure  to  state 
that  McNally's  Geography  has  been  used  in  this  Institution  from  its  orgaiiizarion  in 
1855,  with  great  acceptance.  The  author  of  this  work  has  avoided  on  one  hand  the 
extreme  ot  being  too  meager,  and  on  the  other  of  going  too  much  into  detail,  whilj 
he  has  presented,  in  a  clear  and  concise  manner,  all  those  leading  fucts  of  Descriptive 
Geography  which  it  is  important  for  the  young  to  know.  The  maps  are  accurate  and 
well  executed,  the  type  clear,  and  indeed  the  entire  work  is  a  decided  success.  I  most 
cheerfully  commend  it  to  the  profession  throughout  the  country. 

Very  'ruly  yours,  WM.  F.  PHELPS. 

From  W.  V.  Davis,  Principal  of  High  School,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Lanoastkr,  Pa.,  June  26.  1858. 

Dkar  Sirs: — I  have  examined  your  National  Geogrcjphioal  Ser^ien  with  much 
care,  and  find  them  most  excellent  works  of  their  kind.  They  have  been  used  in  the 
various  Public  Schools  of  this  city,  ever  since  their  publieauon,  with  great  success  and 
satisfaction  to  both  pupil  and  teacher.  All  the  Ge()gra[)hies  embraced  in  your  series 
are  well  adapted  to  school  purposes,  and  admirably  calculated  to  impart  to  the  i)U[>il, 
in  a  very  attractive  manner,  a  complete  knowledge  of  a  science,  annually  becoming 
more  useful  and  important.  Their  maps,  illustrations,  and  typography,  are  unsur- 
passed. One  peculiar  feature  of  McNally's  Geography — and  whi<  h  will  recommend 
it  at  once  to  every  practical  teacher — is  the  arrangement  of  its  maps  and  lessons; 
each  map  fronts  the  particular  lesson  wliich  it  is  designed  to  illustrate — thus  enabling 
thfe  scholar  to  prepare  his  task  without  that  constant  turning  over  of  letr\'es.  or  refrr- 
enc«  to  a  separate  book,  as  is  necessary  with  most  other  Geographies.     Yours.  &c. 

Messrs.  A.  S.  Barnes  A  Co.,  New  York.  V.  W.  DAVIS. 

From  Charlbs  Babnks,  late  Preaident  State  Tfacherx'  Jsnociatimi,  avd  Snperin- 
tendent  oftho  Public  Schools  at  New  Alhany,  Iitdiaim. 

Mkrsrs.  A.  S.  Barnes  <fe  Co.: — Dear  Sirs:  I  have  examined  with  considerable 
caro  the  Series  of  Geosraphies  published  by  you,  anil  have  no  hesitation  in  saying 
that  it  is  altogeihf-r  the  best  with  wtich  1  am  acquainteii.  A  Iria!  of  more  tliaii  a 
year  in  thci  Public  Schools  of  this  city  has  demonstrated  tliat  Cornell,  is  utterly  unflt 
for  the  school-room.     Yours,  ifec  C.  B.\RNE8. 


HATIONAl  SERIES  OF  STAUDAED  SCHOOL-BOOKS 

ENGLISH  GRAMMAE, 

BY  S.  W.  CLARK  and  A.  S.  WELCH, 

CONSISTING  OF 

CLARK'S  FIEST  LESSONS  IN  ENGLISH  GEAMBIAE 

CLARK'S  NEW  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR 

CLARK'S  GRAMMATICAL  CHART 

CLARK'S  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 

WELCH'S  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  ENGLISH  SENTENCE 

A  more  Advanced  Work,  designed  f/r  Higher  Classes  in  Academies  and  Norma) 
Schools.    By  A.  S.  "Welch,  A.  M.,  Principal  of  the  State  Normal  Schoo. 
Michigan,  at  Ypsilanti. 


The  First  Lessons  in  Grammar  are  prepared  for  young  pupils,  and  ns  «i> 
sppro;iriate  introduction  to  the  larger  work.  The  elements  of  Grammar  are  her* 
presented  in  a  series  of  gradual  oral  exercises,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  in  plain  SasoTi 
words. 

Clark's  'Nevr  Grammar,  it  is  confidently  believed,  presents  the  only  trns 
and  successful  method  of  teaching  the  science  of  the  English  Language.    The  work  l« 
Ihorouglily  progressive  and  practical;  the  relations  of  elements  happily  illustrate*' 
and  their  analysis  thorough  and  simple. 

This  Grammar  has  been  officially  recommended  by  the  Superintendents  of  Publfo 
Instruction  of  Illinois,  Wisconsin,   Michigan,  and  Missouri,  and  is  the  Text-book 
♦dopted  in  the  State  Normal  Schools  of  New  York,  and  other  States.    Its  extensiv* 
■circulation  and  universal  success  is  good  evidence  of  its  practical  worth  and  super* 
ority. 

Fiofessor  F.  S.  Jbwbix,  of  the  New  York  State  Normal  School,  says: 

"  Clark's  System  of  Grammar  is  worthy  of  the  marked  attention  of  the  friends  cl 
Education.  Its  points  of  e.xcellence  are  of  the  most  decided  character,  and  will  nc< 
ioon  be  surpassed." 

"  Let  any  clear-headefL  independent-minded  teacher  master  the  system,  and  then 
give  it  a  fair  trial,  and  there  will  be  no  doubt  as  to  his  testimony." 

"Welcli's  Analysis  of  tlie  English  Sentence.— The  prominent  featnrei 
of  this  work  have  been  presented  by  Lectures  to  numerous  Teachers'  Institutes,  and 
nnanimously  approved.  The  classification,  founded  upon  the  fact  that  there  are  bu* 
three  elements  in  the  language,  W  very  simple,  and,  in  many  respects,  new.  Th/ 
method  of  disposing  of  connectives  is  entirely  so.  The  author  has  endeavored  -t 
•tndy  the  language  as  it  is,  and  to  analyze  it  without  the  aid  of  antiquated  rules. 

This  work  is  hishly  recommended  by  the  Superintendents  of  Public  [nstruction  o 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  other  States,  and  is  being  used  in  many  of  the  best  scbool» 
Uironghout  the  Union.  It  was  introduced  soon  after  publication  into  Oberlin  Col- 
lej^e,  and  hia  met  with  deserved  success. 

A.  S  BARNES  &  BURR,  Publishers, 

51  &  53  John  Street.  New  YorJr 


KECOMME.NDATIOITS 


OF 


CLARK'S  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


"We  cannot  better  set  forth  the  merits  of  this  work  than  by  quoting  a  part  of  a  com- 
munication from  Prof.  F.  S.  Jewkll,  of  the  New  York  State  Nonual  School,  in  whick 
tcbool  this  Grammar  is  now  used  as  the  text  book  on  tiiis  subject: — 

"Clark's  Systkm  op  Grammar  is  worthy  of  the  marked  attention  of  the  friends  Ot 
education.  Its  points  of  excellence  are  of  the  most  decided  character,  and  will  not 
B<K>n  be  surpasseiL     Among  tliem  are — 

1st  "The  justness  of  its  frronnd  principle  of  classification.    There  is  no  simple,  phil 
osophical,  and  practical  classiflc.ition  of  the  elements  of  language,  other  than  ttiHt  lniill 
on  their  use  or  office.     Our  tendencies  hitherto  to  follow  the  analogies  of  the  clnssica; 
Unguages,  and  classify  extensively  according  to  forms,  have  been  mischievous  and  ab- 
surd.    It  is  time  we  corrected  them. 

•  2d:  "  Its  thorough  and  yet  simple  and  transparent  analysis  of  the  elements  of  the 
language  according  to  its  ground  principle.  Without  such  an  analysis,  no  bri>ad  and 
comprehensive  view  of  the  structure  ami  power  of  the  language  can  be  attained.  The 
absence  of  this  analysis  has  hitherto  precipitated  the  study  of  Grammar  upon  a  surface 
of  dry  details  and  bare  authorities,  and  useless  technicalities. 

3d.  "  Its  happy  method  of  illustrating  the  relations  of  elements  by  diagrams.  Tliese, 
however  uncouth  they  may  ai)pear  to  the  novice,  are  really  simple  and  philosophical. 
Of  their  utility  there  can  be  no  question.  It  is  supported  by  the  usage  of  other  sci- 
ences, and  has  been  demonstrated  by  experience  in  this. 

4th.  "The  tendency  of  the  system,  when  rightly  taught  and  faithfully  carried  out, 
to  cultivate  habits  of  nice  discrimin.ition  and  close  reasoning,  together  with  skill  in 
illustrating  truth.  In  this  it  is  not  excelled  by  an}-,  unless  it  be  the  mathematical  sci- 
ences, and  even  there  it  has  this  advantage,  that  it  deals  with  elements  more  within 
the  present  grasp  of  tlie  intellect     On  this  point  I  speak  advisedly. 

5tn.  "  Tlie  system  is  thoroughly  progressive  and  practical,  and  as  such.  American  in 
Its  character.  It  does  not  adhere  to  old  usages,  merely  because  they  are  veiierat  .y 
musty;  and  yet  it  does  not  discard  things  merely  because  they  are  old,  or  are  in  nn- 
importani  ininutiai  not  prudishly  perfect  It  does  not  overlook  details  and  technicali- 
ties, nor  does  it  allow  them  to  interfere  with  plain  philosophy  or  practical  utility. 

"Let  any  clear-headed,  independent- minded  teacher  master  the  system,  and  then 
give  it  a  fair  trial,  and  there  will  be  no  doubt  as  to  his  testimony." 

A  Testimonial  ffom  the  Prineipals  of  the  Public  Schools  of  Rochester,  y.  Y. 

"We  regard  Clark's  Grammar  .ts  the  clearest  in  its  analysis,  the  moft  natural  and 
logical  in  its  arrangement,  tlie  most  conciiie  and  accnrate  in  its  definitions,  the  mos*. 
systematic  in  design,  and  the  best  adapted  to  the  use  of  schools  of  any  Grammar  with 
which  we  are  acquainted. 

c.  c.  mksp:rve,  wm.  c.  fkglks. 

M.  D.  KOWLEY,  OlIN  ATWATF.R. 

C.  K.  BUUKICK,  EDWAKD  WEBSTER, 

J.  K.  VOSBUKG,  S.  W.  STARKWEATHER, 

K  R.  ARMSTRONG  PIIILIl'  OURTISS. 

Lawrenck  Instititte,  Brooklyn.  Jan  15,  1S.59. 
Messrs.  A.  S.  Baruks  k  Co: — Having  used  Clark's  New  Grammar  since  its  publiea- 
tfoii,  i  do  most  unhesitatingly  recomniend  it  as  a  work  of  superior  merit     By  the  use 
of  no  other  work,  and  I  have  used  several,  have  I  been  enabled  to  advance  uiy  pupils 
BO  rapidly  and  thoroughly. 

The  author  has,  by  an  "Etymological  Chart  and  a  system  of  Diagrams,  made  Gram 
soar  the  study  that  it  ought  to  be,  interesting  as  well  as  useful. 

MARGARET  S.  LAWRENCE,  PrinoipaL 


WELCH'S  ENGLISH  SENTENCE. 

From  Pbof.  J.  K  Boise,  A.  M.,  Profeitfsor  of  the.  Latin  and  Oreek  Languageg  and 
Literature  in  the  University  of  Michigan. 
This  work  belongs  to  a  new  era  in  the  grammatical  study  of  our  own  language.  We 
hazard  nothing,  in  expressing  the  opinion,  that  for  severe,  searching,  and  exhaustive 
analysis,  tlie  work  of  l'rofe?*sor  Welch  is  second  to  none.  Ili.t  book  is  not  intended  foi 
tusginners,  but  only  for  advanced  .students,  and  by  such  only  it  will  bo  uud«rst*od  and 
appreciated. 


KATIOHAL  SEEIES  OF  STANDAHD  SCKOOL-BOOKS. 


SPELLING  AND  DEFINING. 

THE  JUVENILE  DEFINER:  A  Collection  »nd  Classification  of  Familiai 
WoBDS  and  Nambs,  correctly  Spelled,  Accented,  and  Defined.  By  W.  W.  Smith, 
Principal  of  Grammar  School  No.  1,  New  York. 

This  is  an  invaluable  book  for  young  children  :  instead  of  long  columns  of  t<>  thfin 
incomprehensible  and  meaningless  words,  the  lessons  are  formed  of  those  worrls  wliicJi 
they  hear  and  use  almost  every  day,  but  of  which  they  have  formed  only  imi>i'ilect 
ideas.  The  words  are  grouped  with  reference  to  similar  signifloation  or  use — as  the 
several  kinds  of  Buildings  compose  one  class; — the  kinds  of  Vessels  another;  — 
Vehiclks  another; — Cloths  another,  &c.,  &c. ;  experience  having  shown  that  tb 
knowledge  of  one  word  of  a  class  produces  in  the  pupil  a  strong  desire  to  know  Am 
belonging  t«  that  class,  with  their  various  shades  of  meaning,  application,  <fec.  The 
principal  words  used  in  the  definitions  are  also  defined,  and  the  arranjremeut  is  such 
that  almost  every  word  in  the  book  is  defined  at  the  time  or  before  ltd  employmeiiu 

THE  GRAMMAR-SCHOOL  SPELLER;  or,  SPELLER'S  NEW  MANUAL. 

Containing  Rules  for  Spelling,  with  numerous  Examples  to  illustrate  the  Appli- 
cation of  each  Knle;  together  with  a  large  Collection  of  the  most  Difficult  Words 
In  the  English  Language,  correctly  Spelled,  Pronounced,  and  Defined.  Arranged 
In  Easy  Lessons  for  Jiitertnediate  Classes. 

This  book  is  designed  for  those  pupils  who  have  studied  through  the  Jcventlk 
Definer.  The  Kules  for  Spelling  are  in  simple  language,  having  numerous  examples 
of  familiar  words  attached  to  illu.strate  the  intent  of  each.  These  Kules  teach  the 
formation  of  the  great  majority  of  the  derivatives,  and  consequently  embrace  the 
greater  portion  of  the  words  of  the  language. 

Tlie  .essons  consist  of  words  grouped  with  reference  to  the  sameness  of  sound  o( 
certain  syllables  differently  spelled  ;  as  authorise,  exercise,  analyze,  sact-i/ioe-  the 
pronunciation  of  each  of  these  terminations  has  in  it  the  sound  of  fee,  though  ex- 
pressed by  a  different  combination  of  letters.  Again :  burrow,  borough,  hergamot, 
Dourgejfis,  birchen,  have  the  sound  oibur  in  thefirst  syllable  of  each,  while  each  is 
spelled  differently:  the  same  may  be  said  nt chrysalis,  crispy.  Christian,  crystal — 
all  commencing  with  the  sound  of  Arrts— and  many  others. 

The  words  of  the  lessons  have  also  the  pronunciation  (in  italics),  and  a  short 
definition  of  each  attached^the  whole  comprising  the  most  difficult  words  in  the 
language.  To  which  are  added  copious  Exercises  in  False  Orthography — the  words 
to  be  written  correctly  by  the  pupiL    It  can  also  be  used  ad  a  dictation  exercise. 

THE  SPELLER  AND  DEPINER'S  MANUAL;  Being  a  DICTIONARY  ana 
SPELLING-BOOK  combined,  in  which  the  most  Useful  Words  in  the  English 
Language  are  Spelled,  Pronounced,  and  Defined,  and  arranged  in  Classes;  to- 
gether with  Rules  for  Spelling,  Prefixes  and  Suffixes,  Rules  for  the  Use  of  Capi- 
tals, Punctuation  Marks,  Quotations  from  other  Languages  used  in  English  Cura- 
posltion,  Abbreviations,  &c,  <fcc.    To  which  is  added  a  Vocabulary  of  Reference. 

In  this  book,  designed  for  the  highest  class,  we  have,  1st,  A  dissertation  on  th« 
Bounds  of  the  Vowels  and  Consonants,  their  uses  and  powers.  2d,  Rules  for  Spelling. 
Bd,  Prefixes  and  Suffixes,  with  tlieir  meanings.  4th,  Punctuation  marks,  and  hew  to 
use  them — Rules  for  the  use  of  Capitals,  Rules  for  Letter  and  Note  writing,  with 
diagrams,  &c.  In  the  body  of  the  work  there  are  about  14,000  of  the  i)rincipai  words 
In  the  language — arranged  in  classes  according  to  their  derivation, — correctly  spelled, 
pronounced,  and  defined — the  pronunciation"  having  the  vowel  sounds  marked  by 
figures  which  refer  to  a  Key  easily  understood  and  applied.  By  this  arrangement, 
the  knowledge  of  one  word  of  a  class  will  give  some  idea  of  the  others. 

There  are  also  Questions  at  the  bottom  of  each  page,  which,  to  be  correctly  a«- 
iwered,  require  the  pupil  to  keep  constantly  in  his  mind  the  Rules  for  Spoiling,  their 
4)plication,  &c 

This  book  can  also  be  used  with  great  advantags  as  a  Dictionabt.  As  the  worili 
tr«  not  in  alphabetical  order  for  obvious  reasons,  an  alphabetical  Vocabulary  is  plaood 
it  the  end,  \>i  which  means  any  word  in  the  book  can  be  found. 

A.  S.  BARNES  &  BURR,  Publishers, 

51  D;  53  John  Street,  New  York. 


NATIONAL  SEBIES  OF  STAHBARB  SCHOUL-BOOKS 


HISTORY  AND  MYTHOLOGY. 

MONTEITH'S  CHILD'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
(Designed  fob  Public  Schools:  copiously  illustbated.) 

WILLAED'S  SCHOOL  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES .^. 

(With  Mafs  and  Enobatinos.) 

WILLAED'S  LAKGE  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(With  Maps  and  Enobayinos.) 

WILLAKD'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(In  Spanish  Language.) 

WILLARD'S  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY  IN  PERSPECTIVE . 

(With  Maps  and  Enqeavings.') 

BICOED'S  ROMAN  HISTOEY 

(With  Engravings.) 

DWIGHTS  GEECIAN  AND  EOMAN   MYTHOLOGY 

(School  Edition.) 

D WIGHTS    GEECIAN  AND  EOMAN  MYTHOLOGY ., 

(University  Edition.) 

MILLS'  HISTOEY  OF  THE  ANCIENT  HEBREWS 


Monteith's  History  of  the  United  States  is  designed  for  younir  scholars, 
on  the  catechetical  plan,  with  Maps  and  Engravings.  It  has  also  Biograpuical 
Sketches  of  the  most  prominent  men  in  early  history. 

"Willard's  Histories  are  nsed  in  a  large  proportion  of  the  High  Schools, 
Academies,  and  Female  Seminaries  throughout  the  United  States,  and  have  been 
recommended  by  several  State  Superintendents.  The  History  of  the  United  States 
Is  so  highly  e.steemed,  as  accur&te,  reliable,  and  complete,  that  it  has  been  translated, 
and  published  in  the  German,  Spanish,  and  French  languages. 

The  large  vfork  is  designed  as  a  Text-book  for  Academies  and  Female  Skmina- 
EiEs;  and  also  for  Distuiot  Schools  and  Family  Libraries.  The  small  work  being 
an  Abridgement  of  the  same,  is  designed  as  a  Text-book/or  Comtnon  Schools.  The 
originality  of  the  plan  consists  in  dividing  the  time  \nU>  periods,  of  which  the  begin- 
nings and  terminations  are  marked  by  important  events ;  and  constructing  a  seriet 
of  maps  illiistrating  the  progress  qfthe  Settlement  o/the  country,  and  the  regula, 
advance  of  civilization.  K  fall  Chronological  Table  will  be  found,  in  which  ali 
the  events  of  the  History  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  time.  There  is  appended  to 
the  work  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  a  series  of  Questions  adapted  to 
each  chapter,  so  that  the  work  may  be  used  in  schools  and  for  private  instruction. 

Dwight's  Mythology  is  peculiarly  adapted   for  use  as  a  Class-book  in  High 

Schools,  Academies,  and  Seminaries,  and  is  indispensable  to  a  thorough  acquaintance 

with  Ancient  History,  and  to  a  proper  appreciation  of  the  classical  ollnsions  constantly 

KK-arring  in  the  writings  of  the  best  authors.     It  Is  also  very  valuable  for  private 

eading  and  study. 

Eicord's  Roman  History  is  also  designed  as  a  Text-book  for  Schools,  and 
<«•  private  reading  and  reference.  It  is  the  most  complete  and  condensed  Hi?t()ry  ol 
ihe  TJonians  before  the  public,  and  will  be  found  exceedingly  interesting,  and  very 
raluabie  to  all,  especially  to  those  wishing  to  be  familiar  with  the  classics. 

A.  S.  BARNES  &  BXJER,  Publishers, 

51  &  53  John  Street,  New  York. 


NATIONAL  SEEIES  OF  STANDARD  SCHOOI-BOOKS. 


POLITICAL    ECONOMY. 

THE  TOTHfG  CITIZEN'S  CATECHISM.  Explaining  the  Duties  of  District, 
Town,  City,  County,  State,  and  United  States  OflBcers.  Together  with  Eules  toi 
Parliamentary  and  Commercial  Business.    Designed  for  Schools.    By  Elisha.  P. 

HOWK. 

MANSFIELD'S  POLITICAL  GRAMMAR  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES;  or 

A  Complete  View  op  the  Theobt  and  Practiob  of  the  General  and  Stats 
Governments,  with  the  Relations  between  them.  Dedicated  to  the  Young 
Men  of  the  United  States.  By  Edward  D.  Mansfield,  late  Professor  of  Consti- 
tutional Law  in  Cincinnati  College.  A  new  and  revised  edition,  with  the  latest 
authorities.    Adapted  to  the  use  of  Colleges,  Academies,  and  Schools. 

^To  boy's  education  is  completed  till  he  understands  the  theory  of  a  government  «t 
which  he  is  to  form  one  of  the  administrators. 


BOTANY. 
WOOD'S    NEW    BOTANY. 

WOOD'S  FIRST  BOOK  IN  BOTANY.  By  Alphomso  Wood,  A.M.,  formerly 
Pnncipal  of  the  Female  Seminary  at  College  Hill,  Ohio,  and  now  Principal  of  the 
Female  Seminary  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind.    In  press. 

WOOD'S  CLASS-BOOK  OF  BOTANY.    A  new  edition.    Price  I    00.    In  press. 

Prof.  "Wood  is  now  engaged  in  re-writing  his  celebrated  Class- Book  of  Botany, 
and  preparing  also  an  elementary  text  upon  the  same  science.  These  works,  em- 
bracing all  the  recent  improvements,  will  be  unequaled  by  any  now  published. 
The  First  Part  of  this  work  is  just  issued, 


GEOLOGY. 

EMMONS'  MANUAL  OF  GEOLOGY;  Designed  for  the  use  of  Colleges  and 
Academies.  By  Ebenezer  Emmoks,  State  Geologist  of  North  Carolina.  Lp.te 
State  Geologist  of  New  York,  Professor  of  Natural  History  and  Geology  .u  Will- 
iams College,  etc.    Illustrated  with  numerous  engravings. 

A  work  that  really  requires  nothing  more  than  the  name  and  reputation  of  the 
author  to  recommend  it.  Its  intrinsic  merit  is  such  as  must  entitle  it  to  a  prominent 
position  among  kindred  text-books.  It  is  destined  to  inaugurate  a  new  er^  iu 
Waching  the  science.    The  only  really  gystemaiieed  work  yet  published. 

A.  S.  BARIVES  A  BURR,  Publishers, 

61  and  53  John  Street,  New  York. 


"NATIONAL  SEEIES  OF  STANDARD  SCHOOL-BOOKS 


ELOCUTION. 
NOETHEND'S   NEW    SERIES. 

L  THE  LITTIiE  OSATOB ;  or,  Pbixabt  School  Sfeakeb.    By  Chabues  Nobt» 
XKD,  A.M. 

A  judicious  selection  of  simple  and  attractire  pieces  for  the  use  of  beginners  i& 
the  study  of  Elocution. 

2.  NOETHEND'S  NATIONAL  OBATOS. 

Including  about  one  hundred  and  seyenty  choice  pieces,  happily  arranged, 
imong  which  are  many  favorite  productions  of  our  best  classical  scholars,  oraton, 
and  statesmen. 

i.  NOETHEND'S  ENTEETAINING  DIAIOGUES. 
A  choice  variety,  with  many  new  selections. 


AIDS   FOR  THE  TEACHER. 
SCHOOL    EECOBDS. 

NATIONAL  SCHOOL  DIARY. 
Designed  for  weekly  report  to  Parents  or  Guardians. 

TRACY'S  SCHOLAR'S  RECORD  OF  ATTENDANCE,  DEPORTMENT, 
AND  SCHOLARSHIP. 

For  individual  record  of  daily  proficiency. 

TRACY'S  SCHOOL  RECORD.  Designed  for  keeping  a  simple  but  exact  record 
©f  Attendance,  Deportment,  and  Scholarship.  Containing  also  a  Calendar  and 
an  extensive  list  of  Topics  for  Compositions  and  Colloquies,  Themes  for  Short 
Lectures,  etc. 

Valuable  both  as  aconvenient  form  of  blanks  for  record  and  for  manifold  pur- 
poses of  reference. 

TRACY'S  TEACHER'S  POCKET  RECORD. 
Being  a  smaller  edition  of  the  School  Becord,  convenient  for  the  pocket 

BROOKS'  TEACHER'S  REGISTER. 
One  of  the  handsomest  and  most  convenient  records  made. 


DEYOTION. 

BBOOKS'  SCHOOL  MANUAL  OF  DEVOTION,  or  Eeligious  Exercises  for  thf 
Morning  and  Evening  of  each  Day.  By  N.  C.  Bbooes,  President  of  Baltimore 
Female  College. 

Containing  for  each  day  a  Hymn,  selections  from  Scripture,  and  an  appropriate 
form  of  Prayer. 

BROOKS'  SCHOOL  HARMONIST. 

Comprising  Psalm  and  Hymn  Tunes  in  general  use,  and  designed  more  especially 
lo  accompany  Brooks'  Manual  of  Devotion. 

A.  S.  BARNES  &  BURR,  Publishers, 

61  and  53  John  Street,  New  York. 


t" 


